Early British Settlements in North America - Handout | HIST 156, Study notes of United States History

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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 01/30/07 1 OF 2 BRADBURY Early British Settlements in Northern America - 30,00 BC 1" people thought to be in Americas - Europeans not first Mixture of Europeans, Indians and Africans created a wilderness sociely Spanish came in 16"" century - made Spain wealthy and powerful - idea of Gold, Glory and God England in 16" century did not imitate Spanish - trade w/ other countries was more important than pure wealth - West Country Association co Ex) Cornwall Raleigh- Roanoke Colony co Had interest in getting ahead © Took chances to unscrupulously do so © Raids of Spanish treasure ships Things changed in early 17" century - English and Spain make up - Spain not as hostile Enclosures - right fo farm certain area based on custom ~ politically powerful forced people of land in common villages ~ people bad no where to go and no way to make a living - young males recruited for dangerous adventures (like going to America) - many of them died - general decline in wages from 1550 to 1660 Religion - atone time major religion was Catholicism - Byend of 16" century it was protestant (Church of England) - Anglicanism co People unsure of what main beliefs should be Many wanted to make it more radical/ more Calvinist Charles I had French Roman catholic wife Charles II tolerated radicals Puritans looked abroad for refuge 2000 |607- Virginia (London) Company - Undertake Jamestown Settlement o Looking for quick profit © Readily available riches sought after - Runinto Problems © 1622 1/3 pop massacre by Indian hostility o Mortality rate very high o Hopeless but survived THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERP NoTES = © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 01/30/07 2 OF2 BRADBURY Goes Bankrupt ~ Tobacco Saves Jamestown o Can be grown in Virginia o James II (1603- 1625) can tax sale and Consumption © Becomes basis of economy from 1620s eo Sell to China- opium wars are going on at this point - Results of Focus on Tobacco ¢ Labor from indentured servants * Primary labor source = Young men agreed to work for certain amount of time, 50 acre headright (this changed over time) * Mast died before being released from duty =~ Most couldn't marry (werent enough women) co Slaves in early 7" century = Shows up mainly at end of century Maryland - Named after Mary [ - founders wanted Catholic refuge - MD and PA have largest Catholic population ~ have hard time holding onto land and eventually lose | ~ tobacco colony, young male population - high mortality rate - tide colony, by rivers * Maryland and Jamestown had different purposes THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/06/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY Interpretive Essay Instruction Handed Out 17" century experience was a class of social systems By end of 1600s things straightened out ~ public life dominated by male oligarchy - free white males - slavery - Indians push westward - Women in domestic sphere 1787- Society defined by federal institution 1) creation of Institutions of British Empire a, trade b. British Officials i. Custom officials 1. result of Anglo-Dutch wars ii. Redefined during glorious revolution iii, Sense of urgency at end of 17" century 1. officials afraid they might lose control of colonies 2. if they didn’t attempt a more serious governance, who knows what could have happened c. Laws and institutions established 2) Other developments and new colonies a. English Revolution/ interreignment i. No new colonies founded ii, Cutting off of English migration b. Post 1660s i. British gov’t tolerates greater diversity in Mainland colonies than at home c. Caribbean Sugar Colonies i. High mortality ii. Slave labor based iii, 17" and 18" century iv. Wealthiest yet al same lime poor d. South Carolina Rice Plantation i. Charles TI restored in 1660s 1. poor, gov't has financial problems 2. people around him want to be rewarded for allegiance a. people in England who carried out revolution b. people in exile with him 3. treasury is fairly empty ve people grants of land in colonies ve Carolinas to a group of proprieties a. found people to settle land and pay rent ij. Early settlers came from Barbados 1. slave owners 2. self-sufficient agriculture THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM  ASO9A COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW HTTP: / /NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM 02/06/07 HIST156 2 OF 2 BRADBURY iii. By end of 17" century things changed fey se SS BO many slaves were from West Africa recognized potential of S. Carolina for rice growing responsible for introduction of rice cultivation produced explosion of wealth for white planter fastened slavery of S. Carolina to extent not found in any other colony a. more Africans than Europeans in Colony b. made S. Carolina unique c. 1 example of conversion to use of slaves for labor takes place in other colonies at end of 17" century a. dramatic change b. more slaves become available for labor ¢. monopoly over slave trade lost by Britain and industry becomes more competitive and entrepreneurial like iv. 1670- 1680 wages increase ut e. Pennsylvania wn few European indentured servants going over to America slaves in middle colonies but not as many as in south slaves in New England but not as many as in middle colonies greater population of slaves in plantation colonies settlement of S. Carolina hastens slavery i. Quakers 2 in England, considered dangerous radicals during Charles II, 600 evacuated for religious beliefs ii. William Penn 1. well connected political & socially 2. became Quaker 3. had influence to get charter to establish proprietary colony 4. 