Discovering the World of Nursing Research, Exams of Nursing

Download Discovering the World of Nursing Research and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Chapter 1: Discovering the World of Nursing Research Test Bank… MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Nurses with a bachelor’s degree in nursing can participate in the implementation of evidence- based protocols in practice. This means that the BSN nurse a. Develops evidence-based guidelines b. Designs research studies, on which protocols may be based c. Evaluates and revises evidence-based protocols d. Contributes practice wisdom when applying protocols in patient settings e. Mentors PhD researchers in the clinical setting during protocol development ANS: D Nurses with a BSN degree have knowledge of the research process and skills in reading and critically appraising studies. They assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines, protocols, algorithms, and policies in practice. This implies that nurses provide their point of view, from the clinician’s vantage, when new protocols are being put into practice, and continue to provide feedback, regarding the positive and negative aspects of those protocols. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 4 2. Research is designed to test the idea of providing companion dogs to elders in a major hospital, in order to determine the effect upon the elders’ level of orientation. (The dogs’ level of orientation will not be a focus of the research.) This type of study can do which of the following? a. Control b. Describe c. Explain d. Predict ANS: A Control is the ability to manipulate the situation to produce the desired outcome. Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and, sometimes, the relationships among them. Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies the reasons why certain events occur. The ability to estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation in nursing practice is known as prediction. The researcher’s focus is on predicting what is likely. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 13 3. A researcher wants to find out whether children with autism who are hospitalized on a pediatric ward will require more hours of nursing care than average children when the parents or caregivers are not present. What type of research outcome does this provide? a. Control b. Description c. Explantation DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED d. Prediction DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED a. Abstract reasoning b. Concrete thinking c. Logistic reasoning d. Reality testing ANS: A Abstract reasoning is oriented toward the development of an idea without application to, or association with, a particular instance. Concrete thinking is oriented toward and limited by tangible things or by events that are observed and experienced in reality. Logistic reasoning is used to break a whole into parts that can be carefully examined. Reality testing is used to validate what is observed in the empirical world. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 7 7. A nurse with considerable clinical expertise develops a policy for managing agitated patients in the emergency department. The type of reasoning the nurse uses to do this is reasoning. a. Problematic b. Operational c. Logistic d. Inductive ANS: D Inductive reasoning involves reasoning that moves from the specific to the general, whereby particular instances are observed and then combined into a larger whole or general statement. Problematic reasoning involves (1) identifying a problem and factors influencing it, (2) selecting solutions to the problem, and (3) resolving the problem. Operational reasoning involves the identification of and discrimination among many alternatives and viewpoints. Logistic reasoning is used to break the whole into parts that can be carefully examined, as the relationships among the parts can also be. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 7 8. What is the best explanation of intuition that forms a legitimate source of knowledge in nursing? a. It is based on knowledge thoroughly incorporated into thought but seldom articulated. b. It is based on a gift from the universe and should be honored when it arrives. c. It is never inaccurate. d. It is a revisiting of old knowledge, accompanied by deep reflection. ANS: A Intuition is the revisiting of old knowledge accompanied by deep reflection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 5 9. Why is operational reasoning necessary for research? a. Abstract concepts are of no use to nursing. b. Standard interventions are obtained from operational reasoning. c. It allows the researcher to measure the concepts studied. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED d. It facilitates the researcher’s rapport with families. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED ANS: C Operational reasoning involves the identification of and discrimination among many alternatives and viewpoints. It focuses on the process (debating alternatives) rather than on the resolution. Nurses use operational reasoning to develop realistic, measurable health goals. Thus, operational reasoning takes abstract concepts and makes them focused, concrete, and, therefore, researchable. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 6 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. What are the connections between evidence-based practice and nursing research? (Select all that apply.) a. Evidence-based care cannot be provided to patients without the nurse understanding something of research. b. A synthesis of current research within an area of nursing is used to improve care in that area. c. All patients with a given diagnosis should be cared for based solely on research knowledge. d. Nursing diagnosis and management depend on a practitioner’s exploration of best research evidence. e. Nursing research provides evidence that allows us each to practice with the same style and capability. ANS: A, B, D Evidence-based practice in nursing requires a strong body of research knowledge that nurses must synthesize and use to promote quality care for their patients, families, and communities. In order to synthesize and use research appropriately, a nurse must understand it. A nurse must explore the best research evidence about a practice problem before using his or her clinical expertise to diagnose and manage an individual patient’s health problem. Not all patients are treated in the same way, however. Because reality can vary with perception, and because the facts can be relative, nurses do not impose their views on patients. Rather, nurses help patients seek health from within the patients’ worldviews. This is a critical component of evidence- based practice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 11 2. What is the hospitalized patient’s place in evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.) a. The patient is the recipient of the total of formal research evidence and the nurse’s practice wisdom, and these represent the patient’s care plan. b. The patient brings values to the clinical encounter, which the nurse considers in providing evidence-based care. c. The patient provides a valuable source of knowledge, since each patient cared for contributes to the nurse’s total practice wisdom. d. The patient is the focus of research. The patient serves both as a recipient of evidence-based research and the subject of future evidence, based on data collected now from the patient. e. The patient may always refuse to participate—in evidence-based care, in therapies, DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED d. Research emphasizes what can be done in practice, rather than what has been done in practice. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED e. Practice does not affect research: research affects practice. f. Practice provides inspiration for meaningful nursing research. g. Practice helps a nurse differentiate between rigorous, well-designed research and useless research. ANS: C, F Evidence-based practice in nursing requires a strong body of research knowledge that nurses must synthesize and use to promote quality care for their patients. Research is a way to test reality and generate the best evidence to guide nursing practice. Practice problems inspire meaningful clinical research. Evidence-based practice evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient needs and values. DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: Page 3 6. Realistically, what might be done in a situation in which a nurse does not know the appropriate way to use a new ultrasonic bladder scanner (a non-invasive, painless procedure) but has an order to scan? (Select all that apply.) a. Refuse to carry out the order. b. Ask a co-worker who has used the equipment for help. c. Access the instructions on the company’s web site. d. Try to scan the bladder and see if the value obtained makes sense. e. Notify the manager that a formal inservice is needed. f. Read the instruction booklet. ANS: B, C, D, F Trial and error is an approach with unknown outcomes that is used in a situation of uncertainty, when other sources of knowledge are unavailable. The profession evolved through a great deal of trial and error before knowledge of effective practices was codified in textbooks and journals. The trial-and-error way of acquiring knowledge can be time- consuming, because multiple interventions might be implemented before one is found to be effective. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 9 7. Which of the following sources generates new knowledge for nurses? (Select all that apply.) a. Editorials in nursing journals b. Qualitative research c. Adhering to hospital policies d. Research that tests a new sling scale for safety of patients and nurses e. Quantitative research f. Comparison of two different insulin dosing protocols ANS: B, D, E Nursing research is defined as a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences the delivery of evidence-based nursing. Nurses use a variety of research methods to test their reality and generate nursing knowledge, including quantitative research, qualitative research, outcomes research, and intervention research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 2 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED 8. Which of these are suitable focuses for a nursing research study? (Select all that apply.) a. How clinical nurse specialists contribute to patient outcomes b. Which elements of a nursing school curriculum remain useful for current practice after students graduate c. Whether requiring nurse managers to supervise more than four units is cost- effective d. What styles of physician teaching produce better diabetic compliance e. Whether patients with exacerbation of CHF are best managed with inpatient treatment or with outpatient treatment f. What the personality characteristics are of nurses in various inpatient areas ANS: A, B, C, F Many nurses hold the view that nursing research should focus on acquiring knowledge that can be directly implemented in clinical practice, which is sometimes referred to as applied research or practical research. However, another view is that nursing research should include studies of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, and nurses’ characteristics and roles, as well as clinical situations, education, practice, and service. Research is needed to identify teaching-learning strategies to promote nurses’ management of practice. Thus, nurse researchers are involved in building a science for nursing education so that the teaching-learning strategies used are evidence-based. Nurse administrators are involved in research to enhance nursing leadership and the delivery of quality, cost-effective patient care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 1 9. What might a nursing research study address? (Select all that apply.) a. Whether having a nurse practitioner manage care is effective in decreasing length- of-stay b. Whether students learn better in an online course format or by actual lecture attendance c. Comparing four types of leadership used by nurse managers and comparing their employees’ job satisfaction, absenteeism rates, and error rates d. Different common surgical procedures and the mortality rate of each e. Learning specific things about the liver failure patient that can be applied to nursing practice ANS: A, B, C, E Many nurses hold the view that nursing research should focus on acquiring knowledge that can be directly implemented in clinical practice, which is sometimes referred to as applied research or practical research. However, another view is that nursing research should include studies of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, and nurses’ characteristics and roles, as well as clinical situations, education, practice, and service. Research is needed to identify teaching-learning strategies to promote nurses’ management of practice. Thus, nurse researchers are involved in building a science for nursing education so that the teaching-learning strategies used are evidence-based. Nurse administrators are involved in research to enhance nursing leadership and the delivery of quality, cost-effective patient care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 1 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. Qualitative research is also systematic, but it is a holistic, interactive, and subjective approach to describe life experiences and identify their meaning. Both types of research have a purpose statement and can use a survey instrument; however, neither depends on surveys for data. Both can contain suggestions for practice. Qualitative research results are presented as a narrative, without statistical analysis. Outcomes research examines the results of care and measures the changes in health status of patients. Intervention research investigates the effectiveness of a nursing intervention in achieving the desired outcome or outcomes in a natural setting. