Material Science and Technology: Terms Related to Textiles, Wood, and Plastics, Exercises of Engineering Science and Technology

Download Material Science and Technology: Terms Related to Textiles, Wood, and Plastics and more Exercises Engineering Science and Technology in PDF only on Docsity! buried pile yarn, n--for coated pile yarn floor covering, the part of pile yarn tufts which is in or under the primary backing. D 5684, D13 burl--(1) a hard, woody outgrowth on a tree, more or less rounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growth of a cluster of adventitious buds. (2) in wood or veneer, a localized severe distortion of the grain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting from overgrowth of dead branch stubs, varying from 1/2 in. to several inches in diameter; frequently includes one or more clusters of several small contiguous conical protuberances, each usually having a core of pith but no appreciable amount of end grain (in tangential view) surrounding it. D 9, D07 burlap, n - -a coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of coarse single bask fiber yarn. D 123, D13 burlap, n - - a coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, such as bast or cotton fiber yarn. D 4850, D13 burn, v--the heat treatment to which refractory materials are sub- jected in the firing process. C 71, C08 b u r n - - a discoloration, distortion, or destruction of the pultruded surface as a result of thermal decomposition. D 3918, D20 burn, vt--in emissionspectroscopy, to vaporize and excite a specimen with sufficient energy to generate spectral radiation. D 4175, D02 burn, n--in emission spectrometry, (1) that portion of a solid specimen from which atoms were volatilized; (2) the act of burning. E 135, E01 burn, vt--in emission spectrometry, to vaporize and excite a speci- men with sufficient energy to generate spectral radiation. E 135, E01 burn, v--to undergo combustion. E 176, E05 burn chemical, n--perception of increased temperature and irritation resulting from exposure to such substances as ethyl alcohol, or high concentrations of NaC1 or acids. The sensation lingers a short time after the stimulus is removed. E 253, El8 burn distance, n--the measurement from the bottom edge of the specimen to the farthest point that shows evidence of damage due to combustion. F 1494, F23 burner block--a refractory block with one or more orifices through which fuel is admitted to a furnace. C 162, C14 burner fuel oil, n--any petroleum liquid suitable for the generation of heat by combustion in a furnace or firebox as a vapor or a spray, or a combination of both. D 4175, D02 burning--see firing. C 286, B08 burning bars, points, or tools--equipment used to suspend or support ware during the firing operations. C 286, B08 burning behavior, n--all the changes that take place when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition source. D 123, D13 burning behavior, n--all the changes that take place when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition source. D 4391, D13 burning behavior, n--all the changes that take place when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition source. F 1494, F23 burning (burnt, burned)--a term applied to metal which has been permanently damaged by having been heated to a temperature close to or within the melting range. This results in a structure exhibiting incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. E 7, E04 burning (firing) of refractories, v--the final heat treatment in a kiln to which refractory brick and shapes are subjected in the process of manufacture for the purpose of developing bond and other neces- sary physical and chemical properties. C 71, C08 burning tool mark- -a defect in the porcelain enamel appearing on the surface opposite to the point of contact with the suppox~ing burning tool. C 286, B08 burnishing--the smoothing of surfaces by rubbing, accomplished chiefly by the movement rather than the removal of the surface layer. B 374, B08 burnishing--similar to buffing but using polishing paper/cloths with no or very fine abrasives that produces a very smooth polished appearance on the leather surface. D 1517, D31 bursting strength "points", n burnlshing----enhancement of the appearance of a polish accom- plished by dry mechanical abrasion with a suitable machine and accessories. D 2825, D21 burn-off, n--removal of organic additives (binder or lubricant) from a compact by heating. B 243, B09 burn off--the unintentional removal of an autocatalytic deposit from a nonconducting substrate, during subsequent electroplating op- erations, owing to the application of excess current or a poor contact area. B 374, B08 burn-off--the process of severing an unwanted portion of a glass article by fusing the glass. C 162, C14 burn-off papers---materials sensitive to and that will produce an image by electric current, F 221, F05 burn rate--the rate at which a material bums after removal of the ignition heat source. E 631, E06 burn rate--the rate at which a material burns after removal of the ignition heat source. E 1749, E06 burnt deposit--a rough, noncoherent or otherwise unsatisfactory deposit produced by the application of an excessive current density and usually containing oxides or other inclusions. B 374, B08 burnt llme--calcined limestone (Cat • MgO, dolomitic), or C a t (calcitic), or a mixture of these. C 162, C14 burr--fragment of excess material or foreign particle adhering to the surface. 