Terms and Definitions in Developmental Psychology and Child Development, Quizzes of Psychopathology

Download Terms and Definitions in Developmental Psychology and Child Development and more Quizzes Psychopathology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Age of Viability DEFINITION 1 TIme beetween22-28 weeks in prenatal when survival is possible outside the womb. TERM 2 Neonatal Behavior Assesment Scale DEFINITION 2 Test that accesses a neonates neourlogicalintergrityand response to enviroment. TERM 3 Neonate DEFINITION 3 A infant appoximintlyone month of age. TERM 4 Period of the Zygote DEFINITION 4 The geminalperiod normally lasts 14 days, from conception to the developing blastocystis firmly embededin the uterine wall. TERM 5 The Period of the Embryo DEFINITION 5 Lasts from the 3rd to 8th week following conception.During which major organs and anatomical structures begin to take shape. TERM 6 The period of the Fetus DEFINITION 6 Lasting from the ninth week until birth, all major organs begin to function and the fetus grows rapidly. TERM 7 Implantation DEFINITION 7 The burrowing of the blastocystinto the lining of the uterus. TERM 8 Lanugo DEFINITION 8 Fine hair covering the skin to help the vernixstick TERM 9 RH Factor DEFINITION 9 A blood protein that when present in a fetus can cause the mother to produce antibodies. These Antibodies then will attack the fetus's red blood cells. TERM 10 Tetratogens DEFINITION 10 External agents such as viruses, drugs, and chemicals that can harm the embryo or fetus. TERM 21 Genotype DEFINITION 21 The genetic make up an individual inherits at birth. TERM 22 Meiosis DEFINITION 22 the process by which a germ cell divides, producing gametes (sperm or ova) that each contain half of the parent cells original complement of chromosomes; in humans, the products of meiosis contain 23 chromosomes. TERM 23 Mitosis DEFINITION 23 the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. TERM 24 Phenotype DEFINITION 24 The ways in which an individuals genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics. TERM 25 Polygenic Trait DEFINITION 25 A characteristic that is influenced by the action of many genes rather than a single pair. TERM 26 Accomodation DEFINITION 26 Piagets term for the process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to adapt to new experinces. TERM 27 Assimulation DEFINITION 27 Piagets term for the process by which children interpret new experiencesby incorporating them into existing schemes TERM 28 Parsimony DEFINITION 28 Criteria for evaluating theories, uses reletavilyfew explanations to describe a set of observations. TERM 29 Case Study DEFINITION 29 Investigator gathers extensive information about the life of an individual then tests developmental hypothesis by evaluating events in persons life. TERM 30 Cohort effect DEFINITION 30 age-related difference among cohorts that is attributable to cultural/historical differences in cohorts growing-up experiences rather than to true developmental change. TERM 31 Correlational Design DEFINITION 31 Indicates the strength of associations among variables; though correlated variables are systematically related, these relationships are not necessarily causal. TERM 32 Cross Sectional Design DEFINITION 32 A research design in which subjects from different age groups are studiedat the same point in time. TERM 33 Dependent Variable DEFINITION 33 aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable. TERM 34 Ethnography DEFINITION 34 method in which the researcher seeks to understand the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and note. TERM 35 Field Experiment DEFINITION 35 A field experiment applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world rather than in the laboratory. TERM 46 Survival Reflex DEFINITION 46 A reflex that has a clear adaptive value. EX: Sucking, Swallowing, and rooting reflex. TERM 47 Primitive Reflex DEFINITION 47 From our evolutionary history, examples includethe Babinskireflex, swimming reflex, and the grasping and stepping reflex. Disapear in the first few months of life. TERM 48 Autostimulation theory DEFINITION 48 Most widely excepted theory on why infants spend so much of there time in REM sleep, accordingly to the theory REM sleep allows internal stimulation that promotes nervous system development. TERM 49 Preference method DEFINITION 49 a method used to gain information about infants perceptual abilities by presenting two (or more) stimuli and observing which stimulus the infant prefers. TERM 50 Dishabituation DEFINITION 50 increase in responsiveness that occurs when stimulation changes. TERM 51 Habituation DEFINITION 51 a decrease in ones response to a stimulus that has become familiar through repetition. TERM 52 High Amplitude Sucking Method DEFINITION 52 a method of assessing infants perceptual capabilities that capitalizes on the ability of infants to make interesting events last by varying the rate at which they suck on a special pacifier TERM 53 Visual Cliff DEFINITION 53 an elevated platform that creates an illusion of depth, used to test the depth perception of infants. TERM 54 Visual Acuity DEFINITION 54 a persons ability to see small objects and fine detail. TERM 55 Otis Media DEFINITION 55 Common inner ear infection in infants TERM 56 Intermodal Perception DEFINITION 56 the ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is already familiar through another modality. TERM 57 Unconditioned stimulus DEFINITION 