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 23 6. A newly employed nurse administrator wants to know more about the employees on the units the administrator supervises. The manager accesses the managerial database and gathers data about all of the current employees on the unit, including work shift, number of years employed, age, gender, educational preparation, certifications, work history, and professional accomplishments. What type of research is this? a. Descriptive research b. Correlational research c. Quasi-experimental research d. Experimental research ANS: A The quantitative research methods are classified into four categories: (1) descriptive, which defines the magnitude of a concept and its characteristics, (2) correlational, which determines association between or among variables, (3) quasi-experimental, which tests an intervention and lacks control in at least one of three areas, and (4) experimental, which tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment. This is a research study, even though it depends upon existent data, collected by another manager. Its purpose is to describe the employees. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 26 7. A human resources employee performs research focusing on the professional lifespan within the institution of nurses, and trying to discover whether their choice of work area is connected with the number of years they work in the institution. What type of research is this? a. Descriptive research b. Correlational research c. Quasi-experimental research d. Experimental research ANS: B The quantitative research methods are classified into four categories: (1) descriptive, which defines the magnitude of a concept and its characteristics, (2) correlational, which determines association between or among variables, (3) quasi-experimental, which tests an intervention and lacks control in at least one of three areas, and (4) experimental, which tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment. This study investigates the connection or association between work area and length of time worked. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 26 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED 8. In an attempt to assess whether selection of a same-gender psychiatrist leads to better mental health outcomes, clients newly referred for mental health services are told they may choose their mental health physicians. Later, measures of mental health are performed. What type of research is this? a. Descriptive research b. Correlational research c. Quasi-experimental research d. Experimental research ANS: C The quantitative research methods are classified into four categories: (1) descriptive, which defines the magnitude of a concept and its characteristics, (2) correlational, which determines association between or among variables, (3) quasi-experimental, which tests an intervention and lacks control in at least one of three areas, and (4) experimental, which tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment. This research study is designed to test an intervention but does not include random assignment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 26 9. In a rehabilitation unit, patients are randomly assigned to high fiber diets versus ordinary fiber diets, in order to measure the effect on constipation. What type of research is this? a. Descriptive research b. Correlational research c. Quasi-experimental research d. Experimental research ANS: D The quantitative research methods are classified into four categories: (1) descriptive, which defines the magnitude of a concept and its characteristics, (2) correlational, which determines association between or among variables, (3) quasi-experimental, which tests an intervention and lacks either a control group or random assignment, and (4) experimental, which tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment. This research study tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 26 10. A researcher uses interviews with two or three open-ended questions to study women in the staging phase of breast cancer treatment, in order to understand their experiences and the meanings they attribute to those experiences. What type of research is this? a. Phenomenologic research b. Grounded theory research c. Ethnographic research d. Historicism ANS: A DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED d. Historicism ANS: C Ethnography defines shared characteristics of members of a culture or participants who share in a common characteristic, and explains commonalities, often within a cultural framework, using observation, interview, and other data collection strategies; through the use of ethnographic research, different cultures are described, compared, and contrasted to add to our understanding of the impact of culture on the human experience. Phenomenologic research examines the lived experiences of participants and the meanings those experiences hold for them, drawing its results only from the participants’ views. Grounded theory research defines under-researched concepts and explains them within a social framework, building on both observation and the perceptions of the persons who are familiar with the concepts, and sometimes generating theory; it emphasizes interaction, observation, and development of relationships among concepts. Historicism tells the story of past events, reconstructing these from other historical references, interviews, artifacts, art, and other sources that reflect the time of interest. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 27 13. A researcher reviews the twenty years that a breast cancer clinic has been in operation in a small Midwestern city. The researcher interviews many of the women who have been treated in the clinic during this period and reviews the records of the clinic, along with its survival rates and the emergence of several of its innovative support programs for women and their families. The researcher ultimately writes a story of the clinic over those twenty years. What type of research is this? a. Phenomenologic research b. Grounded theory research c. Ethnographic research d. Historicism ANS: D Phenomenologic research examines the lived experiences of participants and the meanings those experiences hold for them, drawing its results only from the participants’ views. Grounded theory research defines under-researched concepts and explains them within a social framework, building on both observation and the perceptions of the persons who are familiar with the concepts, and sometimes generating theory; it emphasizes interaction, observation, and development of relationships among concepts. Ethnography defines shared characteristics of members of a culture or participants who share in a common characteristic, and explains commonalities, often within a cultural framework, using observation, interview, and other data collection strategies; through the use of ethnographic research, different cultures are described, compared, and contrasted to add to our understanding of the impact of culture on the human experience. Historicism tells the story of past events, reconstructing these from other historical references, interviews, artifacts, art, and other sources that reflect the time of interest. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 27 MULTIPLE RESPONSE DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED 1. Florence Nightingale researched mortality and morbidity rates in soldiers during the Crimean War and investigated various factors that influenced both, presenting her results as pie charts and graphs. Consequently, it is known that she conducted which types of research? (Select all that apply.) a. Phenomenologic research b. Causational research c. Descriptive research d. Correlational research e. Ethnographic research ANS: C, D Nightingale is noted for her data collection and statistical analyses during the Crimean War. She gathered data on soldier morbidity and mortality rates and the factors influencing them and presented her results in tables and pie charts, a sophisticated type of data presentation for the period. There is no evidence that she designed causational (experimental or quasi- experimental) research or any type of qualitative research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 17 2. Which of the following statements about quantitative research is accurate? (Select all that apply.) a. The results of quantitative research should be generalized back to the population from which the sample was drawn. b. Quantitative research is always easy and straightforward to read and understand. c. Quantitative research addresses quantities, connections, and causes. d. Quantitative research predominates in the nursing research literature. e. Quantitative research is always experimental. f. Quantitative research provides answers to “What?” and “Who?” questions. ANS: A, C, D, F The quantitative approach to scientific inquiry emerged from a branch of philosophy called logical positivism, which operates on strict rules of logic, truth, laws, axioms, and predictions. Quantitative research requires the use of structured interviews, questionnaires, or observations, scales, or physiological measures that generate numerical data. Statistical analyses are conducted to reduce and organize data, describe variables, examine relationships, and determine differences among groups. Control, instruments, and statistical analyses are used to ensure that the research findings accurately reflect reality so that the study findings can be generalized. Generalization involves the application of trends or general tendencies (which are identified by studying a sample) to the population from which the research sample was drawn. Researchers must be cautious in making generalizations, because a sound generalization requires the support of many studies with a variety of samples. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 24 3. Which of the following statements about qualitative research is accurate? (Select all that apply.) a. Qualitative research deals exclusively with humans. b. Qualitative research’s principal purpose is to inform the reader. c. Qualitative research yields data that are not numbers-based, such as audiotapes, DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED videotapes, and field notes. d. Qualitative research is not systematic. