Critical Thinking: Understanding Claims, Arguments, and Cognitive Biases, Exams of Nursing

Download Critical Thinking: Understanding Claims, Arguments, and Cognitive Biases and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers Claim - Correct Answers ✅When a belief (Judgment, opinion) is asserted in a declarative sentence, the result is a claim or statement Objective claim VS Subjective claim - Correct Answers ✅An objective claim is true or false regardless of wether people think its true or false Claims that lack this property are said to be subjective. "Fact vs Opinion" - Correct Answers ✅People sometimes refer to true objective claims as "facts" and use the word "opinion" to designate any claim that is subjective "Factual claim" - Correct Answers ✅An objective claim saying that a claim is "factual" is not the same as saying it is true. A factual claim is simply a claim that is subjective. Moral subjectivism - Correct Answers ✅Moral subjectivism is the idea that all judgments and claims that ascribe a moral property to something are subjective. "There is nothing either good or bad but that thinking makes it so." Issue - Correct Answers ✅A question Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers Argument - Correct Answers ✅An argument consist of two parts - one part of which ( the premis or premises) is intended to provide a reason for accepting the other part ( the conclusion) "Argument" - Correct Answers ✅People sometimes use this word to refer to an arguments premise Arguments and issues - Correct Answers ✅The conclusion of an argument states a position on an issue under consideration Cognitive Bias - Correct Answers ✅A feature of human psychology that skews belief formation. Belief Bias - Correct Answers ✅Evaluating reasoning by how believable its conclusion is Availability heuristic - Correct Answers ✅Assigning a probability to an event based on how easily or frequently it is thought of False consensus effect - Correct Answers ✅Assuming our opinions and those help by people around us are shared by society at large Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers Deductive argument - Correct Answers ✅an argument that demonstrates or proves a conclusion, which it does if its sound Sound argument - Correct Answers ✅a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises Valid argument - Correct Answers ✅If its impossible for its premise ( or premises) to be true and conclusion to be false An Inductive argument - Correct Answers ✅An argument that is used to support rather than to demonstrate a conclusion Can inductive arguments and deductive arguments have unstated premises ? - Correct Answers ✅yes Whether an argument is deductive or inductive may depend on what ? - Correct Answers ✅Its unstated premise Clarity of language is extremely important to the ability to ? - Correct Answers ✅Think critically Clarity of a language can often be lost as a result of ? - Correct Answers ✅Importantly , Vagueness, Ambiguity, and Generality Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers When is a statement ambiguous ? - Correct Answers ✅When it is subject to more than one interpretation and it isn't clear which interpretation is the correct one Grouping ambiguity - Correct Answers ✅results when it is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to a group collectively or to members of the group individually. Fallacy of division - Correct Answers ✅Concluding that, because a claim about a group taken collectively is true, therefore the same claim is true about members of the group taken individually. The 49ers won the super bowl so they were the best team in the NFL. so was every position the best compared to the rest of the NFL ? no Fallacy of composition - Correct Answers ✅The incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily be true for the group, or whole. since Colin Kaep is one of the best player all of the players on the niners are pro bowl players Syntactic ambiguity - Correct Answers ✅When a claim is open to two or more interpretations because of it's structure--that is, its syntax., Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers Rhetorical definition - Correct Answers ✅Use of emotively charged language to express or elicit an attitude about something; stacks the deck either for or against the position it implies Critical thinking done on paper is called ? - Correct Answers ✅Argumentative essay Interested party - Correct Answers ✅A person who stands to gain from one's belief in a claim. should always be viewed with more suspicion than disinterested parties Disinterested parties - Correct Answers ✅People who have no stake in our belief one way or another Background information - Correct Answers ✅That immense body of justified beliefs that consists of facts we learn from our own observations and facts we learn from others. Initial plausibility - Correct Answers ✅Rough assessment on how credible a claim is to us Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers chapter 4 discusses the case of private Jessica lynch - Correct Answers ✅true Chapter 4 discusses government control of the media in china - Correct Answers ✅false chapter 4 points out what ? - Correct Answers ✅Reporters tend to be more liberal than the owners of the media Ambiguity is when? - Correct Answers ✅A claim can be interpreted in to or more very different ways Vagueness is when ? - Correct Answers ✅A claims meaning is imprecise The fallacy of division - Correct Answers ✅If a whole thing has a certain property then its parts must also be characterized by the same property The word since is a ? - Correct Answers ✅Premise indicator Thomas Jefferson and an arguments structure are discussed in chapter 2 ? - Correct Answers ✅False Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers Abe Lincoln and syllogisms are discussed in chapter 2 ? - Correct Answers ✅True Syllogisms - Correct Answers ✅a method of developing the argument of a paragraph in three steps: if a major premise is true and a minor premise is true then a conclusion or prediction can be made Define: an argument - Correct Answers ✅A premise that leads to a conclusion Chapter 1 discusses - Correct Answers ✅Moral Subjectivism Chapter 1 discusses belief bias - Correct Answers ✅Belief bias Subjective - Correct Answers ✅influenced by personal opinion, biased Objective - Correct Answers ✅emphasizing or expressing things as perceived without distortion of personal feelings or interpretation Cognitive Bias - Correct Answers ✅an inability to look at an issue in an open-minded, fair-minded manner. Critical Thinking Chapter 1 Question & Answers Main source of cognitive bias - Correct Answers ✅upbringing and the conditioning of thought and behavior. Conditioned thought patterns are habits of thought and operate in a largely involuntary manner. Habits of thought and belief are also emotionally charged and hence resistant to critical examination. Main manifestations of cognitive bias - Correct Answers ✅Strawman misrepresentation of opposing points of view. Used to discredit opposing views. Example: The suggestion that there is no proof for God's existence is interpreted as religion bashing and as a denial of God's existence. Selective perceptual attention: Noticing what supports our beliefs and ignoring what doesn't. Example: Failing to notice the bad sides and deeds of those we are infatuated with and the good sides and deeds of those we hate. Selective memory retention (confirmation bias): Remembering what supports our beliefs and