77 F 109, C21 burr--thin, wing-like ridge protruding from side or edge of point or underside of top of head; defect formed during pointing or heading process and intended to be removed during manufacturing process. (See whisker.) F 547, F16 burr-wool waste, n--waste removed by the burr guard of cards or burr pickers having a very short fiber and full of burrs or seeds. D 123, D13 burr-wool waste, n--waste removed by the burr guard of cards or burr pickers having a very short fiber and full of burrs or seeds. D 4845, D13 burst--open break in the metal during forging located on the flats or corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the periphery of a flanged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on the flats or corners of the nut. F 1789, F16 burst emission--see emission, burst. E 1316, E07 bursting force, n--the force or pressure required to rupture a fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions D 123, D13 bursting-off--the breaking of the blowover. C 162, C14 bursting strength, n-- in fabric, the capacity of a material to withstand the ultimate bursting force required to rupture a fabric. D 123, D13 bursting strength--See packagetesting. D 996, D10 bursting strength--of paper or paperboard, the maximum liquid pressure required to produce rupture of the material when the pressure is increased at a controlled rate through a rubber dia- phragm to a constrained circular area of the material. D 1968, D06 bursting strength, n--the force or pressure required to rupture a fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions. D 4850, D13 bursting strength of paper, n--the hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of a circular area of the material under specified test conditions. D 1711, D09 bursting strength "points", n-- in paper, a unit of measure for bursting strength, measured in pounds per square inch, that should bursting strength "points", n be considered colloquial and directly interchangeable with "pounds per square inch". See bursting strength. D 1968, D06 bursting strength test--See package testing. D 996, D10 burst strength--the internal pressure required to cause a pipe or fitting to fail. F 412, F17 burst strength--a measure of the internal pressure necessary to rupture a package or seal. F 1327, F02 bus bar--includes material of solid rectangular or square cross section or a solid section with two plane parallel surfaces and round or other simple regular-shaped edges. B 846, B05 bus (bus bar ) - -a rigid conducting section, for carrying current to the anode and cathode bars. B 374, B08 bus conductor, n--rigid electric conductor of any cross section. B 881, B07 bus conductor stock--a bar, rod, or shape of high-conductivity copper used to make bus conductors. B 846, B05 bush-hammered--a uniformly textured surface with small evenly- spaced pits produced by a hand or pneumatic hammer and carbide-tipped head having numerous points. C 119, C18 bushing--(/) a liner in the feeder orifice for molten glass. (2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure with single or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and is attenuated into fiber(s). C 162, C14 bust girth, n--inbody measurements, the circumference of the body over the fullest part of the breasts and parallel to the floor. (Compare chestgirth.) D 123, D13 bust girth, n--inbody measurement, the circumference of the body over the fullest part of the breasts and parallel to the floor. (See chest girth.) F 1494, F23 bust point to bust point, n--in body measurements, the distance across the front from the apex of one breast to the apex of the other. D 123, D13 bust point to bust point, n--the horizontal distance from bust apex to bust apex, taken with the arms down. D 5219, D13 butcher cuts---damage to hides caused by improper removal from the animal, usually in the form of cuts or furrows on the flesh side. D 1517, D31 butler finish--a finish composed of fine, uniformly distributed parallel lines, having a characteristic luster usually produced with rotating wire brushes or cloth wheels with applied abrasives. B 374, B08 butt--that part of the hide or skin covering the rump or hind part of the animal. D 1517, D31 butted wood member--wood member with its squared end or side placed adjoining the squared end or side of another wood member; with both