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED ANS: C, D, E Ethnographic research was developed by anthropologists to investigate cultures through an in- depth study of the members of the culture. The culture may be an actual culture, a loosely connected group of people who share a common characteristic, or a work or recreational group. The ethnographic research process is the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a description of cultural behavior. The researcher (ethnographer) actually lives in or becomes a part of the cultural setting to gather the data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 24 6. A researcher is operating from the point of view of logical positivism. Which of the following research methods would the logical positivist use? (Select all that apply.) a. Grounded theory research b. Correlational research c. Historical research d. Quasi-experimental research e. Quantitative descriptive research f. Exploratory descriptive qualitative research ANS: B, D, E The quantitative approach to scientific inquiry emerged from a branch of philosophy called logical positivism, which operates on strict rules of logic, truth, laws, axioms, and predictions. The quantitative research methods are classified into four categories: (1) descriptive, (2) correlational, (3) quasi-experimental, and (4) experimental. The qualitative research methods included in this textbook are (1) phenomenological research, (2) grounded theory research, (3) ethnographic research, (4) exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, and (5) historical research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 27 7. Which of the follow potential studies would fall within the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s future research goals? (Select all that apply.) a. Performing a synthesis of research evidence regarding skin-to-skin contact of mothers and newborns b. Enacting a quantitative research project measuring bacterial count on nurses’ uniforms at the beginning and the end of 12-hour work shifts c. Performing a qualitative research project to explain sources of student nurses’ stress d. Enacting a public education Internet commercial encouraging smokers to read the statistics regarding sequelae of cigarette smoking e. Trialing clean-and-sober support groups that are based in community shopping centers ANS: A, D, E DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality partners with public and private sectors to improve the quality and safety of patient care by promoting the use of the best research evidence available in practice. Its three future goals are focused on the following: “Safety and quality: Reduce the risk of harm by promoting delivery of the best possible health care; Effectiveness: Improve healthcare outcomes by encouraging the use of evidence to make informed healthcare decisions; and Efficiency: Transform research into practice to facilitate wider access to effective healthcare services and reduce unnecessary costs.” DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 22 8. Early nursing research by Nightingale focused on improving patient outcomes. What were the principal topics for the next wave of nursing research, in the first half of the 20th century? (Select all that apply.) a. Evidence-based practice b. Primary nursing’s advantages in hospitals c. Nursing education, as opposed to nurse training d. The nursing process and nursing diagnosis e. Staffing, patient assignments, and type of care ANS: C, E From 1900 to 1950, research activities in nursing were limited, but a few studies advanced nursing education. Based on recommendations of the Goldmark Report, more schools of nursing were established in university settings. A research trend that started in the 1940s and continued in the 1950s focused on the organization and delivery of nursing services. Studies were conducted on the numbers and kinds of nursing personnel, staffing patterns, patient classification systems, patient and nurse satisfaction, and unit arrangement. Types of care such as comprehensive care, home care, and progressive patient care were evaluated. In the 1970s, the nursing process became the focus of many studies, with the investigations of assessment techniques, nursing diagnoses classification, goal-setting methods, and specific nursing interventions. Primary nursing care, which involves the delivery of patient care predominantly by registered nurses (RNs), was the trend for the 1970s. The vision for nursing research in the twenty-first century includes conducting quality studies using a variety of methodologies, synthesizing the study findings into the best research evidence, and using this research evidence to guide practice. The focus on EBP has become stronger over the last decade. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 19 9. Which of the following is true of the Cochrane Center and Cochrane Collaboration, begun in the 1970s by Professor Archie Cochrane? (Select all that apply.) a. It was originally called the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. b. It developed the original master’s degrees in nursing practice. c. It serves as a repository for evidence-based practice guidelines. d. It was the first association to publish a nursing research journal. e. It is the online library resource for research literature reviews. ANS: C, E Cochrane advocated the provision of health care based on research to improve the quality of care and patient outcomes. To facilitate the use of research evidence in practice, the Cochrane Center was established in 1992 and the Cochrane Collaboration in 1993. The Cochrane DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Collaboration and Library house numerous resources to promote EBP, such as systematic reviews of research and evidence-based guidelines for practice. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED cultures. This mandates action. d. It generates and tests theory. e. It reveals participants’ experiences and individual viewpoints, feelings, and interpretations. These can provide guidelines for client-centered care. ANS: A, E Qualitative research is a systematic, interactive, subjective approach used to describe life experiences from the research participants’ point of view. This type of research is conducted to explore, describe, and promote understanding of human experiences, events, and cultures over time. It is holistic and describes the human in context. Chapter 3: Introduction to Quantitative Research Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A researcher conducts a study to determine the effectiveness of a special program of sensitivity training for nurse managers upon several outcomes, all related to the staff’s ability to identify and intervene appropriately when medication errors occur. This is an example of what type of quantitative research? a. Applied research b. Basic research c. Descriptive research d. Qualitative research ANS: A Applied, or practical, research is a scientific investigation conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice. The purpose of applied research is to solve problems, to make decisions, or to predict or control outcomes. Basic, or pure, research is a scientific investigation that involves the “pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s sake,” or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth. The purpose of basic research is to generate and refine theory and build constructs; thus, the findings are frequently not directly useful in practice. However, because the findings are more theoretical in nature, they can be generalized to various settings. Descriptive quantitative research and qualitative research describe what exists but do not test specific interventions used in practice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 35 2. A researcher randomly assigns a large group of subjects who are hospital patients either to receive magnesium at bedtime or not to receive magnesium at bedtime, and then measures sleep quality and duration. What type of research is this? a. Correlational research b. Experimental research c. Descriptive research d. Quasi-experimental research ANS: B DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Control occurs when the researcher imposes “rules” to decrease the possibility of error and thus increases the probability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality. Descriptive and correlational studies are usually conducted with minimal control of the study design, because subjects are examined as they exist. In experimental research, the independent and dependent variables are highly controlled, the researcher exerts high control over the planning and implementation of the study, and often these studies are conducted in a laboratory setting on animals or objects. If a research study randomly assigns subjects to two different groups, applies an intervention to one of the groups, and then measures both groups and compares them, it is experimental design. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 36 Use the following information to answer Questions 3 through 7: A research study contains the following in its Introduction section: “This study was undertaken to explore the effect of massage on total hours of sleep per 24-hour day, in persons averaging fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night, attributable to insomnia ........ Presumably by increasing endorphin levels, massage seems to provide an immediate relaxation and an ability to sleep immediately following the session, but it is unclear whether these benefits actually extend to total sleep, despite anecdotal support. The claim that massage increases total hours of sleep has been inadequately researched. ...... Does massage increase the total number of hours of daily sleep? ...... It was posited that provision of daily late-morning massage would affect total hours of sleep per 24-hour day. The study’s causational explanation was based on the physiologic matrix of McCarthy, which includes effects of endorphins on sleep, learning ability, pain, digestive function, and cardiac output It was taken as established fact that massage is pleasant, that research subjects getting fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night were sleep-deprived, and that endorphins mediated the changes observed.” 3. What is the research problem? a. This study was undertaken to explore the effect of massage on total hours of sleep per 24-hour day, in persons averaging fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night, attributable to insomnia. b. It was posited that provision of daily late-morning massage would affect total hours of sleep per 24-hour day. c. It was taken as established fact that massage is pleasant, that research subjects getting fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night were sleep-deprived, and that endorphins mediated the changes observed. d. Presumably by increasing endorphin levels, massage seems to provide an immediate relaxation and an ability to sleep immediately following the session, but it is unclear whether these benefits actually extend to total sleep, despite anecdotal support. ANS: D A research problem is an area of concern or phenomenon of interest about which there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. The problem identifies an area of concern or phenomenon of interest for a particular population and often indicates the concepts to be studied. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 39 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED 4. What is the research framework? DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED immediate relaxation and an ability to sleep immediately following the session, but it is unclear whether these benefits actually extend to total sleep, despite anecdotal support. The claim that massage increases total hours of sleep has been inadequately researched. d. The study’s causational explanation was based on the physiologic matrix of McCarthy, which includes effects of endorphins on sleep, learning ability, pain, digestive function, and cardiac output. ANS: A The research purpose is generated from the problem and identifies the specific focus or aim of the study. The focus of the study might be to identify, describe, explain, or predict a solution to a situation. The purpose often indicates the type of study to be conducted (descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, or experimental) and usually includes the variables, population, and setting for the study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 41 7. What is the research question? a. This study was undertaken to explore the effect of massage on total hours of sleep per 24-hour day, in persons averaging fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night, attributable to insomnia. b. It was posited that provision of daily late-morning massage would affect total hours of sleep per 24-hour day. c. Does massage increase the total number of hours of daily sleep? d. Presumably by increasing endorphin levels, massage seems to provide an immediate relaxation and an ability to sleep immediately following the session, but it is unclear whether these benefits actually extend to total sleep, despite anecdotal support. ANS: C Research objectives, questions, and hypotheses bridge the gap between the more abstractly stated research problem and purpose and the study design and plan for data collection and analysis. Objectives, questions, and hypotheses are narrower in focus than the research purpose and often (1) specify only one or two research variables, (2) identify the relationship between the variables, and (3) indicate the population to be studied. A research question is a concise, interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense and includes one or more variables (or concepts). DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 39 8. A researcher conducting a study to examine linkages among age, gender, driver’s license suspension, and zip code poverty, educational level, and income, sourced from the records of the State Department of Motor Vehicles, is using which of the following types of research? a. Descriptive research b. Correlational research c. Problem solving d. Triangulation ANS: B DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Through descriptive research, concepts are described and relationships are identified but not examined. A researcher conducting a study to examine linear relationships between two or more variables is using the quantitative research process for correlational research. In descriptive and correlational studies, no treatment is administered, so the study design centers on describing variables, examining relationships, and improving the precision of measurement. In descriptive research concepts are explored and phenomena are described in real-life situations. This approach is used to generate new knowledge about concepts or topics about which limited or no research has been conducted. In correlational research linear relationships between two or more variables are explored and the strength between variables is quantified. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 49 9. A student completes her master’s thesis on correlates of depression in retired airline pilots, and it is shelved in the library. Has this student communicated her research findings? a. Yes, because the thesis is in the library and can be accessed. b. No, because the findings have not been made available to persons who will utilize them. c. Yes, because the students in this particular master’s program often discuss their work in progress. d. No, because if the findings do not appear in print in a nursing journal, they have not been communicated. ANS: B Research is not considered complete until the findings have been communicated. Communicating research findings involves developing and disseminating a research report to appropriate audiences; the research report is disseminated through presentations and publications. Analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and writing a report of the findings are essential steps in conducting research—but they do not complete the process. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 49 10. Hospital nurses are observed in order to determine exactly how long nurses swab IV ports with alcohol. Because they are being observed, they “scrub the hub” longer than they ordinarily would have. This is an example of what concept relevant to quantitative research? a. Bias b. Control c. Inaccurate operationalization of variables d. Hawthorne effect ANS: D Subjects’ knowledge of a study could influence their behavior and possibly alter the research outcomes. This threatens the validity or accuracy of the study design. An example of this type of threat to design validity is the Hawthorne effect, which was identified during the classic experiment at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company during the 1920s and 1930s. The employees at this plant exhibited a particular psychological response when they became research participants: they changed their behavior simply because they were subjects in a study, not because of the research treatment. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 38 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED chosen from that population. d. A population is usually larger than a sample. ANS: D The population is all the elements (individuals, objects, or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe. The researcher must determine which population is accessible and can be best represented by the study sample. A sample is a subset of the population that is selected for a particular study. Being a subset, the sample is either smaller than the population or, very occasionally, equal in size to it; it cannot be larger. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 44 14. What does a quantitative research instrument measure? a. The level of measurement b. A statistical test c. Itself, for validity d. A study variable ANS: D When conducting a quantitative study, the researcher attempts to use the most precise instruments available to measure the study variables. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 37 15. Which is the highest form of measurement? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio ANS: D An instrument is selected to measure a specific variable in a study. Data generated with an instrument are at the nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio level of measurement. The level of measurement, with nominal being the lowest form of measurement and ratio being the highest, determines the type of statistical analyses that you can perform on the data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 45 16. The researcher believes that adults can remember details about the first time they were taken on a camping trip, as 7-year-olds, and that the experiences of a first camping trip are life- altering. What is a research term for these beliefs? a. Applications b. Assumptions c. Limitations d. Variables ANS: B DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Assumptions are statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested. Assumptions are often embedded (unrecognized) in thinking and behavior, and uncovering them requires introspection. Sources of assumptions include universally accepted truths (e.g., all humans are rational beings), theories, previous research, and nursing practice. In studies, assumptions are embedded in the philosophical base of the framework, study design, and interpretation of findings. Theories and instruments are developed on the basis of assumptions that the researcher may or may not recognize. These assumptions influence the development and implementation of the research process. Since researchers’ assumptions influence the logic of the study, their recognition leads to more rigorous study development. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 41 17. Which of the following items is different when comparing probability sampling and nonprobability sampling? a. The type of descriptive statistics applied to the sample b. The size of the sample c. The relative chance of being selected as a study participant d. Whether or not the findings can be generalized ANS: C Sampling is a process of selecting subjects, events, behaviors, or elements for participation in a study. Random sampling methods usually provide a sample that is representative of a population, because each member of the population has a probability greater than zero of being selected for a study. This is not true of nonrandom sampling methods, in which not every member of the population has an opportunity for selection to the sample. Descriptive statistics applied to the sample are identical. The size of the sample doesn’t vary depending on type of sample chosen. Generalization of the findings is possible under either condition. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 37 18. A correlational researcher reports that the strength of the relationship between X and Y is near 0 (r = 10.03). What does this mean, relative to prediction? a. If X is present, Y is only somewhat likely to be present. b. If Y is absent, X will also be absent. c. If X is present, there is no guarantee at all that Y will be present. d. If Y is absent, X will always be present. ANS: C Correlational research examines a linear relationship between two or more variables and determines the type (positive or negative) and degree (strength) of the relationship. The strength of a relationship varies from –1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), with 0 indicating no relationship. The positive relationship indicates that the variables vary together—that is, the two variables either increase or decrease together. The negative or inverse relationship indicates that the variables vary in opposite directions; thus, as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 49 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED MULTIPLE RESPONSE DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED outcomes in real-life practice situations. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 53 6. A marketing researcher reviews the month’s sales slips for a convenience store and compares them with restocking orders, in order to determine which products are being stolen from the shelves. This study has little control. Why is this the case? (Select all that apply.) a. The researcher has no control over whether people choose to shoplift. b. There is no control for extraneous variables. c. No variables are manipulated. d. The design is descriptive or correlational; as compared with other types of research, control is low. e. The data collected were actually generated by other people and may be erroneous. ANS: B, C, D, E Control occurs when the researcher imposes “rules” to decrease the possibility of error and thus increase the probability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality. Through control, the researcher can reduce the influence or confounding effect of extraneous variables on the study variables. Quantitative research requires varying degrees of control, ranging from minimal control to high control of study design. Descriptive and correlational studies are usually conducted with minimal or partial control of the study design. Correlational research often has more control of its design than does descriptive research. Quasi-experimental studies are usually conducted with moderate control of study design. Experimental studies are highly controlled. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 36 7. In a given research study, the findings reveal that as A increases, B also increases, that the relationship is linear, and that the strength of the relationship is 0.78. What type of relationship is this? (Select all that apply.) a. Positive b. Negative c. Inverse d. None e. Causational f. Correlational ANS: A, F Correlational research examines a linear relationship between two or more variables and determines the type (positive or negative) and degree (strength) of the relationship. The strength of a relationship varies from –1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), with 0 indicating no relationship. The positive relationship indicates that the variables vary together—that is, the two variables either increase or decrease together. The negative or inverse relationship indicates that the variables vary in opposite directions; thus, as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 49 8. A researcher selects a quantitative experimental research design. For what reasons does the researcher select this particular design? (Select all that apply.) a. To generate a theory DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED b. To answer a research question c. To determine which of several causes is the true one DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED c. Phenomenology d. Critical research DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED ANS: D Critical ethnography has a political purpose of relieving oppression and empowering a group of people to take action on their own behalf. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 64 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A research study about holiday celebrations is based on a philosophy or philosophical perspective. In the analysis, the authors state that they reflected upon the data for several weeks, reading and re-reading interviews, in order to capture their meaning. Aside from descriptive statistics addressing the sample, the results are all presented in narrative form. Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.) a. The philosophy for the study is logical positivism. b. The sample size was decided upon using power analysis. c. In this method, meaning emerges from the data. d. The data analysis process seems to be inductive. e. The method was shaped by the authors’ philosophical perspectives. ANS: C, D, E Quantitative studies are based primarily on the philosophy of logical positivism that values logic, empirical data, and tightly controlled methods. Power analysis is a quantitative method of setting the sample size. Inductive thinking involves perceptually putting insights and pieces of information together and identifying abstract themes or working from the bottom up. From this inductive process, meanings emerge. In qualitative research, the philosophy directs the research questions and the collection and interpretation of the data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 57 2. Which statements best describes the differences between Heideggerian and Husserlian phenomenology? (Select all that apply.) a. Husserl proposed that the researcher could identify and set aside his or her own private attitudes and opinions before data analysis. b. Heidegger postulated that a person interacted with the world only through his or her physical body. c. Heideggerians believe that the past has no influence on present thought. d. Heideggerian phenomenologists posit that the person is situated in a specific context and time that shape his or her experiences, paradoxically freeing and constraining the person’s ability to establish meanings through language, culture, history, purposes, and values. e. Husserl developed his ideas as a method for understanding and avoiding conflict between psychology and the basic sciences. ANS: A, B, D, E DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Heideggerian phenomenologists believe that the person is a self within a body; the person is referred to as embodied. Husserlian phenomenologists believe that although self and world are mutually shaping, it is possible to separate oneself from one’s beliefs or set aside one’s beliefs to see the world firsthand in a naive way. Setting aside one’s beliefs during qualitative research is called bracketing. Heideggerian phenomenologists posit that the person is situated in a specific context and time that shape his or her experiences, paradoxically freeing and constraining the person’s ability to establish meanings through language, culture, history, purposes, and values. Husserl developed his ideas about phenomena in an effort to resolve the conflict in thought between human sciences (primarily psychology) and the basic sciences (such as physics). DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 60 3. What is the major contribution of historical nursing research? (Select all that apply.) a. It explains how to avoid pitfalls of the past. b. It allows us to explain the world of today through the lens of yesterday. c. It identifies recurrent social patterns. d. It tells the story of where we have been as a profession. e. It provides the dates of important events. ANS: B, D Historical research examines events of the past. Historians describe events in the context of time, social structures, concurrent events, and key individuals. These descriptions can increase understanding and raise awareness of the forces shaping current events. Historical nursing research can do the same for the profession and its role in society. Nurse researchers using historical methods have examined the events and people that shaped health in different settings and countries as well as nursing as a profession. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 68 4. Which of the following might be the focus of historical nursing research? (Select all that apply.) a. The evolution of the role of the physician in the 20th century b. Diseases that resulted in significant mortality in the 18th century c. Patterns of nursing staffing in years of shortage prior to 1980 d. A person or persons who have contributed to the profession of nursing e. Social patterns that have fostered or squelched nurses’ developing autonomy ANS: C, D, E Historical research examines events of the past. Historians describe events in the context of time, social structures, concurrent events, and key individuals. These descriptions can increase understanding and raise awareness of the forces shaping current events. Historical nursing research can do the same for the profession and its role in society. Nurse researchers using historical methods have examined the events and people that shaped health in different settings and countries as well as nursing as a profession. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 68 5. What is exploratory-descriptive qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED ANS: B, E DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Ethnographic research provides a framework for studying cultures. The word ethnography is derived by combining the Greek roots of “ethno” (folk or people) and “graphy” (picture or portrait). Ethnographies are the written reports of a culture from the perspectives of insiders. These reports were initially the products of anthropologists who studied primitive, foreign, or remote cultures. Now, however, a number of other disciplines, including social psychology, sociology, political science, education, and nursing, promote cultural research. Anthropologists seek to understand people: their ways of living, believing, acquiring information, transforming knowledge, and socializing the next generation. Studying a culture begins with the philosophical values of respecting, appreciating, and seeking to preserve the values and ways of life of the culture. The philosophical bases of ethnography are naturalism and respect for others. The purpose of anthropological research is to describe a culture and explore “the meanings of social actions within cultures.” DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 63 8. Which of the following are the general purposes of phenomenological research? (Select all that apply.) a. To generate theory b. To describe the lived experience c. To observe and document interactions within an existent culture d. To determine the meaning that an experience has for the individual e. To describe the single reality expressed by a group of participants ANS: B, D The purpose of phenomenological research is to describe experiences (or phenomena) as they are lived—in phenomenological terms, to capture the “lived experience” of study participants. During the process of data collection, the meaning the participants attach to their experience is revealed. All phenomenologists agree that there is not a single reality: each individual has his or her own reality. While phenomenology can be used indirectly in the development of a theory, grounded theory is the method intended to generate theory. Observing and documenting interactions within a culture describes ethnographic research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 60 9. A certain qualitative method takes the position that there is no single reality. Because of this, the reality experienced by each participant is unique. Because experience is subjective, the experienced reality is reality. The method does not perform reality checks in order to determine whether a participant’s story is “true” or not. What is this qualitative method? (Select all that apply.) a. Husserlian phenomenology b. Ethnography c. Historicism d. Heideggerian phenomenology e. Grounded theory ANS: A, D The purpose of phenomenological research is to describe experiences (or phenomena) as they are lived—in phenomenological terms, to capture the “lived experience” of study participants. All phenomenologists agree that there is not a single reality; each individual has his or her DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED own reality. Reality is considered subjective, and as a result, unique to the individual. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED b. Research topic c. Research purpose d. Problem statement ANS: B Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence-based nursing. A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many research purposes. The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowledge needed for practice. A nursing situation often includes a variety of research topics or concepts. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 73 2. Why is replicating a research study essential for knowledge development? a. Each time a study is replicated, its probability of error decreases. b. Reproducing a study decreases theoretical knowledge, increasing real knowledge. c. Replication helps confirm that the initial results were not reached in error. d. Replication studies represent the majority of published nursing literature. ANS: C Replication involves reproducing or repeating a study to determine if similar findings will be obtained. Replication is essential for knowledge development because it (1) establishes the credibility of the findings, (2) extends the generalizability of the findings over a range of instances and contexts, (3) reduces the number of type I and type II errors, (4) corrects the limitations in studies’ methodologies, (5) supports theory development, and (6) lessens the acceptance of erroneous results. Some researchers replicate studies because they agree with the findings and wonder if the findings will hold up in different settings with different subjects over time. Others want to challenge the findings or interpretations of prior investigators. However, the number of nursing studies replicated continues to be limited. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 77 3. A nurse researcher working in a subacute orthopedic hospital floor. She notes that her elders with knee replacements sleep as many as 16 hours a day, waking only for physical therapy and meals, but she also notices that those with many visitors sleep fewer hours and seem to experience more pain. She wonders whether sleep in elders after knee replacement prevents pain, or whether elders select the coping strategy of sleeping more, in response to pain, and begins to attempt to identify the relationship between the two. A literature search reveals only three descriptive studies on this topic, one quantitative and two qualitative. What is “the relationship between elders’ hours of sleep following knee replacement and its relationship with report of pain”? a. The research aim b. The research purpose c. The research problem d. The research topic ANS: C DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence-based nursing. A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many research purposes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 73 4. A master’s student who works in cardiothoracic ICU reads a 20-year-old nursing research study; the findings document use of much larger per-kilogram amounts of opioids and anxiolytics postoperatively in adults with open-heart surgery, as opposed to children with open-heart surgery. The student strongly suspects that modern hospitals medicate children and adults more or less the same, on a per-kilogram basis. She decides to replicate the original research in her hospital. What type of replication is this? a. Exact replication b. Concurrent replication c. Systematic replication d. Approximate replication ANS: D Replication involves reproducing or repeating a study to determine whether similar findings will be obtained. Four different types of replication are important in generating sound scientific knowledge for nursing: (1) exact, (2) approximate, (3) concurrent, and (4) systematic extension. An exact, or identical, replication involves duplicating the initial researcher’s study to confirm the original findings. All conditions of the original study must be maintained. An approximate, or operational, replication involves repeating the original study under similar conditions, following the methods as closely as possible. A concurrent, or internal, replication involves the collection of data for the original study and its simultaneous replication to provide a check of the reliability of the original study. A systematic extension or constructive replication is done under distinctly new conditions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 77 5. A research study contains the question, “Can the application of twice-daily cortisone in the period from 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively produce significantly increased range of motion in 50- to 60-year-old rotator-cuff repair patients at the six-month mark?” The study is research. a. Ethnographic b. Historical c. Experimental d. Basic ANS: C Experimental studies are conducted in highly controlled settings and under highly controlled conditions to determine the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. An experimental research question takes the form of, “Does provision of increased A have an effect on B?” where the study variables are A and B, the relationship is a change in A and its effect on B, and the question ends with a question mark. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 87 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED the research itself. b. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many purposes. c. The research topic and the research problem are identical. d. The research topic specifies setting and population, but the problem does not. ANS: A Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence-based nursing. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many purposes. Thus, the identification of a relevant research topic and a challenging, significant problem can facilitate the development of numerous study purposes to direct a lifetime program of research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 73 9. Which of the following is the practicing nurse’s most important source of researchable problems? a. The nurse’s own clinical practice b. Review of the literature c. Nursing theories d. Administrative mandates to conduct clinical research on every hospital unit ANS: A The practice of nursing must be based on knowledge or evidence generated through research. Thus, clinical practice is an extremely important source for research problems. Problems can evolve from clinical observations. A review of patient records, treatment plans, and procedure manuals might reveal concerns or raise questions about practice that could be the basis for research problems. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 75 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following are considered evidence-generating? (Select all that apply.) a. Replication of previous research b. Identification of research topics, followed by basic research c. Applied research studies that examine clinical response to interventions d. Reviews of the literature e. Qualitative research examining responses to diagnosis ANS: A, B, C, E DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence-based nursing. However, the lack of replication studies severely limits the generation of sound research findings needed for evidence-based practice in nursing. Basic, or pure, research is a scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake,” or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth. The purpose of basic research is to generate and refine theory and build constructs; thus, the findings are frequently not directly useful in practice. Replication of previously conducted research is essential for knowledge development. By questioning and reviewing the literature, researchers begin to recognize a specific area of concern and the knowledge gap that surrounds it; however, review of the literature does not generate knowledge—it reviews previous knowledge. Questions focusing on investigating new techniques to improve existing skills, patient responses to techniques, or ways to educate patients and families to perform techniques. . . could add to knowledge needed for evidence-based practice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 73 2. Reasons to conduct an exact replication include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. A different sample is used in the replication, because subjects seldom elect to undergo the same surgical procedure twice. b. The same site is again used, in order to decrease variation. c. Sample size was adequate, the design was strong, and measurements were robust. d. Validation of the truthfulness of the original subjects’ responses is desired. e. A similar population is used, in order to verify the findings. ANS: B, C, D Four different types of replication are important in generating sound scientific knowledge for nursing: (1) exact, (2) approximate, (3) concurrent, and (4) systematic extension. An exact (or identical) replication involves duplicating the initial researcher’s study to confirm the original findings. All conditions of the original study must be maintained. Exact replications might be thought of as ideal to confirm original study findings, but these are frequently not attainable. In addition, one would not want to replicate the errors in an original study, such as small sample size, weak design, or poor-quality measurement methods. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 77 3. The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) funds various research projects that focus on its research priorities. A master’s student wants to initiate research to study the relative accuracy of new computer-assisted assessment device that painlessly measures blood glucose values through a probe just distal to the insertion hub of a central line, in patients on insulin drips with hourly Accu-Chek readings. Does this pertain to any of the organization’s research priorities, listed here? (Select all that apply.) a. Technology use to achieve patient assessment, management, or outcomes b. Prevention and management of complications c. Processes and systems that foster the optimal contribution of critical care nurses d. Creation of a healing, humane environment e. Development of processes and systems that foster the optimal contribution of critical care nurses DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED ANS: A, D DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED grader, and one kindergartner or first-grader, who ate breakfast together and then read together for 20 minutes, was effective in decreasing the anticipated number learning delays. d. The purpose of the study was to experimentally determine what causes learning delays, by introducing various strategies already in place in community primary schools and measuring their effect, using basic research. e. The purpose of the study was to measure the effectiveness of using school computers, allowing children to visually scan a story concurrently read by a school teacher over the cafeteria microphone during school breakfast time, in decreasing the incidence and severity of learning delays. ANS: A, C, E The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowledge needed for practice. Each problem may generate many research purposes. The research purpose is a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or aim of the study that is generated from the research problem. The purpose usually indicates the type of study to be conducted and often includes the variables, population, and setting for the study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 73 6. In determining a study’s feasibility, which of the following statements are true, regarding the time needed for study completion? (Select all that apply.) a. Some data collection must be performed over an extended period of time, such as measurements of the depth and extent of scar tissue over 18 months. b. Sufficient subjects meeting the study criteria may be difficult to access, requiring data collection that extends for months or even years. c. The inflationary spiral makes all research funding inadequate. d. Computerized records make data analysis much less time-consuming. e. Obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB. approval may be time-consuming, especially if the research uses more than one hospital or agency. ANS: A, B, E One can approximate the time needed to complete a study by assessing the following factors: (1) type and number of subjects needed, (2) number and complexity of the variables to be studied, (3) methods for measuring the variables (are instruments available to measure the variables, or must they be developed?), (4) methods for collecting data, and (5) the data analysis process. Another factor that can increase the time needed for a study is obtaining institutional review board (IRB) approval, especially if more than one clinical agency is used for data collection in a study. Not all research funding is inadequate. Computerized records may be easier or may be more difficult for data retrieval; however, data analysis is not affected by the existence of computerized data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 84 7. How do seasoned nurse researchers, years away from clinical practice, select meaningful research questions? (Select all that apply.) a. They continue to conduct research in the same general areas in which they have previously conducted research, with one project leading into the next. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED b. They cannot do so, because they are not working bedside nurses. c. They establish working relationships with clinical nurses, sharing authorship of DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED research publications. d. They collaborate with novice researchers who are closer to the clinical world. e. They use research methods that allow data collection through only observation. ANS: A, C, D Interactions with researchers and peers offer valuable opportunities for generating research problems. Experienced researchers serve as mentors and help novice researchers to identify research topics and formulate problems. This type of relationship could also be developed between an expert researcher and a nurse clinician. Since nursing research is critical to be designated as a Magnet facility, hospitals and healthcare systems employ nurse researchers for the purpose of guiding studies conducted by staff nurses. Building an evidence-based practice for nursing requires collaboration between nurse researchers and clinicians, as well as collaboration with researchers from other health-related disciplines. During data collection, study variables are measured through a variety of techniques, such as observation, interview, questionnaires, scales, and physiological measurement methods. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 76 8. A master’s student does not know how to choose a research problem. She has been off work for the past two years. What sources can she use in order to identify a researchable nursing problem? Her work area used to be trauma nursing, but she does not wish to perform research in this area. By using which of the following sources can she identify a nursing research problem? (Select all that apply.) a. Talking with nurse friends about questions that have arisen in their work areas b. Talking with other master’s students about ideas for study c. Reading professional research journals d. Depending on her instructors to provide a research problem for her e. National Institutes for Nursing Research priorities ANS: A, B, C, E The major sources for nursing research problems include nursing practice; researcher and peer interactions; literature review; theories; and research priorities identified by individuals, specialty groups, professional organizations, and funding agencies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 75 9. What is the relationship among the research problem, the research purpose, and the research question? (Select all that apply.) a. The purpose is but one of many purposes that can be generated from one particular problem statement. b. The problem statement is more focused and specific than is the purpose. c. The research purpose and the research question should address the same facet of the research problem. d. The problem, purpose, and question are all focused upon a specific gap in the knowledge base. e. Research can be conducted without a research question, but not without a research purpose. ANS: A, C, D DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED A pilot study is commonly defined as a smaller version of a proposed study conducted to refine the methodology. It is developed much like the proposed study, using similar subjects, the same setting, the same treatment, and the same data collection and analysis techniques. As the research problem and purpose increase in clarity and conciseness, the researcher has greater direction in determining the feasibility of a study. The feasibility of a study is determined by examining the time and money commitment; the researcher’s expertise; availability of subjects, facility, and equipment; cooperation of others; and the study’s ethical considerations. The purpose selected for investigation must be ethical, and Human Subjects permission must be obtained before even a pilot study is conducted. A pilot study is not used to allow potential subjects to sample participation before they commit: Human Subjects permission must be obtained before study participation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis Chapter 6: Review of Relevant Literature Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following would be landmark research? a. The discovery that during pancreatitis, the pancreas is actually digested by its own enzymes b. A description of the importance of injecting immunizations in the proper location of the deltoid c. The third in a series of four papers describing patterns of emergency room use in vacation communities d. The first paper on the effect of using insulin for type I diabetes in humans ANS: D Seminal studies are the first studies that prompted the initiation of the field of research. Landmark studies are the studies that led to an important development or a turning point in the field of research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 100 2. A publication is printed every two months. Its volume number coincides with its year of publication (2008 = 1; 2009 = 2; 2010 = 3; etc.). Its issue number coincides with the order of publication, within a given year (Jan–Feb = 1; Mar–Apr = 2; etc). What kind of a publication is this? a. A monograph b. A periodical c. An e-book d. A serial ANS: D DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Serials are published over time or may be in multiple volumes, but do not necessarily have a predictable publication date. Periodicals are subsets of serials with predictable publication dates, such as journals, which are published over time and are numbered sequentially for the years published. This sequential numbering is seen in the year, volume, issue, and page numbering of a journal. Monographs, such as books, hard-copy conference proceedings, or pamphlets, are usually written once and may be updated with a new edition as needed. Textbooks are monographs written to be used in formal education programs. Entire volumes of books available in a digital or electronic format are called e-books. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 100 3. The type of literature that describes concept analyses, models, and frameworks is which of the following? a. Empirical b. Applicable c. Able to be replicated d. Theoretical ANS: D Theoretical literature consists of concept analyses, models, theories, and conceptual frameworks that support a selected research problem and purpose. Empirical literature comprises knowledge derived from research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 100 4. What primary sources might be available to someone writing a biography of Queen Elizabeth I, who died in the 17th century? a. An interview with one of her maids-in-waiting b. A previous history written about her c. An article about her in a 17th-century publication d. A diary written by her ANS: D The published literature contains primary and secondary sources. A primary source is written by the person who originated, or is responsible for generating, the ideas published. A research publication published by the person or people who conducted the research is a primary source. A theoretical book or paper written by the theorist who developed the theory or conceptual content is a primary source. A secondary source summarizes or quotes content from primary sources. Thus, authors of secondary sources paraphrase the works of researchers and theorists. The problem with a secondary source is that the author has interpreted the works of someone else, and this interpretation is influenced by that author’s perception and bias. Authors have sometimes spread errors and misinterpretations by using secondary sources rather than primary sources. You should use mostly primary sources to write literature reviews. Secondary sources are used only if primary sources cannot be located or if a secondary source contains creative ideas or a unique organization of information not found in a primary source. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 101 5. What is the purpose of the minimal review of relevant studies that the grounded theory DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED researcher undertakes before writing the research proposal? a. It compares the anticipated findings with the findings of similar research. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: Page 98 8. In historical research, what is the reason that the literature review begins so early and extends so far into the process? a. Historians must include exact dates in their histories. The literature must be checked and double-checked, in order to verify the correctness of these dates. b. Historical research demands one extra stage of data review, just prior to publication, since new published data could bring the results under scrutiny. c. Historians develop their ideas for research proposals from reading other histories. As discrepancies arise, these provide the ideas for research. d. The literature essentially comprises the bulk of the data set. From this, plus other artifacts and interviews, if available, the historian writes the story. ANS: D In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review vary based on the type of study to be conducted. In historical research, the initial review of the literature helps the researcher define the study questions and make decisions about relevant sources. The data collection is actually an intense review of published and unpublished documents that the researcher has found. DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: Page 98 9. Why would the Boolean article OR be used if a researcher is conducting a digital literature search of journals on the topic of prolonged adolescent grieving after parental loss? a. It focuses the search on parental loss, the last search term. b. It is useful when a researcher is undecided. c. It narrows the search to articles containing all terms. d. It allows the researcher to enter the search terms without excluding those whose authors did not “keyword” all the words of the topic. ANS: D The Boolean operators are the three words AND, OR, and NOT. Often they must be capitalized. The Boolean operators AND and NOT are used with the identified concepts. The Boolean operator OR is most useful with synonymous terms or concepts. It is used to search for the presence of any of a group of terms in the same search. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 105 10. The original quotation in the fictional text by Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) is as follows: “Because of overemphasis on academic excellence, especially test grades, the high schools studied had a disproportionate number of students who reported sleeplessness, nervousness, nightmares, and guilt. These were attributed to various factors, the most significant of which was a very strict principal, who voiced open disapproval of students she felt were underachieving their enormous academic potential. Parents were very accepting of this behavior, echoing it in their interactions with the students.” What is the acceptable way to properly attribute this content in a literature review? a. Parents were very accepting of the principal’s behavior, which included voiced disapproval of underachieving students, echoing it in their interactions with their DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED sons and daughters. b. Because of overemphasis on academic excellence, especially test grades, the high DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED schools studied had a disproportionate number of students who reported sleeplessness, nervousness, nightmares, and guilt. These were attributed to various factors, the most significant of which was a very strict principal, who voiced open disapproval of students she felt were underachieving their enormous academic potential. Parents were very accepting of this behavior, echoing it in their interactions with the students. (Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe, 2009). c. As compared with other high schools, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) reported a higher incidence of distress manifestations, such as nightmares and nervousness, in a strictly college-prep school with an extremely disapproving principal, who verbally berated students for less-than-expected academic performance. d. High schools with disapproving authority figures have a higher incidence of somatization (see Atchison et al, 2009). ANS: C Rather than using direct quotes from an author, the writer of the literature review should paraphrase the author’s ideas. Use of the author’s exact words represents plagiarism. Eliminating the quotation marks, and citing an entire paragraph, with the authors’ names at the end, also constitutes plagiarism. Paraphrasing involves expressing the ideas clearly and in one’s own words. The meanings of these sources are then connected to the proposed study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 111 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following might a researcher include in a review of the literature concerning acupuncture and conscious sedation for major surgical procedures? (Select all that apply.) a. A research article from the Journal of Acupuncture comparing the use of acupuncture with general anesthesia b. Bryson’s Human Physiology textbook c. A research synthesis on alternatives to general anesthesia compiled by the Agency for Health Policy and Research d. An article in National Enquirer on the dangers of major surgery e. A master’s thesis on the use of acupuncture during closed reduction of radial-ulnar fractures f. A Wikipedia article on how acupuncture works g. A monograph written by a physician in a third world country who used acupuncture to control pain during surgical procedures ANS: A, B, C, E, G “The literature” consists of all written sources relevant to the selected topic. The literature includes newspapers, monographs, encyclopedias, conference papers, scientific journals, textbooks, other books, theses, dissertations, and clinical journals. Websites and reports developed by government agencies and professional organizations are also included. Online encyclopedias to which anyone can contribute, such as Wikipedia, are not considered scholarly sources. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 97 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 98 4. Which of the following are purposes of the literature review in quantitative research concerning patient compliant with alternating leg pressure stockings (ALPs)? (Select all that apply.) a. It gives the researcher an overview of anecdotal reports about how it feels to the patient to wear ALPs. b. It allows the researcher to use the data from previous research on ALPs to add to his or her database. c. It allows the researcher to construct theory about compliance with ALPs. d. It gives the researcher something with which to compare his or her findings on compliance with ALPs. e. It allows the researcher to discover previous research in the area of ALPs, so as to identify what is not known (the research gap). ANS: D, E The review of literature in quantitative research directs the development and implementation of a study. The focus of the major literature review at the beginning of the research process is to identify a gap in what is known. The study is designed to add knowledge in the area of the identified gap. After a thorough review of the literature, the researcher identifies a specific gap in knowledge. After the data have been analyzed and the findings described, the researcher will return to the literature in the generalization phase of the research report to integrate knowledge from the literature with new knowledge obtained from the study. The purpose of the literature review is similar for the different types of quantitative studies (descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental). DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 98 5. In phenomenology, often the review of the literature is conducted after data analysis is complete. What is the reason for this? (Select all that apply.) a. The data analysis phase of phenomenology includes a literature review. b. Phenomenology is data-free, and analyses are based only on the interpretation of the researcher. c. Some phenomenologists do believe that one can “bracket” what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis, but it seems pointless to absorb information just to then put it aside, so literature review is usually postponed. d. Some phenomenologists don’t believe that one can “bracket” what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis of the data, so they try to minimize what they read about the topic of the study until data analysis is complete. e. The review of the literature provides an objective cross-check for the researcher’s interpretation. ANS: C, D In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review depends on the type of study to be conducted. Some phenomenologists believe the literature should not be reviewed until after the data have been collected and analyzed so that the literature will not interfere with the researcher’s ability to suspend what is known and approach the topic with openness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED 6. It is appropriate to conduct a review of the literature in which of the following circumstances? (Select all that apply.) a. An ethnographic study is planned. b. A nurse is interested in conducting research on patients who “sundown.” c. One requirement for a graduate course paper is a written literature review. d. A hospital is attempting to develop a policy on bathing frequency for elders. e. The hospital attorney is preparing a brief relative to a fall suffered by a patient. ANS: A, B, C, D For most course papers, instructors expect students to review published sources related to the paper’s topic. Evidence-based practice guidelines are developed through the synthesis of the literature on the clinical problem. The purpose of the literature review designed to examine the strength of the evidence is to identify all studies that provide evidence of a particular intervention, to critically appraise the quality of each study, and to synthesize all of the studies providing evidence of the effectiveness of a particular intervention. The purposes for reviewing the literature for ethnographic studies and for exploratory descriptive qualitative research are more similar to the literature review for quantitative research. The researcher develops a general understanding of the concepts to be examined related to the selected culture or topic. The literature review also provides a background for conducting the study and interpreting the findings. The focus of the major literature review at the beginning of the research process is to identify a gap in what is known. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 7. The review of literature in quantitative research directs everything from the first ideas about the study variables through recommendations based upon the study’s conclusions. Which of the following are outputs of the literature review in quantitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Development of conceptual definitions of concepts b. Determining the statistical power of the sample c. Determination of how many subjects will drop out of the study d. Description of what studies have been performed, so as to provide initial direction for the study method e. Interpretation of the study findings, in comparison with previous research ANS: A, D, E In quantitative studies, information obtained from the review of literature influences the development of several steps in the research process (Table 6-1), which include, among other items: developing conceptual and operational definitions, defining the purpose of the study, establishing the research gap, synthesizing previous research in the area, selecting a research design, and finally interpreting the study, in light of previous research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 99 8. Why would a reputable researcher use a secondary source instead of a primary one? (Select all that apply.) a. The primary publication is written in a language not currently spoken. b. The primary source person will not consent to be interviewed, but a person who knows the story secondhand will consent. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED c. The primary publication is so steeped in jargon that it is very difficult to decipher. d. The researcher has limited time and cannot squander it searching for primary DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED relationship to children’s homelessness. b. Does children’s homelessness affect length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents? c. Was homelessness related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents in this study? d. Is homelessness in children related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents? ANS: D A research question is a concise, interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense and includes one or more variables (or concepts). The research questions focus on (1) the description of the variable(s), (2) a determination of differences between two or more groups regarding selected variables, (3) an examination of relationships among variables (relational), and (4) the use of independent variables to predict a dependent variable. In this case (3), the examination of relationships among variables, would be the focus of the research question, since cause is not a focus of study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 140 3. What is the research hypothesis? a. Longer length of hospital stay, worse verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents are caused by children’s homelessness. b. Homelessness in children is related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents. c. There is no relationship between children’s homelessness and length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents. d. If a child is homeless, that child is likely to have poor verbal skills, more difficulty separating from parents, and a longer hospital stay. ANS: B A hypothesis is a formal statement of the expected relationship or relationships between two or more variables in a specified population. The hypothesis translates the problem and purpose into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the study. A hypothesis (1) specifies the variables the researcher will manipulate or measure, (2) identifies the population the researcher will examine, (3) indicates the type of research, and (4) directs the conduct of the study. Hypotheses are described using the terms in the following four categories: (1) associative versus causal, (2) simple versus complex, (3) directional versus nondirectional, and (4) null versus research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 142 4. A researcher identifies three variables and formulates a hypothesis that links them. That hypothesis is testable. What does it mean that the hypothesis is testable? a. All the variables in the hypothesis are measurable. b. The hypothesis must be replaced by a research question. c. The value of the hypothesis is low. d. The hypothesis is causational. ANS: A DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED Hypotheses identify different types of relationships and numbers of variables. A well- formulated hypothesis clearly identifies the relationship between the variables. A hypothesis’s value is ultimately derived from whether it can be tested in the real world. A testable hypothesis is one that contains variables that can be measured or manipulated in the world. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 144 5. A stimulus or activity that is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable best describes a(n) variable. a. Independent b. Demographic c. Extraneous d. Dependent ANS: D In quantitative research, the independent variable (intervention, treatment, or experimental variable) is manipulated or varied by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable (response or outcome variable) is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable. An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the response behavior or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. Extraneous variables exist in all studies and can affect the measurement of study variables and the relationships among them. Extraneous variables are of primary concern in quantitative studies, because they can obscure one’s understanding of the relational or causal dynamics within the studies. Demographic variables are attributes of the subjects that are measured during the study and used to describe the sample. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 145 6. The intervention that the researcher manipulates is the variable. a. Independent b. Demographic c. Extraneous d. Dependent ANS: A In quantitative research, the independent variable (intervention, treatment, or experimental variable) is manipulated or varied by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable (response or outcome variable) is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable. An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the response behavior or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. Extraneous variables exist in all studies and can affect the measurement of study variables and the relationships among them. Extraneous variables are of primary concern in quantitative studies, because they can obscure one’s understanding of the relational or causal dynamics within the studies. The extraneous variables that are not recognized until the study is in process or are recognized before the study is initiated but cannot be controlled are referred to as confounding variables. Demographic variables are attributes of the subjects that are measured during the study and used to describe the sample. DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 145 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 145 10. In the following purpose statement, what kind of variable is number of days absent from class? The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a generous weekly allowance and twice-weekly text messages from parents on number of days absent from class, in freshman college students. a. Demographic variable b. Independent variable c. Extraneous variable d. Dependent variable ANS: D A dependent variable is the response behavior, or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. In this example, number of days absent from class is the dependent variable. An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. The independent variable is also called an intervention, treatment, or experimental variable. Demographic variables are attributes of the subjects that are measured during the study and used to describe the sample. Extraneous variables exist in all studies and can affect the measurement of study variables and the relationships among them. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 145 11. The following statement is an example of which of the following? There is no measurable difference in incidence of incarceration for adolescent children whose mothers work outside the home in comparison with those whose mothers do not work outside the home. a. Null hypothesis b. Confounding variable c. Research objective d. Research question ANS: A A hypothesis is a formal statement of the expected relationship or relationships between two or more variables in a specified population. The null hypothesis, also referred to as a statistical hypothesis, is used for statistical testing and interpretation of statistical outcomes. The null hypothesis can be simple or complex and associative or causal. The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between two or more variables. Extraneous variables exist in all studies and can affect the measurement of study variables and the relationships among them. The extraneous variables that are not recognized until the study is in process, or that are recognized before the study is initiated but cannot be controlled, are referred to as confounding variables. Research objectives are clear, concise, declarative statements that are expressed in the present tense, focus on one or two variables (or concepts), and indicate whether the variables are to be identified or described. A research question is a concise, interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense and includes one or more variables (or concepts). DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 142 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED 12. In the following hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? There is no measurable difference in incidence of acne in 15-year-olds who are placed on a chocolate-free diet. a. Fifteen-year-olds b. No chocolate in the diet c. Chocolate in the diet d. Acne ANS: D A dependent variable is the response behavior or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. In this example, acne is the dependent variable and removal of chocolate from the diet is the independent variable. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 151 13. What is the relationship between a conceptual definition and an operational definition? a. The conceptual definition provides information; the operational definition provides none. b. The conceptual definition is concrete, and the operational definition is abstract. c. They are the same, in most instances. d. The operational definition allows the researcher to create a measurable variable from a concept; the conceptual definition does not. ANS: D Operationalizing a variable or a concept involves developing conceptual and operational definitions. A conceptual definition provides the theoretical meaning of a concept or variable. The conceptual definition provides a basis for formulating an operational definition. An operational definition is derived from a set of procedures and progressive acts that a researcher performs either to manipulate an independent variable or to measure the existence or degree of existence of the dependent variable. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 155 14. In the following research question, what is the independent variable? Can diabetics on oral antiglycemic medications achieve better control of blood sugar, as measured by Hgb A1C, if they are taught to meditate and do this on a daily basis? a. Oral antiglycemic medications b. Hgb A1C c. Meditation d. Blood sugar ANS: C An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. The independent variable is also called an intervention, treatment, or experimental variable. In this example, nausea and vomiting are dependent variables and guided imagery and relaxation techniques are independent variables. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 145 DISCOVRING THE WORLD OF NURSING RESEARCH NURS 500 TEST BANK EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2024 SUCCESS GUARANTEED MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following are the research variables in this study? (Select all that apply.) a. Patient age b. Verbal skills c. Homelessness d. Parental presence e. Fear of separation from parents f. Whether or not a child is homeless g. Length of hospital stay ANS: B, E, G Research variables or concepts are the qualities, properties, or characteristics that are measured in qualitative studies and selected quantitative studies. Concrete concepts, such as temperature, weight, and blood pressure, are referred to as variables in a study; abstract concepts, such as creativity, empathy, and social support, are sometimes referred to as research concepts. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 151 2. Which of the following could be a dependent variable in an experimental study? (Select all that apply.) a. Medication A b. The number of times the gerbil rings the bell c. Quality of life d. The number of times the subject is instructed in how to use the experimental equipment e. Vomiting ANS: B, C, E A dependent variable is the response behavior, or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 151 3. Which of the following could be an independent variable in an experimental study? (Select all that apply.) a. Quality of life b. The percentage of moisture in the inspired air the subject breathes c. The researcher’s preference for quantitative versus qualitative methodologies d. Wearing a hat with a large brim e. Seizure activity during the experiment ANS: B, D An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. The independent variable is also called an intervention, treatment, or experimental variable. A dependent variable is the response behavior, or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain.