docsity.com uses technical, analytical and profiling cookies (including from third parties, Cheat Sheet of Biology

Download docsity.com uses technical, analytical and profiling cookies (including from third parties and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 1. Somatic cells in humans are diploid. 2. Haploid cells are used for reproduction. Therefore, they have one set of chromosomes. 3. A diploid parent has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the haploid daughter cells? 23 4. During prophase I the chromosomes have already been duplicated. True 5. What happens during crossing over? Non-sister chromatids exchange genetic information. 6. Double (duplicated) chromosomes separate during metaphase I—false 7. After meiosis I the daughter cells are haploid-True 8. What separates during meiosis II? Sister chromatids. 9. How many cell divisions occur in meiosis? 2 10. When does "crossing over" occur? Prophase I 11. Does meiosis I or II more closely resemble mitosis? Meiosis II 12. Mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter cells while meiosis produces: 4 haploid daughter cells 13. TRUE: Producing recombinant chromatids via crossing over increases genetic diversity. 14. FALSE: Homologous chromosomes align the same way every time they line up during Metaphase I. 15. Which of the following questions about genetic diversity could most could most appropriately be answered by analysis of the model in Figure 1? C) How does the independent assortment.. 16. Insulin is a hormone produced by some pancreatic cells. Scientists have isolated the DNA sequence that codes for human insulin production. Which of the following best predicts the effect of inserting this gene into the DNA of a bacteria cell? The recombinant bacterium will produce human insulin using its own machinery 17. The researchers choose a signifcance level of p = 0.05. Which of the following best completes the chi-square goodness of fit test? The calculated chi-square value is 9.24, and the critical value is 7.82. The null hypothesis of independent assorrtment can be rejected. 18. The Russian blue is a rare breed of cat that is susceptible to developing cataracts on the eyes. Scientists hypothesize that this condition is inherited as a result of a mutation. Figure 1 shows a pedigree obtained in a study of cats owned by members of the Russian Blue Club in Sweden. Based on the inheritance pattern shown in Figure 1, which of the following best predicts the nature of the original mutation? A recessive mutation on a somatic chromosome 19. Two sweet pea plants that are heterozygous for both flower color and pollen grain shape are crossed with one another. A geneticist is surprised to observe that there are far fewer round, purple offspring and long, red offspring than were predicted by the 9:3:3:1 expected phenotypic ratio. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable prediction to account for the deviation from the expected results? In sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked. 20. The critical value for a chi-square test with a significance level of p=0.05 and 2 degrees of freedom is 5.99. Which of the following statements best completes the student’s chi-square goodness-of-fit test? The calculated chi-square value is 1.53, and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. 21. The students choose a significance level of p=0.01. Which of the following statements best completes the next step of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test? The calculated chi-square value is 10.48, and the critical value is 11.35. 22. Which of the following is the mean number per cross of F2 generation offspring that are the result of crossing over? 2.2 23. The researchers calculate a chi-square value of 4.6 and choose a significance level of p=0.05. Which of the following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test? The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value. 24. In order to determine the effects of age on the accumulation of mitochondrial mutations, mitochondrial DNA samples from young mice (3 months) and old mice (30 months) were observed for mutations. Which of the following is a correct analysis of this data set? There is an increase in the mean number of mutations for the two age groups of 9.2 mutations per 106 base pairs. This is more critical in female mammals since mitochondria are maternally inherited. 25. Three crosses between brown male pigeons and red female pigeons were performed, and the results are shown below. Which of the following is the mean number of male offspring produced by the three crosses? 9 26. The students calculate a chi-squared value of 92.86 and compare it with a critical value of 7.82. Which of the following best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test? The null hypothesis can be rejected, and the students should conclude that the data may have resulted from genetic linkage. 27. The student calculates a chi-square value of 0.36. Which of the following statements best completes the student’s chi-square goodness-of-fit test? The critical value is 3.84, and the student cannot reject the null hypothesis. 28. When a mustard plant seedling is transferred to an environment with higher levels of carbon dioxide, the new leaves have a lower stomato-surface-area ratio than do the seedling's original leaves. Which of the following best explains how the leaves from the same plant can have different stomatal densities when exposed to an elevated carbon dioxide level? Leaf growth is promoted through increased photosynthesis, but the genetically regulated rate of stomatal production is not altered, leading to a decrease in stomatal density. 29. Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse? An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center. 30. Which of the following best explains the cause of the phenotypic variation observed in the butterflies? There was differential gene expression of wing color and body size in response to the colors of light the caterpillars were exposed to. 31. Which of the following best explains how the development of phenotypic female Australian dragon lizards with a ZZ genotype occurs when incubation temperatures are above 32°C? Incubation temperatures above 32°C inhibit the genes on the Z chromosome that produce proteins necessary for male development. 32. Which of the following represents the most accurate prediction of the cause of the inheritance pattern illustrated in the karyotype? The chromosomes failed to separate during gamete formation.