57 a stimulus that elicits a particular response without any prior learning. TERM 58 Conditioned Stimulus DEFINITION 58 a learned response to a stimulus that was not originally capable of producing the response. TERM 59 Conditioned Response DEFINITION 59 a learned response to a stimulus that was not originally capable of producing the response. TERM 60 Alert inactivity DEFINITION 60 The infant state where the baby's eyes are wide open and bright exploring some aspect of the enviroment TERM 71 Pincer Grasp DEFINITION 71 a grasp in which the thumb is used in opposition to the fingers, enabling an infant to become more dexterous at lifting and fondling objects. TERM 72 adaptation DEFINITION 72 an inborn tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment. TERM 73 Animism DEFINITION 73 attributing life and lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. TERM 74 Centration DEFINITION 74 Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others. A term introduced by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) TERM 75 Conservation DEFINITION 75 the recognition that the properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way. TERM 76 Deferred imitation DEFINITION 76 the ability to reproduce a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past. TERM 77 egocentrisism DEFINITION 77 the tendency to view the world from ones own perspective while failing to recognize that others may have different points of view. TERM 78 horizontal dcalage DEFINITION 78 Piagets term for a childs uneven cognitive performance; an inability to solve certain problems even though one can solve similar problems requiring the same mental operations. TERM 79 Mental seriation DEFINITION 79 a cognitive operation that allows one to mentally order a set of stimuli along a quantifiable dimension such as height or weight. TERM 80 Adaptive strategy choice Model DEFINITION 80 Sieglers model to describe how strategies change over time; the view that multiple strategies exist within a childs cognitive repertoire at any one time, with these strategies competing with one another for use. TERM 81 Autobiographical memory DEFINITION 81 memory for important experiences or events that have happened to us. TERM 82 Cued Recal DEFINITION 82 a recollection that is prompted by a cue associated with the setting in which the recalled event originally occurred. TERM 83 Event Memory DEFINITION 83 Long term memory for events. TERM 84 Excutive Control Process DEFINITION 84 the processes involved in regulating attention and in determining what to do with information just gathered or retrieved from longterm memory. TERM 85 Fuzzy Trace Theory DEFINITION 85 theory proposed by Brainerd and Reyna that postulates that people encode experiences on a continuum from literal, verbatim traces to fuzzy, gistlike traces. TERM 96 Strategic Memory DEFINITION 96 processes involved as one consciously attempts to retain or retrieve information. TERM 97 Utilization Deficiency DEFINITION 97 A failure to benefit from effective strategies that one spontaneously produced; thought to occur in the early phases of strategic acquisition when executing the strategy requires much mental effort. TERM 98 Babbles DEFINITION 98 vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4 to 6 months of age. TERM 99 Coos DEFINITION 99 vowel-like sounds that young infants repeat over and over during periods of contentment. TERM 100 Expressive Style DEFINITION 100 early linguistic style in which toddlers use language mainly to call attention to their own and others feelings and to regulate social interactions. TERM 101 Holophrase DEFINITION 101 a single-word utterance that represents an entire sentences worth of meaning. TERM 102 Interactionist Theory DEFINITION 102 the notion that biological factors and environmental influences interact to determine the course of language development. TERM 103 Language Aquisition Device DEFINITION 103 Chomskys term for the innate knowledge of grammar that humans were said to possess-knowledge that might enable young children to infer the rules governing others speech and to use these rules to produce language. TERM 104 Overextension DEFINITION 104 the young childs tendency to use relatively specific words to refer to a broader set of objects, actions, or events than adults do (e.g., using the word car to refer to all motor vehicles). TERM 105 Pragmatics DEFINITION 105 principles that underlie the effective and appropriate use of language in social contexts. TERM 106 Prelinguistic Phase DEFINITION 106 the period before children utter their first meaningful words. TERM 107 Proccessing Constraints DEFINITION 107 cognitive biases or tendencies that lead infants and toddlers to favor certain interpretations of the meaning of new words over other interpretations. TERM 108 Semanatics DEFINITION 108 the expressed meaning of words and sentences. TERM 109 Sensitive Period Hypothesis DEFINITION 109 the notion that human beings are most proficient at language learning before they reach puberty. TERM 110 Telegraphic Speach DEFINITION 110 early sentences that consist of content words and omit the less meaningful parts of speech, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs. TERM 121 Phase of indiscriminate attachments DEFINITION 121 period between 6 weeks and 6 to 7 months of age in which infants prefer social to nonsocial stimulation and are likely to protest whenever any adults puts them down or leaves them alone TERM 