abutting members of same thickness and in a single plane. E 631, E06 butterfly bruise--See percussion cone. C 162, C14 butterfly point--a defective point with one or two thin fins project- ing. (See burr.) F 547, F16 butt-fused joint--see joint, butt-fused. F 412, F17 butt glazing, n - - in building construction, a glazing system wherein butt joints are formed between lites and filled with a glazing sealant. C 717, C24 butt joint, n--See butt sealant joint. C 717, C24 butt joint--See joint. E 631, E06 butt joint--a joint having the edge or end of one member matching the edge, end, or face of another member without overlap. E 631, E06 button, n- -a knob, disc, or similar object which when forced through a narrow opening or buttonhole, fastens one part of a garment or other flexible substrate to another. (See also sew-through flange button.) D 123, D13 button, n- -a knot, disc, or similar object which when forced through a narrow opening or buttonhole, fastens one part of a garment or other flexible substrate to another. D 5497, D13 button clincher--circular clincher. F 592, F16 button head---cylindrical head with flat upper and bearing surfaces, 78 smaller in diameter and thicker than fiat head for same size nail shank. F 547, F16 buttonhole stitch, n--in home sewing, a complex machine stitch pattern made by coordinated motions of needle and feed, appearing as very close stitches forming a narrow rectangle of stitching that is usually composed of four stitch segments, one on each side and on each of the two ends of the rectangle. D 123, D13 buttonhole stitch, n--in home sewing, a complex machine stitch pattern made by coordinated motions of needle and feed, appearing as very close stitches forming a narrow rectangle of stitching that is usually composed of four stitch segments, one on each side and on each of the two ends of the rectangle. D 5646, D13 button sample---in sealants, an identified small amount of sealant extruded from a mixed sealant cartridge. E 631, E06 button sample---in sealants, an identified small amount of sealant extruded from a mixed sealant cartridge. E 1749, E06 button test--a test designed to determine relative fusibility of porcelain enamel frit or powder and so called because the completed specimens resemble buttons. Noax--See flow button and Test Methods C 374. C 286, B08 buttress-type thread--thread with flank on head side of crest almost perpendicular to nail axis; while flank on point side of crest is noticeably inclined. F 547, F16 butt sealant joint, n--in buiMing construction, a joint where sealant is applied within the joint between approximately parallel substrate surfaces that are face-to-edge or edge-to-edge. C 717, C24 butt welding (machine)--the fusing together of two pieces of plastic which are aligned in the same plane, with the same mating thickness, by application of heat and pressure. Also called hot- plate welding. C 904, C03 butylene plastic--plastic based on resins made by the polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount by weight. F 1251, F04 butylene plastics---plastics based on resins made by the polymeriza- tion of butene or copolymerization of butene with one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount by weight. D 883, D20 butylene plastics---plastics based on resins made by the polymeriza- tion of butene or copolymerization of butene with one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount by weight. (D20) F 412, F17 b-value, n--in statistics, the difference between the mean of a set of results on a material and its accepted reference value. (Compare error.) E 135, E01 B-value---salt diffusion coefficient---defined as the amount of salt transferred per unit area of membrane per unit of concentration difference across the membrane. A unit of measurement is m/h or more specifically, m3/m2/h. D 6161, D19 BWRO--brackish water reverse osmosis. D 6161, D19 by-pass clinch---clinch with legs paralleling and adjacent to each other. F 592, F16 bypass nozzle--see by-pass nozzle. E 1620, E29 by-pass nozzle--a swirl chamber atomizer containing by-pass ori- rice(s) or port(s) through which part of the inlet liquid may be withdrawn from the swirl chamber and returned to the supply tank or pressure pump suction. The discharge flow is modulated by controlling the pressure in the bypass line, using a valve in the line. E 1620, E29 by-product coke--See by-product coke under coke. D 121, D05 by-product time--by-product limes include a variety of Calcium and/or Calcium/Magnesium compounds that are usable for specific applications but generally do not meet one or more specifications required of primary lime products. Examples include lime kiln dust and lime hydrator rejects. It is advised that the specific composi- tions, physical properties, performance characteristics, and antici- pated variabilities of such materials be evaluated for the service intended. C 51, C07