Glossary of Terms Related to Density, Degradation, and Textiles, Exercises of Engineering Science and Technology

Download Glossary of Terms Related to Density, Degradation, and Textiles and more Exercises Engineering Science and Technology in PDF only on Docsity! satisfy intended normal, or reasonably foreseeable, usage require- ments. The term defect is appropriate for use when a quality characteristic is evaluated in terms of its usage. F 1789, F16 defect, in inspection and grading, n--the departure or non- conformance of some characteristic from its intended level or state. D 123, D13 defective, adj--having flaws or dimensional deviations greater than acceptable for the intended use. C 709, D02 defective, adj--having flaws or dimensional deviations greater than acceptable for the intended use. D 4175, D02 defective pain surface---pain that is cracking, flaking, chipping, or peeling from a building component (for example, window sill, door, or door frame). E 631, E06 defective uni t - -a unit that fails to conform to one or more of the visual, dimensional, or tactile requirements. D 1517, D31 defect resolution--a property of a test system that enables the separation of indications due to defects in a test specimen that are located in close proximity to each other. E 1316, E07 deficiency---departure from, or noncompliance with, specified ac- creditation criteria. E 1187, E36 define (X-rays)----~mit a beam of X-rays by passage through aper- tures in order to obtain a parallel, divergent, or convergent beam. E 7, E04 defining fixed point, n--thermometric fixed point of an idealized system, to which a numerical value has been assigned, used in defining a temperature scale. E 344, E20 definition--the clarity or sharpness of a microscopical image. E 7, E04 definition, n--statement that describes a concept and permits its differentiation from other concepts within a system of concepts. E 1992, E02 definition, image definition--the sharpness of delineation of image details in a radiograph. Generally used qualitatively. E 1316, E07 definitive care--a level of therapeutic intervention capable of pro- viding comprehensive health care services for a specific condition. F 1177, F30 deflagration--an explosion in which the flame or reaction front propagates at a speed well below the speed of sound in the unburned medium, such that the pressure is virtually uniform throughout the enclosure (shredder) at any time during the explo- sion. D 5681, D34 deflagration index, (Kst), n--maximum dP/dt normalized to a 1.0 m 3 volume. It is measured at the optimum dust concentration. Kst is defined according to the following cubic relationship: Kst = (dP/dt) maxV 1/3 where: P = pressure, (bar) t = time, (s) V = volume, (m 3) Kst = (bar m/s) E 1445, E27 deflection--the deviation of a structural element from its original shape or plane due to physical loading, temperature changes or rotation of its supports. C 717, C24 deflection---deformation or displacement from the original contour or shape. C 904, C03 defection, n--the linear distance that a test specimen bends at the center from no load to stated load, when loaded as a beam with the load applied at the center of the span. C 1154, C17 deflection linear distance that a test specimen bends at the center from no load to stated load when loaded as a beam. D 2946, C17 defection temperature---the temperature at which a specimen will deflect a given distance at a given load under prescribed conditions of test. (See Test Method D 648.) Formerly called heat distortion. F 412, F17 deflectometer, n- -a specialized extensometer used for sensing of degradation extension or motion, usually without reference to a specific gage length. E 6, E28 defector atomizer--an atomizer in which a liquid jet spreads out over a solid surface, forming a spray whose shape depends upon the solid surface. E 1620, E29 defoceniate--to separate agglomerates in a slurry by chemical and physical means to achieve and maintain particle-to-particle sepa- ration. C 242, C21 defloeculating--the thinning of the consistency of a slip by adding a suitable electrolyte. C 286, B08 defloecniating agent (deflocculant) (dispersing agent)--an agent that prevents fine soil particles in suspension from coalescing to form flocs. D 653, D18 defoaming agent--a material that eliminates or suppresses foam in the spray tank E 1519, E35 defoliant--a chemical that causes the foliage to drop from plants. E 609, E35 deformability--in grouting, a measure of the elasticity of the grout to distort in the interstitial spaces as the sediments move. D 653, D18 deformability--the ability of a material to change its shape or size under the influence of an external or internal agency. D 7099, D18 deformation, n- -a change in shape of a material caused by forces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion. D 123, D13 deformation--change in shape or size. D 653, D18 deformation--a change in the shape or size of