122 Phase of Multiple Attachments DEFINITION 122 period when infants are forming attachments to companions other than their primary attachment object. TERM 123 Phase of specific attachments DEFINITION 123 period between 7 and 9 months of age when infants are attached to one close companion (usually the mother). TERM 124 resistant attachment DEFINITION 124 an insecure infant-caregiver bond, characterized by strong separation protest and a tendency of the child to remain near but resist contact initiated by the caregiver, particularly after a separation. TERM 125 Secure Attachment DEFINITION 125 an infant-caregiver bond in which the child welcomes contact with a close companion and uses this person as a secure base from which to explore the environment. TERM 126 Slow to warm up temperment DEFINITION 126 temperamental profile in which the child is inactive and moody and displays mild passive resistance to new routines and experiences. TERM 127 Stranger Anxiety DEFINITION 127 Stranger anxiety is a form of distress that children experience when exposed to people unfamiliar to them. TERM 128 Achievement Expectancies DEFINITION 128 how well (or poorly) one expects to perform should he or she try to achieve a particular objective. TERM 129 Achiement Motivation DEFINITION 129 a willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment. TERM 130 Authoratarian Parenting DEFINITION 130 a willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment. TERM 131 Categorial Self DEFINITION 131 a persons classification of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age and sex. TERM 132 Extended Self DEFINITION 132 more mature self-representation, emerging between ages 31/2 and 5 years, in which children are able to integrate past, current, and unknown future self-representations into a notion of a self that endures over time. TERM 133 Forclosure DEFINITION 133 identity status characterizing individuals who have prematurely committed themselves to occupations or ideologies without really thinking about these commitments. TERM 134 Identity Achievement DEFINITION 134 dentity status characterizing individuals who have carefully considered identity issues and have made firm commitments to an occupation and ideologies TERM 135 Identity Crisis DEFINITION 135 Eriksons term for the uncertainty and discomfort that adolescents experience when they become confused about their present and future roles in life. TERM 146 Hostile Attributial Bias DEFINITION 146 The tendency to view harm done under ambiguous circumstances as having stemmed from a hostile intent on the part of the harmdoer; characterizes reactive aggressors. TERM 147 Instrumental Aggression DEFINITION 147 aggressive acts for which the perpetrators major goal is to gain access to objects, space, or privileges TERM 148 Internalization DEFINITION 148 the process of adopting the attributes or standards of other peopletaking these standards as ones own. TERM 149 Moral Affect DEFINITION 149 the process of adopting the attributes or standards of other peopletaking these standards as ones own. TERM 150 Moral Behavior DEFINITION 150 the behavioral component of morality; actions that are consistent with ones moral standards in situations in which one is tempted to violate them. TERM 151 Negative Reinforcer DEFINITION 151 any stimulus whose removal or termination as the consequence of an act will increase the probability that the act will recur. TERM 152 Preconventional Morality DEFINITION 152 Kohlbergs term for the first two stages of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are based on the tangible punitive consequences (Stage 1) or rewarding consequences (Stage 2) of an act for the actor rather than on the relationship of that act to societys rules and customs. TERM 153 Postconventional Morality DEFINITION 153 Kohlbergs term for the fifth and sixth stages of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are based on social contracts and democratic law (Stage 5) or on universal principles of ethics and justice (Stage 6). TERM 154 Premoral Period DEFINITION 154 in Piagets theory, the first 5 years of life, when children are said to have little respect for or awareness of socially defined rules. TERM 155 Proactive Aggressors DEFINITION 155 highly aggressive children who find aggressive acts easy to perform and who rely heavily on aggression as a means of solving social problems or achieving other personal objectives. TERM 156 Prosocial Behavior DEFINITION 156 Any action that is intended to benefit other people, such as sharing with someone less fortunate, comforting or rescuing someone, cooperation, or simply making others feel good by complimenting them. TERM 157 Reactive Aggressors DEFINITION 157 children who display high levels of hostile, retaliatory aggression because they overattribute hostile intents to others and cant control their anger long enough to seek nonaggressive solutions to social problems. TERM 158 Relational Aggression DEFINITION 158 acts such as snubbing, exclusion, withdrawing acceptance, or spreading rumors that are aimed at damaging an adversarys self-esteem, friendships, or social status. TERM 159 Retaliatory Aggression DEFINITION 159 aggressive acts elicited by real or imagined provocations. TERM 160 Self -Oriented Distress DEFINITION 160 feeling of personal discomfort or distress that may be elicited when we experience the emotions of (that is, empathize with) a distressed other; thought to inhibit altruism.