Analyzing Divine Creation Theme in 'Lines Written in Early Spring' by Wordsworth, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Semiotics

Download Analyzing Divine Creation Theme in 'Lines Written in Early Spring' by Wordsworth and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Semiotics in PDF only on Docsity! 257 Henriono Nugroho - Divine Creation in “Lines Written in Early Spring”HUMANIORA VOLUME 20 No. 3 Oktober 2008 Halaman 257 - 265 * Staf Pengajar Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Jember DIVINE CREATION IN “LINES WRITTEN IN EARLY SPRING” Henriono Nugroho* ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karya sastra melalui analisis stilistika yang berdasarkan linguistik sistemik fungsional dan sistem semiotik karya sastra. Metode penelitian menggunakan studi pustaka, metode deskriptif, dan pendekatan intrinsik objektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis semantik menghasilkan makna bahasa latar belakang (the automatized linguistic meaning) dan makna bahasa latar depan (the foregrounded linguistic meaning). Makna pertama menghasilkan masalah utama ( subject matter) dan makna kedua menghasilkan makna sastra (literary meaning). Makna sastra menghasilkan tema. Dari hasil analisis dapat dibuktikan bahwa masalah utama berkisah tentang hubungan manusia dan makna sastra tentang penciptaan serta tema tentang ciptaan Tuhan. Key words: automatized meaning, foregrounded meaning, subject matter, literary meaning, theme INTRODUCTION Halliday and Matthiessen (1999:384-5) proposed that a text is generated within the logogenetic time-frame. In other words, logogenesis is a process of making meanings through generation (in the course of instantiation, that is, actualization over time) as a text unfolds (in the unfolding text). Then, logogenesis builds a version of the system (an instantial system or a changing system) that is particular to the text being generated. The speaker/writer uses the instantial system as a resource for creating a text whereas the listener/ reader uses the instantial system as a resource for interpreting the text. Furthermore, Matthiessen (1995:40) adds that logogenetic process reveals that a lexicogrammatical shift or change (Cf. Butt, 1988:83 on “latent patterning”) coincides with an episodic shift or change (Cf. Hasan, 1988:60 on “textual structure”). The textual structure is also called schematic structure and generic structure. In addition, a text is a kind of “super sentence”, a linguistic unit in principle greater in size than a sentence but of the same kind. It has been long clear, however, that discourse has its own structure that is not constituted out of sentences in combination, and in a sociolinguistic perspective it is more useful to think of text as encoded in sentences, not as composed of them (Halliday & Hasan, 1985:27). A text is a semantic unit, and at the same time it can be defined as actualized meaning potential. The meaning potential can be characterized in two ways. Interpreted in the context of culture, it is the entire semantic system of language. Interpreted in the context of situation, it is the particular semantic system, or set of subsystems, which is associated with Humaniora, Vol. 20, No. 3 Oktober 2008: 257-265 258 a particular type of situation or social context (Halliday, 1993:109). According to Martin (1992:405), context is a content plane and language is an expression plane. Language consists of content plane (semantics and lexicogrammar) and expression plane (phonology). Martin (1992:495) adds that there are two planes of context: genre (context of culture) and register (context of situation). Then context of situation functions as the expression plane of the context of culture and at the same time language functions as the expression plane of the context of situation. In addition, Butt et al (1995:11) claims that linguistic levels can be divided into expression and content. The expression level of phonology realizes the content level of lexicogrammar, which itself realizes the content level of semantics. Then semantics realizes the extralinguistic levels of context such as context of situation and context of culture. Hasan (1985:96) maintains that two semiotic systems of verbal art and of language are concerned with Verbalization (expression), Symbolic Articulation (content 2) and Theme (content 1), whereas verbalization itself is the semiotic system of language concerned with phonology (expression), lexicogrammar (content 2) and semantics (content 1). Moreover, consistency of foregrounding has two aspects. By stability of semantic direction, consistency of foregrounding means that the various foregrounded patterns point toward the same general kind of meaning. By stability of textual location, consistency of foregrounding means that the significant foregrounded patterns tend to occur at a textually important point (1985: 95). In other words, the concepts of Martin (1992), Butt (1995) and Hasan (1985; 1996) enable us to formulate the notion of linguistic and poetic semiotics. In linguistic semiotics, context of situation is called the automatized content because the automatized patterns of semantics produce context of situation, and in turn context of situation creates context of culture. In poetic semiotics, symbolic articulation is called the deautomatized content because the deautomatized patterns of semantics produce symbolic articulation and in turn the symbolic articulation creates Theme. Finally the relation of linguistic and poetic semiotics is outlined in Figure 1. Fig. 1: The Relation of Linguistic and Poetic Semiotics Poetic Semiotics Linguistic Semiotics Theme Symbolic Articulation Context of Culture Context of Situation Verbalization (foregrounded meanings) Semantics (text: meaning) Metafunctions (automatized meanings) Lexicogrammar (clause: wording) Phonology (phoneme: sounding) This article is concerned with a stylistic analysis of a poem by William Wordsworth as shown below: Lines Written in Early Spring I heard a thousand blended notes, While in a grove I sat reclined, In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts Bring sad thoughts to the mind. To her fair works did Nature link The human soul that through me ran; And much it grieved my heart to think What man has made of man. Through primrose tuffs, in that green bower, 261 Henriono Nugroho - Divine Creation in “Lines Written in Early Spring” generic structure (Eggins, 1994). In this poem, the shifts are described as follow: 1. A shift from present tense (clause 3) to past tense (clause 4) coincides with a shift from the relation of nature and human mind to the relation of nature and human heart. 2. A shift from perfect tense (clause 8) to past tense (clause 9) coincides with a shift from the relation of nature and human heart to the relation of nature and flora. 