Comprehensive Guide to DSLR Cameras: Nikon, Canon, Sony and Lenses, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Computer Science

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Paul Fodor DSLR Cameras and Lenses (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Camera  Principle of a pinhole camera:  Light rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an image on the sensor: 2 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Depth of field  The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image  In some cases, a small DOF may be desirable, emphasizing the subject while de-emphasizing the foreground and background:  In other cases, it may be more effective to have the entire image sharp, and a large DOF is appropriate. 5 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Shutter speed  The shutter speed is used to regulate the time during which light may pass through the aperture  Standard shutter speeds: 1/500s, 1/250s, 1/125s, 1/60s, 1/30s, 1/15s, 1/8s, 1/4s, 1/2s, 1s, 2s, …  A combination of the shutter speed and the aperture gives the exposure: the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium (photographic film or image sensor) during the process of taking a photograph  The depth of field is also a result of the shutter speed and the aperture 6 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Film Speed (ISO)  The film speed (ISO) is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light  ISO standard examples: ISO100 ISO200 ISO800 ISO1600  In digital camera systems, an arbitrary ISO can be achieved by setting the signal gain of the sensor 7 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon DSLR cameras 10 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon DSLR cameras  Nikon D7000 (entry level advanced)(2010)  DX sensor  16.2 megapixels  39 focus points  Video: full HD 1080p (at 24 frame/s) movie mode with auto-focus while filming, mono sound, and stereo external mic support.  Alternative: 30 frame/s, 25 frame/s, 24 frame/s when recording at 720p  $1,400 on Amazon with 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6 AF-S DX VR ED Nikkor Lens included 11 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon DSLR cameras  Nikon D800 (professional compact)(2012)  FX sensor – “full frame”  36.3 megapixels  51 focus points (15 cross-type, 11 points sensitive at maximum apertures F8)  Video:  1080p Full HD movie mode at 24/25/30 fps  720p at 24/25/30/50/60 fps  $2,999 on Amazon12 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon Image Formats  Nikon DX format is 2/3 of “full frame” format  When DX format lenses are used on 135 format (35mm film or FX format) cameras, vignetting often occurs, as the image circle does not cover the entire area of the 135 format.  DX cameras take every lens (by using only the inner part of the lens).  Nikon FX format is the name for “full frame” image sensors  FX cameras cannot use DX lenses in “full frame” mode because the smaller image circle will give black corners at some or all settings.  However, digital FX cameras usually crop their sensors automatically for the DX lenses and use only the smaller DX inner portion of their sensors!!! 15 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon F-mount  The Nikon F-mount (1959-) is a type of interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its 35 mm SLR cameras  Autofocus Nikkor lenses:  AF (1986): focus driven by a motor inside the camera body - all AF lenses have a CPU to compute the motor movement formula  AF-S (AutoFocus-Silent) (1996-): focus quietly and quickly  PC (Perspective Control lenses): support shifting the lens in relation to the film or sensor plane-used for macrophotography  PC-E (the "E" designates an electromagnetic diaphragm) (2008-) offer automatic aperture control  IF (Internal Focus): accomplishes focus through the movement of internal lens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element, allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor 16 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon lenses (cont.)  AF-I (AF-Internal Motor) (1992-): the internal motor focusing the lens is controlled electronically (not by a mechanical AF connection between camera and lens)  ED: uses "Extra-low Dispersion" glass to reduce chromatic aberration  N: indicates a new type of lens coating called the “Nano Crystal Coat” used for some teleport lens  VR (Vibration Reduction): uses a moving optical group to reduce the photographic effects of camera shake.  Some VR lenses also support a panning mode, detecting horizontal movement of the lens and minimizing only vertical vibration.  G (gelded): have their aperture rings removed to save cost (won't work on manual focus cameras) 17 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon's Best Lenses  14-24mm f/2.8 AF-S (2007-today): ultra-wideangle lens. $1,999 on Amazon 20 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon's Best Lenses  24mm f/1.4 AF-S G (2010-today): good for low light. $2,049 on Amazon.com 21 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Nikon's Best Lenses  50mm f/1.8D AF (1978 - today): cheap, among Nikon's fastest lenses, covers film and the full FX frame. $124 22 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Canon DSLR cameras 25 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Canon DSLR cameras  Canon EOS 600D (EOS Rebel T3i in the United States) 2011  Canon EF-S and EF lens mount  18.0 megapixels  9 focus points  Video: Full HD 1080p video recording at 24/25/30 frame/s  Alternative: HD 720p and 640×480 video recording at 50/60 frame/s  $709 on Amazon 26 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Canon DSLR cameras  Canon 5D Mark III 2012  Canon EF lens mount  22.3 megapixels  61 Point AF + 41 Crosstype AF compared to 9 Point AF + 6 Assist Points  No Video  $3,499 on Amazon27 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Canon Lenses  UM (Ultrasonic motor): electric motor powered by the ultrasonic vibration  IS (Image stabilization): techniques used to reduce blurring  L "Luxury" lens is the Canon's top-of-the-line lens line  Examples:  Ultra-wide-angle: 8-15mm f/4L USM fisheye  Standard: 24-70mm EF f/2.8L USM ($1,289 on Amazon)  Telephoto: 28-300mm f/3.5-5.6L IS USM  Prime (fixed) Wide-angle: 14mm f/2.8L II USM  Prime standard & medium telephoto: 50mm f/1.2L II USM ($1,527 on Amazon)  Prime telephoto: 300mm f/2.8L IS II USM  Prime Super telephoto: 800mm f/5.6L IS USM30 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Canon Lenses (cont.)  Examples (cont.):  Prime macros: 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM  Prime tilt-shift (perspective control lens - allows the photographer to control the appearance of perspective in the image): 17 mm f/4.0L Tilt-Shift 31 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Sony DSLR Cameras and Lenses  Sony Alpha (Sony α) is a digital SLR camera system (2006)  Sony bought Minolta camera operations in 2006  Sony owns 11.08% in Tamron lens manufacturer  DT (Digital Technology) are lenses for APS-C size sensors.  G (Gold) series: professional grade telephoto lenses.  ZA (Zeiss Alpha)  SSM (SuperSonic Motor): ultrasonic motor used on Zeiss and G lenses.  SAM (Smooth Autofocus Motor): cheaper alternative to the SSM  Sony E-mount (2010-) is a lens mount designed by Sony for their New E-mount Experience (NEX) series of cameras. 32 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Panasonic Lumix DMC-L10 (2007)  10.1-megapixel  Interchangeable Four Thirds mount system  No video 35 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Olympus E-5 (2010)  Uses the Four Thirds company interchangeable lens system (Olympus and Kodak)  12.3 megapixels  11 biaxial cross auto-focus points  Video: 720p HD 36 (c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook) Pentax K-5 (2010)  16.3-megapixel  Interchangeable Pentax KAF3 and KAF2 mount  Video: 1080p video 37