Criminology Exam 2 | SOC - Criminology, Quizzes of Criminology

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TERM 1 Attachment DEFINITION 1 The bond between a parent and child or between individuals and their family, friends, and school TERM 2 Behavioral Modeling DEFINITION 2 Learning how to behave by fashioning ones behavior after that of others TERM 3 Biocriminology DEFINITION 3 The subdiscipline of criminology that investigates biological and genetic factors and their relation to criminal behavior TERM 4 Chromosones DEFINITION 4 Basic cellular structures containing genes, i.e., biological material that creates individuality TERM 5 Conditioning DEFINITION 5 The process of developing a behavior pattern through a series of repeated experience TERM 6 Cortical Arousal DEFINITION 6 Activation of the cerebral cortex, a structure of the brain that is responsible for higher intellectual functioning, information processing, and decision making TERM 7 Differential Association Reinforcement DEFINITION 7 A theory of criminality based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable to violation of law over definitions learned that are unfavorable to violation law TERM 8 Dizygotic (DZ) Twins- DEFINITION 8 Fraternal twins, who develop from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time TERM 9 Ego DEFINITION 9 The part of the psyche that, according to psychoanalytic theory, governs rational behavior; the moderator between the superego and the id TERM 10 Extroversion DEFINITION 10 According to Hans Eysenck, a dimension of the human personality; describes individuals who are sensation-seeking, dominant, and assertive TERM 21 Superego DEFINITION 21 In psychoanalytic theory, the conscience, or those aspects of the personality that threaten the person or impose a sense of psychic suffering and thus restrain the id TERM 22 Accomadate DEFINITION 22 In regard to achieving the American dream to adjust noneconomic needs so that they are secondary to and supportive of economic ones TERM 23 Conduct Norms DEFINITION 23 Norms that regulate the daily lives of people and that reflect the attitudes of the groups to which they belong TERM 24 Cultural Deviance Theories DEFINITION 24 Theories positing that crime results from cultural values that permit, or even demand, behavior in violation of the law TERM 25 Cultural Transmission DEFINITION 25 A theory that views delinquency as a socially learned behavior transmitted from one generation to the next in disorganized urban areas TERM 26 Culture Conflict Theory DEFINITION 26 A theory positing that two groups may clash when their conduct norms differ, resulting in criminal activity TERM 27 Deviance DEFINITION 27 A broad concept encompassing both illegal behavior and behavior that departs from the social norm TERM 28 Differential Association Theory DEFINITION 28 A theory of criminality based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable to violation of law over definition learned that are unfavorable to violation of law TERM 29 General Strain Theory DEFINITION 29 A criminological theory positing that criminal behavior can result from strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals, stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual, or strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli TERM 30 Social Disorganization Theory DEFINITION 30 A theory of criminality in which the breakdown of effective social bonds, primary-group associations and social controls in neighborhoods and communities is held to result in development of high crime areas TERM 31 Strain Theory DEFINITION 31 A criminological theory positing that a gap between culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving them causes frustration that leads to criminal behavior TERM 32 Differential Opportunity Theory DEFINITION 32 A theory that attempts to join the concept of anomie and differential association by analyzing both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures available to individuals. It posits that illegitimate opportunities, like legitimate opportunities are unequally distributed TERM 33 Reaction Formation DEFINITION 33 An individual response to anxiety in which the person reacts to a stimulus with abnormal intensity or inappropriate conduct TERM 34 Subculture DEFINITION 34 A subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs and values TERM 35 Subcultures of Violence DEFINITION 35 Subcultures with values that demand the overt use of violence in certain social situations TERM 46 Microsociological Studies DEFINITION 46 The study of everyday patterns of behavior and personal interactions TERM 47 Social Control Theory DEFINITION 47 An explanation of criminal behavior that focuses on control mechanisms, techniques, and strategies for regulating human behavior, leading to conformity or obedience to societys rules, and which posits that deviance results when social controls are weakened or break down , so that individuals are not motivated to conform to them TERM 48 Synnomie DEFINITION 48 A societal state, the opposite of anomie, marked by social cohesion achieved through the sharing of values TERM 49 Consensus Model DEFINITION 49 A model of criminal lawmaking that assumes that members of society agree on what is right and wrong and that law is the codification agreed-upon social values TERM 50 Due Process DEFINITION 50 According to the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, a fundamental mandate that a person should not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without reasonable and lawful procedures TERM 51 Equal Process DEFINITION 51 A clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law to everyone without regard to race, origin, economic class, gender, or religion TERM 52 Labeling Theory DEFINITION 52 A theory that explains deviance in terms of the process by which a person acquires a negative identity, such as addict or ex-con, and is forced to suffer the consequences of outcast status TERM 53 Penologists DEFINITION 53 Social scientists who study and apply the theory and methods of punishment for crime TERM 54 Radical Criminology DEFINITION 54 A criminology perspective that studies the relationships between economic disparity and crime, avers that crime is the result of a struggle between owners of capital and workers for the distribution of power and resources, and posits that crime will disappear only when capitalism is abolished TERM 55 Social Interactionists DEFINITION 55 Scholars who view the human self as formed through a process of social interaction TERM 56 Displacement DEFINITION 56 In the event that a crime has been prevented, the commission of a quantitatively similar crime at a different crime or place TERM 57 Environmental Criminology DEFINITION 57 An approach to crime that examines the location of a specific crime and the context in which it occurred in order to understand and explain crime patterns TERM 58 Rational Choice DEFINITION 58 A theory stating that crime is the result of a decision-making process in which the offender weighs the potential penalties and rewards of committing a crime TERM 59 Routine Activity DEFINITION 59 A theory stating that an increase or decrease in crime rates can be explained by changes in the daily habits of potential victims; based on the expectation that crimes will occur where there is a suitable target unprotected by guardians TERM 60 Target Hardening DEFINITION 60 A crime-prevention technique that seeks to make it more difficult to commit a given offense, by better protecting the threatened object or person