Learning Theory: Positive Reinforcement, Punishment, and Conditioning, Exams of Training and Development

Download Learning Theory: Positive Reinforcement, Punishment, and Conditioning and more Exams Training and Development in PDF only on Docsity! CPDT Test Questions and Answers 100% Correct The dog sits and a treat is given. The dog learns to sit. ANS: Positive Reinforcement While walking on leash the dog lunges forward and feels pain associated with the tightening of a prong collar. The dog learns not to lunge against the collar. ANS: Positive Punishment The dog barks at the owner for attention and the owner leaves the room. The dog learns not to bark at the owner. ANS: Negative Punishment The puppy jumps against the owners legs and no attention is given to the puppy. The puppy learns not to jump against the owners legs. ANS: Extinction The owner feeds the dog whenever he lies down in the kitchen. The dog learns to lie down when in the kitchen. ANS: Positive Reinforcement The dog causes the leg bands on a no pull harness to loosen by walking closer to the owner. The dog learns to walk closer to the owner. ANS: Negative Reinforcement The owner hits the dog with a rolled up paper whenever the dog makes eye contact with the children. The dog learns never to look at children. ANS: Positive Punishment The dog barks in his crate for 20 to 30 minutes after the owner leaves. Nothing happens as a result of the barking. The dog learns not to bark when the owner leaves. ANS: Extinction The dog looks away from the handler during the heel free exercise and the handler abandons the dog in the training room. The dog learns to keep his eyes glued on the handler. ANS: Negative Punishment A puppy is tethered to a training wall. The handler walks away from the puppy whenever he is jumping. The do learns to keep four feet on the floor when standing by the handler. ANS: Negative Punishment Treats are dropped on the floor in the kitchen whenever the dog stares at the cook. The dog learns to stare at anyone who is cooking. ANS: Positive Reinforcement A dog, while chasing a deer is called. When he does not return to his handler, an electric shock is applied to his neck. The dog learns to come back when called. ANS: Positive Punishment While learning to retrieve, a lab opens his mouth and an ear pinch stops when he opens his mouth to take the dummy. The dog learns to open his mouth to accept the dummy. ANS: Negative Reinforcement The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and edible refuse is dumped out on the floor. The puppy learns to get into garbage cans. ANS: Positive Reinforcement The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and a large pile of cans falls on the puppy causing extreme fear. The puppy stops jumping on the garbage can. ANS: Positive Punishment The puppy follows children home everyday in hope of attention. The children fail to pay attention to the pup ans he eventually stops following them. ANS: Extinction A fearful pup barks at approaching people who then back off. Barking increases. ANS: Negative Reinforcement On the agility course the dog running begins to bark. The handler removes the dog from the course and puts him in his crate. The dog learns to run quietly. ANS: Negative Punishment A service dog is given a treat when he applies forward pressure on his harness. The dog learns to lead his partner. ANS: Positive Reinforcement A veterinary technician feeds the dog a treat when he is being examined by the vet. The dog learns to enjoy visiting the vet. ANS: Positive Reinforcement When training a dog to go over the A frame in agility, the trainer offers a treat to the dog when he has his back feet on the contact zone and his front feet on the ground. The dog learns to go all the way to the ground and touch the contact zone along the way. A. these stories are not quantified B. These stories are not true C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal D. The behaviors involved cannot be replicated E. All of the above ANS: C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal The science of behaviorism is used to help us understand how learning happens. Originally, the work done by behaviorists such as BF Skinner indicated that only the observed behavior needed to be considered when training, but now it is known that other factors may be involved with the learning. Which of the following is not considered to be a factor in training a dog? A. The Diet of the dog B. The Emotional state of the dog C. The Age of the handler D. The Color of the dog E. The Age of the dog ANS: D. The Color of the dog Any action or event that occurs following a behavior. ANS: Consequence Any event that can be perceived by the animal ANS: Stimulus Learning - ANS: Condition Any action performed that can be observed and measured - ANS: Behavior/Response The statement of a dependent relationship between events - ANS: Contingency An explanation of how things work - ANS: Theory/principles The level of behavior that has occurred - ANS: Performance Anything that the animal desires greatly - ANS: Appetitive/Positive Anything that the animal considers a bad thing - ANS: Aversive/Negative A stimulus that occurs after a behavior has occurred - ANS: Consequence Shaping is a method used in training where: A. The animal's body is manipulated by the trainer into the desired position. B. The animal is prevented from doing anything other than the desired behavior. C. The piece of food is used to show the animal which way to move his body in order to perform the behavior. D. The animal is given feedback about when he is doing the wrong behavior. E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior. ANS: E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior Which of the following is a principle not a method? A. Click and treat B. Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep C. Jerk and praise D. Luring E. Mimicry ANS: B. Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. ANS: Reinforcer Anything that is added into the interaction between the trainer and the learner - ANS: Positive A closer and closer approximation towards the behavior. - ANS: Shape The behavioral demand being made upon the learner - ANS: Criteria Anything that is removed from the interaction between the trainer and the learner. - ANS: Negative Dog pees in toilet area, handler take dog for a walk. Dog learns to pee in toilet area - ANS: Positive Reinforcement Dog runs around and barks at handler whenever she puts her shoes on to go for a walk. Handler puts shoes on and takes shoes off randomly thirty to forty times a day over the course of a week, never pairing putting shoes on with taking dog out for walk. - ANS: Extinction Dog is chasing a deer and runs into a fence. Dog learns not to chase deer. - ANS: Positive Punishment Dog is asked to sit. Upon sitting, dog is told to stay and handler leaves. Dog stands up, and handler returns and physically repositions dog into a sit. Dog learns not to move when left in the sit. - ANS: Positive Punishment Dog is presented with a pile of wooden articles. One article is smeared with peanut butter. Dog learns to choose articles that smell like peanut butter. - ANS: Positive Reinforcement Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog jumps? ANS: Positive Punishment Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog chooses to land? ANS: Negative Reinforcement Dog scratches against the refrigerator door. Nothing happens following the dog's door scratching. Dog learns not to scratch the refrigerator door. ANS: Extinction Dog pulls ahead of handler and handler applies three prong corrections. Dog learns not to forge when heeling. ANS: Positive Punishment While tracking, the dog lifts his head to air scent. Handler throws car keys at dog, and directs him back to ground scenting. Dog learns not to lift head off track. ANS: Positive Punishment Dog barks in yard during turn out. Handler brings dog in and puts him in crate. Dog learns not to bark in the yard. ANS: Negative Punishment Dog jumps on counter and grabs Sunday dinner while you are out of the kitchen. Dog learns to jump on counters when you are out of the room. ANS: Positive Reinforcement Dog touches hot wood stove and burns nose. Dog learns never to touch wood stove. ANS: Positive Punishment Puppy pulls ahead of handler while walking on leash. Handler stops moving forward. Puppy learns to walk beside owner to keep walk going. ANS: Negative Reinforcement Dog while on leash is pulled forward. When he steps forward, pressure on leash is released. Dog learns to follow the direction of pull of the leash. ANS: Negative Reinforcement Dog is restrained by trainer while handler runs away. Puppy struggles and trainer releases puppy. Puppy learns to follow handler when handler is running away. ANS: Negative Reinforcement A. Something the dog learns to like B. Something the dog does reliablly in response to a conditioned stimulus C. Something the dog does not have D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response E. Something that will always elicit a conditioned response ANS: D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response A conditioned stimulus: A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training. B. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus before training C. Will elicit salivation D. Will elicit excitory behavior E. Will elicit a different response from an unconditioned stimulus after training. ANS: A. will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training Salivation when entering a kitchen where you can smell food being cooked is an example of: A. A conditioned response B. A secondary reinforce C. An unconditioned response D. Excitement E. Associative conditioning - C. An unconditioned response Another term for operant conditioning would be: A. Affinitive conditioning B. Instrumental conditioning C. Learning D. Premack's principle E. Classical conditioning ANS: B. Instrumental conditioning A consequence is: A. A stimulus that precedes a behavior B. A stimulus that coincides with a behavior C. A stimulus that is dependent upon a behavior D. A stimulus that follows a behavior E. A stimulus that predicts a behavior ANS: D. A stimulus that follows a behavior A contingency is: A. A relationship between events B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events C. A sequence of training events D. A consequence that is controlled by the dog E. A plan for what you will do if your training plan fails ANS: B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events The basic training sequence comprises: A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behavior resulting in a contingent response. B. Only classical conditioning in the form of cue eliciting response. C. Only operant conditioning in the form of behavior eliciting reward. D. Latent learning applied to specific environmental cues E. Innate behavior harnessed by rewards ANS: A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behaviour resulting in a contingent response Habituation tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly ANS: D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response Sensitization tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly ANS: B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus could be considered: A. Instrumental conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Latent learning E. Innate behavior ANS: B. Classical conditioning The dog is exposed to a stimulus that elicits great excitement. The dog learns to become excited whenever he is exposed to the stimulus. ANS: sensitization The dog is asked to jump over a series of jumps that are placed very closely together. Over time, the dog learns to shorten his stride when approaching all jumps so as to jump in a controlled manner. ANS: Adaptation The dog hears the phone ring many times every day. The dog learns that phones ringing are not important to him. ANS: Learned Irrelevance The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog stops being startled when a gun is fired. ANS: Habituation The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog becomes very reactive to all sudden loud noises. ANS: Sensitization The dog is called to come every time