Comprehensive Review of Common Disorders and Their Impact on Occupational Therapy, Exams of Medicine

Download Comprehensive Review of Common Disorders and Their Impact on Occupational Therapy and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity! Disorders NBCOT-COTA review questions and answers. Cerebral Palsy (CP) - \Due to oxygen deprivation to the brain during birth. Diagnosible from an early age- sometimes in infancy. Varying degrees of muscle tone problems, involuntary movement, paralysis, speech impairement, difficulty with sensory perception. Cognitive disabilities, sometimes accompany. Impairments in work, and social funtioning. OT provides neuromuscular interventions to promote appropriate muscle tone and movement. Offer training in: ADLs, environmental adaptations and assistive devices. EX. Wheelchairs, specialized eating utensils, and clothing adaptations; loops on waistbands. Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS) - \Person -> Person via body fluids, blood transfusion, contaminated needles, birth, or breast-feeding. Debilitating to immune system. Vulnerable to opportunistic infections, cancer, and other health problems. 4 levels of classification for patients: Stage1: test positive, but no symptoms Stage2: repeated upper respiratory infections and other minor symptoms Stage3: may have tuberculosis, bacterial infections, digestive problems Stage4: susceptible to internal fungi; infections, toxoplasmosis, Kaposi's sarcoma (manifests as multiple open skin lesions) Symptoms: Sweating, weight loss, fevers, repeated opportunistic infections. Fatal, and incurable. Possible to extend and improve quality of life for patients. Burns - \Caused by heat, chemicals, radiation, extreme cold. Affects the epidermis (outer layer of skin), the dermis (next layer of skin) or may penetrate further into surface of body. "Rule of 9" estimates hospital stay, and level of treatment. 9% each for head, neck, upper limbs. 18% lower limbs 36% trunk 1% genitals 1 hospital day per %age of body surface affected. Classified by degrees according to depth of tissue damage. Fluid and calorie loss during initial stages. Edema, scar tissue, chronic pain, nerve damage among other concerns. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - \Diagnosis: must exhibit symptoms of inattention and several of hyperactivity, hyperactivity must have been present before age 7. Inattention: losing things, carelessness, not appearing to listen when addressed directly, no follow through on instructions, forgetfulness, easily distracted. Hyperactivity: fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated or quiet, excessive running/climbing, excessive talking. Significant difficulty with occupational functioning, particularly at school. Treatment: stimulants, behavioral interventions. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - \Lung disorder. Tissue becomes dysfunctional and breathing is difficult. Loss of natural elasticity and shape, some of the tissue is damaged or destroyed. The lungs cannot take in and distribute oxygen sufficiently. Tissues may be inflamed, over production of mucus and inhibits airflow in and out of the lungs. Progressive illness, no cure. May require the use of supplemental oxygen part/full time Most commonly caused by smoking. Other causes: environmental irritants OT interventions: breathing exercises, energy conservation techniques. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - \The heart does not pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body's needs. Caused by cardiac disease, hypertension, enlarged heart, lung disease, or valve problems. Blood and fluid accumulate in other parts of the body causing edema swelling. Body's vital organs may not receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function fully. Symptoms: easily fatigued, short of breath, prone to lower limb and abdominal edema. May sleep propped up due to trouble breathing while laying down. Treatment: medication, dietary/lifestyle changes, low sodium diet, weight management. OT intervention: energy conservation, education on dietary and health maintenance, exercise regimens. FOur-Level classification: 1. Have cardiac disease, not limited in physical activity by pain, angina, palpitations, or other symptoms. 2. Slightly limited in physical activity, causing some pain, angina, fatigue during activity. 3. Markedly limited, experiencing symptoms even during less than normal activity. Childhood Feeding Disorders: Rumination Disorder - \Most commonly seen in infants. Regurgitation and rechecking food. For infants a typical reaction is arching of the back and sucking the tongue. Often related to intellectual disability. Infants may be irritable and restless, fail to make weight gain targets. Neglect and lack of stimulation may contribute to the onset of this disorder Muscular Dystrophy (MD) - \Wide range of genetic muscular disorders involving gradual weakening of skeletal muscles. The body does not manufacture proteins needed to maintain muscle tissue. Some types weaken the heart muscle and some also affect other parts of the body, ex. The endocrine system. Children may first exhibit symptoms such as enlarged calf muscles, when fat tissue begins to accumulate in the calf, or towers sign, a typical way of moving from sitting to standing using the hands on the front of the legs due to weak pelvic muscles. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - \Results from the lack of protein dystrophin. Typically manifests in boys and is typically fatal before adulthood. Facioscapulohummeral Muscular Dystrophy - \Onsets in adolescence. Affects the muscles of the face and upper body. Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy - \Adult onset. Muscle spasms, heart and endocrine system problems Features: drooping eyelids, long thin face. Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy - \Manifests between ages 8 and 15 years old. Progresses slowly. Affects back and pelvic muscles. Parkinson's Disease - \Progressive neurological disorder that generally hits people in middle or old age. Causes are unknown. Symptoms: tremors, slow, stiff, rigid, or jerky, bland facial expressions, poor balance. Some people begin to have very small handwriting a phenomenon known as micrographics. Can lead to cognitive problems, memory deficits and even dementia. Often a co-morbid diagnosis. Excessive sweating and salivation. Classified according to 5 stages that describe progressively more widespread muscle group involvement, and increasing disability. Severely impacts Occupational functioning. Interventions might include: ROM, strength maintenance, ADL retraining, energy conservation, balance and coordination exercises, adaptive equipment, safety measures to decrease fall risk. Spina Bifida - \Congenital disorder in which the spinal column isn't completely closed at birth. 3 types: Occulta- one of more of the vertebrae have openings but the spinal cord is not harmed. Many people never know they have this condition Meningocele- the covering of the spinal cord is pushed through the openings of the vertebrae by an usually be surgically repaired. Myeloma innocence- most severe. The spinal cord protrudes and may or may not be covered with skin. Birth defect with often occurs with hydrocephaly Can lead to paralysis, loss of bowel and bladder control among other symptoms Depression - \ Bipolar Affective Disorder - \ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - \ Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - \ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - \ Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa - \ Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa - \ Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke - CVA) - \ Pervasive Developmental Delay - \ Autism - \ Asperger's Syndrome - \ Arthritis - \ Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) - \ Visual Impairment - \ Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) - \ Depression - \ Personality Disorder - \ Schizophrenia - \