a solid body. (ISRM) D 653, D18 deformation, n- -a change in shape of a material caused by forces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion. D 4848, D13 deformation bands--bands produced within individual grains during cold working which differ variably in orientation from the matrix. E 7, E04 deformation eutectic--See eutectic, deformation. C 242, C21 deformation lines--thin bands or lines produced in grains of some metals, particularly those of face-centered cubic structure, by cold working; they are not removed by repolishing and re-etching. E 7, E04 deformation, permanent, n--the net long-term change in a dimen- sion of a specimen after deformation and relaxation under speci- fied conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonrecoverabledeforma- tion, and nonrecoverable stretch. D 4848, D13 deformation point--See dilatometric softening point. C 162, C14 deformation resolution (deformation sensitivity), R d (L)--ratio of the smallest subdivision of the indicating scale of a deformation- measuring device to the sensitivity of the device. D 653, D18 deformation wear, n--in solid impingement erosion, the erosive wear of a material associated with the dissipation of kinetic energy of impact arising from the normal component of the velocity of the impacting particles. It is therefore the sole component of wear for particles impacting at a 90 ° angle of attack. G 40, G02 deformed--See mechanically deformed. F 547, F16 degas, v--the process of removing gases from a liquid. G 126, G04 degasification the process of removing dissolved gasses from water. D 6161, D19 degassing--removal of gases. D 2652, D28 degradable, adj--in erosion control, decomposes under biological, chemical processes, or ultraviolet stresses associated with typical application environments. D 653, D 18 degradable plastic, n - - a plastic designed to undergo a significant change in its chemical structure under specific environmental conditions resulting in a loss of some properties that may vary as measured by standard test methods appropriate to the plastic and the application in a period of time that determines its classification. D 883, D20 degradation--a deleterious change in the physical or chemical properties, or both, of a material. C 904, C03 degradation, n- -a deleterious change in the chemical structure, physical properties, or appearance of a plastic. D 883, D20 degradation--in general chemical use, the conversion of a complex 167 degradation compound to a simpler. Specifically for cellulose, the breakdown of the polymer chain, usually by hydrolysis or oxidation. Degra- dation is usually applied to changes in chemical structure. (see also deterioration) D 1695, D01 degradation, n--change of a chemical compound to a less complex compound (dictionary definition). D 1968, D06 degradation--the geologic process by which stream beds, flood plains, the bottoms of other water bodies, and other land surfaces are lowered in elevation by the removal of material by fluids. D 4410, D19 degradation---damage by weakening or loss of some property, quality, or capability. E 631, E06 degradation--damage by weakening or loss of some property, quality, or capability. E 1749, E06 degradation, n- -a deleterious change in chemical structure, physical properties, or appearance of a plastic. (D20) F 412, F17 degradation, n- -a deleterious change in the chemical structure, physical properties, or appearance of a plastic. F 1251, F04 degrade, n- -a reduction in quality of lumber, logs, or other wood products due to processing. D 9, D07 degrained leather--leather from which the grain has been removed after tanning, by splitting, abrading, or other process. D 1517, D31 degras, moellon--the partially oxidized oil pressed out of sheepskin after tannage with cod or other marine oil. (See also moellon.) D 1517, D31 degras (wool fat, wool grease, wool wax), n - - a fat-like material comprised primarily of sterols, other higher alcohols, and fatty acids, obtained from the solvent extraction of sheep's wool. D 4175, D02 degreasing--the removal of grease and oils from a surface. solvent degreasing--degreasing by immersion in liquid organic solvent. vapor degreasing--degreasing by solvent vapors condensing on the parts being cleaned. B 374, B08 degree Celsius, °C, n--derived unit of temperature in the Interna- tional System of Units (SI). (See kelvin.) E 344, E20 degree centigrade, n--obsolete term. Use degree Celsius. E 344, E20 degree-day--a unit of heat measurement equal to one degree of the variation of the mean temperature for a day from a given reference (or, base) temperature. D 7099, D18 degree day--see degree day, heating and degree day, cooling. E 772, E44 degree-day, cooling, (DDC or DDF, Celsius or Fahrenheitrespec- tively)--one cooling degree-day is counted for each degree that the daily mean temperature is higher than a base temperature; used to estimate energy requirements for air conditioning or refrigeration. E 772, E44 degree-day, heating, (DDC or DDF, Celsius or Fahrenheitrespec- tively)---one heating degree-day is counted for each degree that the daily mean temperature is lower than a base temperature; used to estimate energy requirements for heating. E 772, E44 degree-days--the difference between the average temperature each day and 32°F (0°C). In common usage degree-days are positive for daily average temperatures above 32°F and negative for those below 32°F (see freezing index). D 653, D18 degree Fahrenheit, °F, n--non-SI unit of temperature commonly used in the United States of America. E 344, E20 degree of consolidation (percent consolidation), U (D)--the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of: (1) the amount of consolidation at a given time within a soil mass, to (2) the total amount of consolidation obtainable under a given stress condition. D 653, D18 degree of crystallinity--the fraction by mass of a cellulose sample occurring in crystalline regions. The method of determining crystallinity must be stated. (see also erystallinity) D 1695, D01 degree of deaeetylation, n--the fraction or percentage of glu- cosamine units (GlcN: deacetylated monomers) in a chitosan polymer molecule. F 2312, F04 degree of freedom--in heterogeneous equilibrium, an external vari- able that may be adjusted independently without causing a change of state; the external variables usually considered are: temperature, pressure, and concentration parameters numbering one less than the order of the system. E 7, E04 degree of lateral order the relative degree of molecular alignment. As for degree of crystallinity, quantitative values must be defined in terms of the experimental measurements. (see also erystallinity) D 1695, D01 degree of polymerization, DP--in general, the average number of base units, or of monomeric units per molecule in linear polymers. Specifically, the average number of anhydroglucose units (or derivative units) per molecule of cellulose (or cellulose derivative). The type of average obtained depends upon the method used for the determination. Hence, the method must always be specified. D 1695, D01 degree of saturation--see percent saturation. D 653, D18 degree of saturation--the extent or degree to which the voids in rock contain fluid (water, gas, or oil). Usually expressed in percent related to total void or pore space. (ISRM) D 653, D18 degree of saturation--(1) the total degree of saturation of frozen soil is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the volume of ice and unfrozen water in the soil pores to the volume of the pores; (2) the degree of saturation of frozen soil by ice, expressed as a percent- age, is the ratio of the volume of ice in the soil pores to the volume of the pores. D 7099, D18 degree of sensitivity (sensitivity ratio)wsee remoldingindex. D 653, D18 degree of substitution, DS--in a cellulose derivative, the average number of hydroxyl groups substituted per anhydroglucose unit. DS varies from zero to about 3. D 1695, D01 degree of thickening (DT), n--the ratio of an oil's viscosity with an additive to that oil's viscosity without the additive. A measure of the amount by which an additive increases the base fluid viscosity. D 4175, D02 degrees of freedom, n--for a set, the number of values that can be assigned arbitrarily and still get the same value for each of one or more statistics calculated from the set of data. D 123, D13 degrees-of-freedom--the minimum number of independent coordi- nates required in a mechanical system to define completely the positions of all parts of the system at any instant of time. In general, it is equal to the number of independent displacements that are possible. D 653, D18 degrees of freedom, n--the divisor used in the calculation of variance. D 4175, D02 degrees of freedom--the number of observations minus the number of constraints imposed upon the system. In general, only one constraint (for example, the mean value) is imposed and the total degrees of freedom are one less than the number of observations. D 4790, D 16 deheading--removal of the lid of a closed-head drum; usually accomplished with a drum deheader. D 5681, D34 dehumidify--to reduce, by any process, the quantity of water vapor within a given space. E 41, G03 deionization--the removal of ions from a solution by ion exchange. B 374, B08 deionization (DI)--the removal of ions from a solution by ion exchange. D 6161, D 19 delamination, n--as related to metallic coated steel, the separation of a coating (either full or partial thickness) from underlying layers; the separation can occur in small localized areas or large areas of surface. A 902, A05 delamination, n--the separation of the layers of material in a laminate. D 883, D20 delamination, n--the separation of layers in a laminate because of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesive itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend. D 907, D14 168