he runs away from the owner. In obedience class, the dog has difficulty relating the recall cue "come" to the behavior of going to the owner. ANS: Learned Irrelevance An agriculture inspection dog is sent to stay with his handler each weekend. It is noticed that over time, the dog ceases to indicate common produce such as potatoes, apples and oranges. ANS: Adaptation The agility dog is taught to walk though the rungs of a ladder. Over time, the dog learns to place his feet very precisely. ANS: Adaptation a change in behavior that lasts for a long period of time. ANS: Learning The doing of a behavior - not necessarily means something was learned - ANS: Performance Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance - ANS: 4 stages of learning Unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available. - ANS: Principle of parsimony Maintain a behavior for a changed period of time - ANS: Variable Duration (VD Similar to variable duration - Random Duration (RD) Developed by David Premack in the mid 1960's. The opportunity to engage in certain behaviors is reinforcement on its own. Another way to put is in order to get item "B" you must complete item "A" - if you want to eat desert, you must eat our veggies first. If you want to chase that Frisbee, you must sit first. - ANS: Premack Theory of Reinforcement The ability to respond to a specific stimulus. For example, sit only when the word 'sit' is being said. - ANS: Discrimination The response has to happen in every place or time. The dog needs to learn for example that the cue 'sit' means that it has to sit regardless or location, time or distractions. - ANS: Generalization Achieving great generalization by the dog. This means that the dog cal respond in the same manner to a discriminative stimulus every time, all the time. - ANS: Proofing a discriminative stimulus that is very visible or noticeable. It tends to get the most attention of the dog. - Salience Stimuli that are not noticed by the animal because there are more salient stimuli around. A salient stimulus overshadows many other stimuli - ANS: Overshadowing The phenomenon in which a stimulus is being disregarded by an animal if presented together with an already salient and established stimulus. This is why you need to introduce the new cue before the lure and not with it. - Blocking The ability to choose between two or more different things. Can be hard to teach. - ANS: Discrimination The predisposition of the animal to learn classical conditioning easier with certain unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli, and not others. For example it is easier to learn a flavor with illness then a visual sign with illness. This is very adaptive. - ANS: Preparedness An outcome of a dog forced to make a discrimination that is no longer possible. Dog may show great anxiety. # - ANS: Experimental Neurosis What happens when rewards are no longer being given. The behavior is degraded until it is no longer offered. This is not unlearning. The dog simply learns a new rule. - ANS: Extinction a behavior that happens after it was allegedly extinct. The behavior that was extinct suddenly reappears. Aka extinction burst. - ANS: Spontaneous Recovery Continuing to engage in a behavior despite the fact that reward is being given anymore. Usually due to a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. - ANS: Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE) The response to a negative reinforcement of positive punishment method of training. The dog is engaging in a behavior in order to avoid or escape a certain aversive outcome. Can be signaled or un-signaled. - ANS: Escape/Avoidance Response if the aversive does not follow a signal or the dog is not allowed to escape the aversive, the dog will eventually lay down and become immobile, after learning that there is nothing it can do to stop the aversive from happening. - ANS: Learned Helplessness aka shaping by successive approximations. A method of teaching a new behavior in which any behavior that begins to resemble the wanted behavior is reinforced. Gradually, the standard of the behavior that is reinforced is increased to resemble the wanted behavior. - Shaping Manipulating the animal or the environment in a way that makes the dog do the behavior. There can be visual prompts as well known as lures. The problem is that the dog learns that the prompt means the behavior needs to be done and the prompt must be faded as soon as possible. - ANS: Prompting A method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. Each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Backward chaining is the most efficient way usually - in this method the last behavior is trained first followed by a reward. Then we go backwards and add behaviors. - ANS: Chaining A very strong animal learning process in which the animal starts to touch or manipulate a conditioned reinforcer (clicker) in order to get the primary reinforcer. Can be a strong training tool. For example teaching retrieve to a non retriever. Make the ball, dumbbell a conditioned reinforcer for food and the dog will start trying to manipulate it. - ANS: Autoshaping Establishing a classically conditioned emotional response (usually fear). This is the base for many fears and phobias in many dogs. This process is very resistant to extinction. - ANS: Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) The methods use to try and eliminate CER's. Desensitization is the process in which we produce a very low level of the stimulus that produces fear and slowly work up to a full stimulus. Together with this we need to use counter conditioning which is the association if this stimulus with a positive consequence. - ANS: Counterconditioning and desensitization The process in which animals learn to avoid a certain food. This happens very fast and is very adaptive. - ANS: Taste Aversion Learning The process in which the fear eliciting stimulus is shown in a full blown way without the subject being able to escape. This can sometimes work but is unethical and more often then not, only makes more harm. - ANS: Flooding / Response Prevention