Pharmacology 101: Understanding Drug Action & Processes, Exams of Pharmacology

Download Pharmacology 101: Understanding Drug Action & Processes and more Exams Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity! Drug action What are the three phases of drug action - pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics What is the pharmaceutic phase What medication do/go not go through the pharmaceutic phase what happens in this phase what are some factors that limit the rate of the pharmaceutic phase - medication is ready to cross the cell membrane oral medications do (pills, not oral solutions)/ IV, IM, SubQ do not disintegration - tablets/capsules disintegrate into small particles dissolution - small particles dissolve into a liquid state, acidity, enteric coating, presence of food, sustained release, amount of excipients ( additives/fillers) What is the pharmacokinetic phase what are the 4 steps of this phase - drug movement absorption, distribution, metabolism-biotransformation, excretion-elimination Describe absorption what factors affect absorption What's the order of absorption from fastest to slowest what is absorbed faster, oral solutions or pills? - gi tract/tissues --> body fluids / site of action blood flow, pain, stress, hunger, fasting, food, pH, exercise IV, IM, SQ, PO oral solutions b/c it skips the pharmacokinetic phase Why is IM faster then SQ what is the first pass effect; what does it cause what is bioavailability; things that hinder it? What is the bioavailability of IV vs PO and why is that so - muscles have more blood vessels than SubQ fat when drugs pass through the intestinal leman to the liver (via portal vein) instead of directly into systemic circulation; causes decreased bioavailability % of drug in systemic circulation; drug form, rout of admin, GI, food, liver metabolism accumulation = toxicity What is pharmacodynamics discuss the difference the primary and secondary effect what is the dose-response - the study of the way drugs effect the body ; drug concentration and effect on the body - physiological effect primary is usually the desirable effect while the secondary effect can be desireable or undesirable [EX- benadryl: primary is to treat allergies, secondary is mild sedation) minimal and maximal amount of a drug to achieve the desired response (ever patient requires a different dose) in a time response curve, what is the : onset, peak, duration what does MEC and MTC stand for - onset - reach MEC peak - drug reaches highest blood/plasma concentration duration - length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect MEC - minimum effectiveness concentration MTC- minimum toxic concentration What are the 4 categories of drug action agonists vs antagonists - stimulation or depression replacement inhibition or killing organisms (anti-) irritation - laxatives or chemo under stimulation/depression; agonists produce a response while antagonists prevent a response what's the difference between nonspecific drugs and specific drugs - nonspecific/nonselective = effects several organs with many side effects specific/selective = effects only target organs will not as many side effects What is the therapeutic index how it is calculated what is the therapeutic range/ window how can the therapeutic range be described - margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ration that measures the effective does (toxicity ratio is closer to 1) TI = LD50 / ED50 therapeutic index = (lethal does in 50% of people)/( effective does in 50% of the people) narrow (thin line between fine and lethal) or wide (far from lethal if there is an overdose) What are the peak and trough levels what is a loading dose what is digitalization - peak - highest point indicated rate of absorption trough - highest point indicated rate of absorption large initial does to attain the therapeutic blood levels quickly process where the minimum effective concentration is achieved in the plasma within a short time Define the following: -side effects -adverse reaction -toxic effects -pharmacogenetics -tachyphylaxis -placebo effect -prototype drug charts -herbal therapy - -physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects -allergic reactions to drugs in different people -client is displaying signs of drug toxicity -reactions to drugs in different people -rapid decrease in response to the drug -getting better from a sugar pill that you thought was the real thing -charts from the book -you know, herbs what is a drug interaction - something that interacted with a drug that makes it stop working ; can happen at any point