Deviance, crime and social control, Slides of Sociology

Download Deviance, crime and social control and more Slides Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Deviance, crime and social control Sociology 01 Kim Alina, Kosmaganbetova Anel 04Sociological theories of deviance Imanbayev Aidos 02 Defining normal and deviant behavior Kurganbay Ayaulym 03 Mechanism of social control (internal and external) Akshalova Aigerim, Mukatayev Sanzhar TABLE OF CONTENTS 03 Bakhytzhankyzy Marzhan Psychological theories of deviance Biological theories of deviance Examples of normal behavior The norm in society: ● communicate with society ● improve communication skills ● be among your social circle Normal is whatever behavior the population engages: ● going to school ● playing sports ● going for lunch with other people Mechanism of social control (internal and external) Akshalova Aigerim, Mukatayev Sanzhar 02 Social control is the study of the mechanisms, in the form of patterns of pressure, through which society maintains social order and cohesion. These mechanisms establish and enforce a standard of behavior for members of a society and include a variety of components, such as shame, coercion, force, restraint, and persuasion. Social control is exercised through individuals and institutions, ranging from the family, to peers, and to organizations such as the state, religious organizations, schools, and the workplace. Regardless of its source, the goal of social control is to maintain conformity to established norms and rules. INTERNAL Social control theory describes internal means of social control. It argues that relationships commitments values beliefs encourage conformity — if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into broader communities, individuals will voluntarily limit deviant acts. This interpretation suggests the power of internal means of control, such as one’s own conscious ego sensibilities about right and wrong, are powerful in mitigating the likelihood that one will deviate from social norms. Sociological theories of deviance Bakhytzhankyzy Marzhan 03 Sociological theories of deviance are those that use social context and social pressures to explain deviance. Four main sociological theories of deviance exist: Social Strain Typology Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Labeling Theory THEORIES Conflict Theory Suggests that deviant behaviors result from social, political, or material inequalities in a social group. Labeling Theory Argues that people become deviant as a result of people forcing that identity upon them and then adopting the identity. Social strain theory Developed by Robert K. Merton, based upon two criteria: ● a person’s motivations or adherence to cultural goals; ● a person’s belief in how to attain her goals. According to Merton, there are five types of deviance: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Structural Functionalism Argues that deviant behavior plays an active, constructive role in society by ultimately helping cohere different populations within a society. Examples of sociological theories of deviance Social strain theory People who use illegal drugs to make themselves feel better, or a student assaulting his peers to end the harassment they caused. Structural Functionalism One function of a society's laws may be to protect society from violence, while another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public health. Conflict Theory Occupy Wall Street The Criminal Justice System #MeToo Movement Black Lives Matter Labeling Theory Robin Hood and Batman. Batman is labeled in different ways: some people have a negative reaction and label him as a criminal. Others have a positive reaction and label him as a hero. Biological theories of deviance Imanbayev Aidos 05 A biological theory of deviance proposes that an individual deviates from social norms largely because of their biological makeup. The theory primarily pertains to formal deviance, using biological reasons to explain criminality, though it can certainly extend to informal deviance. Method of research in biological theory The conversation about crime and biological explanations focuses more on the relationship between genetics and crime than the relationship between phenotypic features and crime. Because the modern emphasis is on actual genetics rather than phenotypic expressions of genes, stereotyping of individuals with “criminal” traits or propensities is more difficult. Example of biological theory When walking down the street, you can tell who has a protruding jaw, but you can’t tell who has the genetic combination that increases one’s propensity for aggression. Though the debate has mutated, a biological explanation for deviance and crime is still commonplace.