3. A shift from present tense (clause 11.1) to past tense (clause 12) coincides with a shift from the relation of nature and flora to the relation of nature and fauna. 4. A sfrom past tense (clause 15. 1) to present tense (clause 16) coincides with a shift from the relation of nature and fauna to the relation of flora nature and human 5. A shift from past tense (clause 20) to perfect tense (clause 22) coincides with a shift from the relation of flora, nature and human to the relation of God and His Creation. In this poem, the instantial system of tense is used to make meanings. Finally, the logogenetic process is illustrated in Table 3. Table 3: Logogenetic Process Clause Number Lexicogrammatical Shift Cf. Latent Patterning Episodic Shift Cf. Textual Structure 1 3 Past tense Present tense The relation of nature and human mind 4 8 Past tense Perfect tense The relation of nature and human heart 9 11.1 Past tense Present tense The relation of nature and flora 12 15.1 Past tense Past tense The relation of nature and fauna 16 20 Present tense Past tense The relation of flora, fauna and human 21 25 Perfect tense Perfect tense The relation of God and His Creation A poem is realized by a series of lexical cohesion and each chain has a number of lexical items. The poem is realized by 10 lexical chains consisting of 71 lexical items. The lexical chains concerned with I, material process, mental process, relational process, behavioural process, repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym and collocation. In fact, the main lexical chains deal with I, material process and synonym. Thus, the items of I, material process and synonym are the automatized patterns. In terms of lexical cohesion, the poem is normally realized by those items. The lexical analysis is provided in Table 4. Humaniora, Vol. 20, No. 3 Oktober 2008: 257-265 262 No. Lexical Chain Lexical Item Total 1. I I, I, I 3 2. Material process Sat, bring, link, ran, made, trailed, hopped, played, measure, spread, catch, do, sent, made, made 15 3. Mental process Heard, grieved, enjoys, think, think, lament 6 4. Relational process Is, seemed, was, has been, have 5 5. Behavioural process Breathes 1 6. Repetition Thoughts (3x), pleasure (2x), nature (2x), man (4x) 11 7. Synonym Blended-wreath, notes-reason, fair-breezy, grove- green bower, tufts-twigs, motion-thrill, budding-fan, faith-belief, heaven-holy 18 8. Antonym Sweet >< sad 2 9. Hyponym Soul-mind-heart, Flower-primrose-periwinkle 6 10. Collocation Birds-air, plan-works 4 Overall Total 71 Table 4: Lexical Analysis Field includes subject matter as one special manifestation (Halliday, 1993:110) and field is realized by Experiential Meaning (Halliday, 1993:143). Then, field is encoded by Experiential Meaning and lexical cohesion (Eggins, 1994:113). Moreover, subject matter is expressed by lexical chains (Butt, 1988:177) and specifically subject matter is indicated by the main lexical chains (Butt, 1988:182). Thus, subject matter is realized by Experiential Meaning and lexical cohesion. In section 2.2, Experiential Meaning is normally realized by material process. In section 2.4, lexical cohesion is normally realized by material process. This means that subject matter is normally realized by material process. In fact, the automatized pattern of material process reveals that the functional elements are concerned with Actor (I), material process (bring, link) and Goal (man). In conclusion, the subject matter is that the poet links (brings) man to man. Finally, the analysis of the material process is displayed in Table 5. Table 5: The Analysis of Material Process No. Actor Material process Goal Circumstance 1. I sate reclined in a grove 2. Thoughts bring thoughts to the main 3. Nature did link human soul to the fair works 4. Human soul ran through me 5. Man has made of man 6. Periwinkle trailed its wreaths through tufts 7. The birds hopped around me 8. The birds played 9. I cannot measure their thoughts 10. They made 11. Twigs spread out their fan 12. I can do all 13. (Twigs) to catch breezy air 14. This belief has been sent from heaven 15. Man has made of man 263 Henriono Nugroho - Divine Creation in “Lines Written in Early Spring” THE SEMIOTIC SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE Section 2.1 shows that enhancement is automatized so a combination of enhancement and projection is foregrounded. Thus, foregrounding of logical relation takes place in clauses 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25. Section 2.2 indicates that material process is automatized so other processes are foregrounded. Therefore, the foregrounding of process happens to clauses 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 11.1, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23 and 24. Furthermore, section 2.2 reveals that past tense is automatized so other tenses are foregrounded. Consequently, the foregrounding of tense occurs in clauses 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 11.1, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25. Finally, section 2.2 explain that finite is automatized so non finite is foregrounded. Accordingly, the foregrounding of non finite exists in clauses 7, 17 and 24. This seems to suggest that the patterning of all foregrounded patterns points toward clauses 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25. This means that the consistency of foregrounding converges toward the last clause complex. In fact, the consistency of foregrounding refers to the last clause complex due to the foregrounding of logical relation, non finite, process and tense. Then the consistency of foregrounding makes the foregrounded patterns of the last complex produce consistently foregrounded meaning which is also called the deep level of meaning and the first order meaning. In summary, the consistently foregrounded meaning of the last complex is the deep level of meaning in the poem: if this belief from heaven be sent, if such be Nature’s holy plan, Have I not reason to lament man has made of man? At last, patterns of foregrounding are mapped out in Table 6. Table 6: Patterns of Foregrounding Note: dotted lines = clause complex boundary No. Logical Relation Non Finite Process Tense 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - x - - - - x 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. x x x x x - - - x - - - x x - - - - x x 9. 10. 11. 11.1 - - - - - - - - - x x x - x x x 12. 13. 14. 15. 15.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - x - - - x - - 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. x x x x x - x - - - - - - x x x x x x - 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. x x x x x - - - x - - x x x - x x x x x