Deportes speech grammar point, Study notes of English Language

Download Deportes speech grammar point and more Study notes English Language in PDF only on Docsity! ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech 1 REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect. In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: He said, “I have lost my umbrella.” Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations. In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a more dramatic effect. When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary. PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me = him, her; my = his, her; mine = his, hers; we = they...) She said, “he’s my son”.  She said that he was her son. “I’m ill”, she said.  She said that she was ill. B. THIS / THESE This used in time expressions usually becomes that. She said, “She’s coming this week”.  She said that she was coming that week. This and that used as adjectives usually change to the. He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”. He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother. This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them. He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s bed”.  He said he had found them beside the king’s bed. He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”.  He said that they would discuss it (the matter) the next day. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH today that day yesterday the day before the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the next day/the following day the day after tomorrow in two day’s time next week/year etc. the following week/year etc. last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc. a year etc. ago a year before/the previous year 2 “I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said.  He said he’d seen her two days before. “I’ll do it tomorrow”, he promised.  He promised that he would do it the next day. She said, “My father died a year ago”.  She said that her father had died a year before/the previous year. B. But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary: At breakfast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”.  At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today. C. here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant: At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”.  He said that he’d be there again the next day. Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase: She said, “You can sit here, Tom”.  She told Tom that he could sit beside her. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ... This is usual when we are: a. reporting a conversation that is still going on b. reading a letter and reporting what it says c. reading instructions and reporting them d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says that he’ll never get married. When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct speech without any change of tense: PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi. ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get a taxi. B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Simple Present “I never eat meat”, he explained. Simple Past = He explained (that) he never ate meat. Present Continuous “I’m waiting for Ann”, he said. Past Continuous = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann. Present Perfect “I have found a flat”, he said. Past Perfect = He said (that) he had found a flat. Present Perfect Continuous He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”. Past Perfect Continuous = He said (that) he had been waiting for ages. Simple Past “I took it home with me”, she said. Past Perfect = She said (that) he had taken it home with her. Future He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”. Conditional = He said (that) he would be in Paris on Monday. Future Continuous “I will/shall be using the car myself on the 24h”, she said. Conditional Continuous = She said (that) she’d been using the car herself on the 24th. Conditional I said, “I would like to see it”. Conditional = I said (that) I would like to see it. ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech 5 C. CONDITIONALS: Conditional sentences type two remain unchanged. He said, “If my children were older I would emigrate”.  He said that if his children were older he would emigrate. SAY AND TELL AS INTRODUCTORY VERBS A. say and tell with direct speech. 1. say can introduce a statement or follow it. Tom said, “I’ve just heard the news”. or “I’ve just heard the news”,Tom said. Inversion of say and noun subject is possible when say follows the statement. “I’ve just heard the news”, said Tom. say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it cannot introduce it. “I’m leaving at once”, Tom said to me. Inversion is not possible here. 2. tell requires the person addressed. Tell me. He told us. I’ll tell Tom. Except with tell lies/stories/the truth/the time, when the person addressed need not to be mentioned. He told (me) lies. I’ll tell (you) a story. Tell used with direct speech must be placed after the direct statement: “I’m leaving at once”, Tom told me. Inversion is not possible with tell. B. say and tell with indirect speech Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is possible but less usual than tell + object. He said he’d just heard the news. He told me that he’d just heard the news. Note also tell ... how/about: He told us how he had crossed the mountains. He told us about crossing the mountains. He told us about his journeys. BIBLIOGRAPHY - A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986 - R. Fernández Carmona, English Grammar… with exercises, Longman, 2000 - R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press 1990 - M. Harrison, Grammar Spectrum 2, Oxford University Press, 1996 - N. Coe, Grammar Spectrum 3, Oxford University Press, 1996 EXERCISES STATEMENTS 1. These people are saying these things. Report them, using says that. a. Paul: “Atlanta is a wonderful city.” ____________________________________________________ b. Ruth: “I go jogging every morning.” ___________________________________________________ c. Anna: “Jenny isn’t studying for her exams.” _____________________________________________ d. Andrew: “I used to be very fat.” _______________________________________________________ e. e.- Jim: “I can’t swim.” ______________________________________________________________ 6 2. People made these statements. Report them, using said. a. “Mary works in a bank”, Jane said. ____________________________________________________ b. “I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said. _______________________________________________ c. “I’ve never been to Russia”, Mike said. _________________________________________________ d. “Tom can’t use a computer”, Ella said. _________________________________________________ e. “Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said. __________________________________________ f. “Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said. ____________________________________________ g. “I’ll stay at home on Sunday”, Bill said. _________________________________________________ 3. Report what the guests said at a wedding last Sunday. a. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.” _____________________________________________ b. Mr Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.” ____________________________________________ c. Mrs Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.” __________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ d. Mr Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.” ______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ e. Mr Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.” ___________________________________________ f. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.” _______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Change the following statements into the reported speech. a. “I have something to show you”, I said to her. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. “I’m going away tomorrow”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ c. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said Rupert. _________________________________________________________________________________ d. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied. _________________________________________________________________________________ e. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said. _________________________________________________________________________________ f. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ g. “I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to the museum this afternoon”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write these sentences in indirect speech. a. “I’m very tired”, she said. ____________________________________________________________ b. “I’ll see them soon”, he said. _________________________________________________________ c. “I’m going to the cinema”, she said. ___________________________________________________ d. “I see the children quite often”, he said. ________________________________________________ e. “I’m having a bath”, she said. _________________________________________________________ f. “I’ve already met their parents”, she said. _______________________________________________ g. “I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said. ___________________________________________ h. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said. ______________________________________________ i. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said. _________________________________________________ j. “I’m listening to the radio”, he said. ____________________________________________________ k. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said. ___________________________________________ l. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said. ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech 7 m. “I can drive”, she said. ______________________________________________________________ n. “I walked home after the party”, he said. _______________________________________________ o. “I’m going to be sick”, she said. _______________________________________________________ p. “I must go out to post a letter”, he said. ________________________________________________ q. “I spoke to Jane last week”, she said. ___________________________________________________ r. “I’m trying to listen to the music”, he said. ______________________________________________ s. “I’ll phone the office from the airport”, she said. _________________________________________ t. “I can’t speak any foreign languages”, he said. ___________________________________________ 6. Write these sentences in indirect speech, changing words where necessary. a. “I’ll see you tomorrow”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. “I saw her today”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ c. “I don’t like this film”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ d. She said, “We went swimming today.” _________________________________________________________________________________ e. “I met her about three months ago”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ f. “I’ll see Mary on Sunday”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ g. “Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ h. “Stephen’s bringing some records to the party tomorrow”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ i. “I really like this furniture”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ j. “My parents are arriving tomorrow”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ k. “We visited her this morning” they said. _________________________________________________________________________________ l. “We’ll see her next summer” they said. _________________________________________________________________________________ m. “They were here three months ago”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ n. “I’m meeting them at four o’clock today”, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________ o. “I can see you tomorrow”, she said. _________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTIONS 7. Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner. a. What’s your name? _________________________________________________________________ b. Did you see the robbers? ____________________________________________________________ c. What were they wearing? ___________________________________________________________ d. How do you think they got in? ________________________________________________________ e. What did they take? ________________________________________________________________