1680 people started going over 5. refuge for Quakers and society to put in effect believes iii. Colony |. decent relations with Indians 2. turned out to be successful 3. became attractive to many non-Quakers a. Scottish, German, Irish 4. by mid 18" century a. Philadelphia was 3" largest city in British Empire THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/08/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY New York - founded by Dutch in carly 17" century ~ Long Island o Overflow for New England ~ New York City © Atmouth of Hudson © Center of Government and commerce - Albany o Fur trade oe Major source of economic benefit for Dutch - Patroonships o Land worked by proprietors: co Shaky, people didn’t want to settle on them o Labor based ~ Fate of New Netherlands based on Anglo-Dutch War - Aficr 2"! war land became personal colony of King James’ brother Duke of York in 1685 - James [I co extended idea of direct rule by king * created Dominion of New England = — stretched from Maine to New Jersey = ruled by governor- general appointed by king * didn’t have to listen to elected officials o James forced off thrown 1688 = Dominion collapses * Created conflict extending into 1s century * Discontinuity, internal conflict 18"" century - Background o period of stability that paralleled what was happening in New England co Stewart kings asserted royal prerogative o Glorious revolution was about limits on royal power, became accepted as consequence that kings’ powers were limited co King had to rule with advice and consent of parliament - Acceptance of limited government o Brought political stability o Growth to England co Prospered in ways it didn’t in 1600s - Search for explanation of what had happened during Glorious Revolution co English created mixed and balanced constitution o Source of greatness o Guaranteed liberty © Nota literal written document © Refers io an older meaning of how parts of Government fit together - Kings, Lords, Commoners o Basic units of society monarchy, aristocracy and commoners THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP: / /NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/13/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY - [fstandard of living is increasing, Americans are spending more money (or credit) - More credit being extended to Americans and American merchants o Interest enforced o Balance of payment problem = Americans in debt to British in ways they cant pay off Mid 18" century - war happens is British government spends a lot of money in American that balanced out payment problem o 7 years war - after 1763 it becomes an issue again - debt gets repudiated in American revolution Great Awakening o late 1730s and 1740s a series of revivals in certain American religious groups occurs © reform in Presbyterians churches, Dutch colonies o Stimulates growth of Baptist churches o Congregations that are start to southern Baptist church (not organized until 1840s) - A series of Revivals of Evangelical style - Proand Anti revival Presbyterians o “New light and old light” o They don’t reunited as a church until after revolution when people of Great Awakening are have all died - Revival churches attract clergy and members - Revival is not limited to North America o Echoes in Ireland, Scotland and England - Creates shared religious experience - Stimulate the founding of college academies (secondary schools) and the ivy league o 3 colleges in America until 1740 (Harvard, William and Mary and Yale) o After Awakening: Rutgers, Brown, Dartmouth, Princeton, Kings, UPenn o Curriculum of colleges is not narrowly religious o Teaching of Belles Lethes o Sources that are read and taught are English (binds England and its colonies) - Happenings in North American not limited to that area © Same kind of development happening in Ireland and other places THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/15/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY How do you get to a point of revolution’? Seven Years War (1756-1763) - fighting in North America happened before war was declared - Great Britain fought France. who had help from Spain o Fighting occurred in Mediterranean, Caribbean, North America and Europe World War in 18" century context - Britain engaged in war because of William of Orange o William needed power and might to carry out foreign policy (anti-France) o Britain entered series of wars with France - England was over matched © France had more wealth, more people. better army co IJnearly stages England almost lost the war - William Pit o Saved war for the British o Appointed new generals © Made decision to go heavily in debt to support the war » — English national debt doubled o Figured out how to use colonial resources to fight war = Made deal with colonial governments that if they rose troops, England would pay for it = 40% of British troops in North America were colonial - End of War © France gave up its territory in North America * Except for a few islands in Caribbean = These were mainly sugar colonies France had consistently been losing money in its colonies Did not disturb balance of power between England and France through out the rest of the world Anglo-American relations * America needs more taxing = Empire needs to be run more smoothly = Colonial soldiers see British officers as brutal and not knowledgeable about their jobs = British feel that colonies cant be relied upon © Britain has to deal with New France colonies * How is it going to be run? = Quebee act = Station British troops on the frontier * They are going to try to control tribes on frontier « First time British regulars are stationed in North America « Americans needed to pay costs of supporting military presence oa0 George III ~ Family Background © George I was first Hanoverian kings (Hanover in Germany) o When Anne died with out an heir the thrown went to her cousin George I © George I was next in line o Fredrick (George II's son did not survive to see crown) THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/15/07 2 OF2 BRADBURY - George II given thrown co First born and raised English king among family co Young man and had to take an active role in government - — Had to find individuals from aristocracy to run the government for him © they had to carry out executive business of government and get necessary legislation and taxes passed through parliament > king had to find the right people to carry out in general what he wanted them to do © noone in parliament could hope to maintain themselves in parliament with out the support of the king co ifthey did not do what he wanted them to do, he could dismiss them - when George III took office: o he did not have much experience © many members of parliament were becoming older and retiring co he had to find new members who he could depend on o few people satisfied him for very long (most only lasted a few years) - Lord Norih © Reliable but not favorable to American cause Signs of the times - Revenue Act (aka Sugar Act) o 1764 o Grenville ministry = Grenville was minister in charge o Cut down on smuggling of molasses co Tax of 6 pennies a gallon on foreign molasses co Grenville wanted to cut down on tax to make smuggling more expensive then paying the tax ° nally put at 3 pence and then reduced to 1 pence a gallon © Created vice admiralty court in Halifax, Nova Scotia © Anyone who did not follow act could be tried in Nova Scotia o Duty had to be paid in Gold and Silver and revenue was sent to England * — British never established a mint in America = — There was always a specie (gold and silver) shortage = Act was passed and revolt about it was limited - Stamp Act Grenville Minisiry Self enforcing act = Americans would obey it with out any problems Americans had to buy special stamped papers for certain things = College diplomas, newspapers. licenses, ect. Revenue would remain in America to pay for maintaining British military presence Stamp agent appointed for each colony who was to be in charge Grenville made sure stamp agents were politically well connected Problem was that calculations were wrong = Protests were widespread and well organized = When day came no stamp agent was willing to do their job because it was politically and personally dangerous * Political use of the Mob ° o o oO oo°0 THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP: / /NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/22/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY American Reyolution- What Was It? - John Adams- the change in parts of minds of Americans before the wai Three Main areas of Question 1) hearts and minds of Americans before the war 2) the war itself 3) the creation of institutions and documents of American freedom U.S. Constitution 1776> Federal Constitution 1787 First Constitutional Congress- 1774 Philadelphia - gave colonies a common focus - spurred by Coercive Acts - tepresentatives from committees of correspondence of all states came (except Georgia) - Joseph Galloway- sided with Britain (imprisoned) - Suffolk Resolves- stated colonies shouldn’t follow Coercive acts - Continental Association- boycott all British goods and not export to Britain or Western indies o Committee of Safeties created to enforce this - Possible that the Revolution could have been avoided o The British didn’t care that much |775- fighting in Massachusetts occurred - Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill - Officially in a state of rebellion - People of Second Continental Congress wanted reconciliation o It was not possible 1776- America declares independence - becomes United States of America - war for independence become full out The Actual War 1) American Revolution was a real bloody War a. It was a civil war b. Many Americans sided with Britain c. Britain had no allies in Europe i. Still almost won the war despite this 2) Nature of Revolution resulted from British Government THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERP * E NoTES =a © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM PUNISHABLE BY LAW HIST156 02/22/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY a. Washington responded to what Britain did b. Center of disruption found in Boston 1776- William Howe - came into NY with 30,000 men - Achieved Goals o Isolate NE from rest of colonies o Disperse Washington’s Army - got control of most of New Jersey o Washington picked off outposts and eventually forced Howe out of NJ John Burgoyne - landed in Canada o cut through Lake Champlain and cut off NE - Howe didn’t cooperate © Burgoyne was surrounded and surrendered France (1778) - Signed two treaties with U.S. Spain (1779) - allied with France, not U.S - this made it a world war 1779- British capture Savannah 1780- British capture Charleston - led by Cornwallis who was trying to take over the south Nathaniel Green - could not beat Cornwallis - wore Cornwallis out instead THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 02/27/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY The Elites - Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams, George Washington and others - Rich and powerful - Didn't want to lose money or power - Didn't want there to be a free economy Common People - didn’t have money - weren’t affected by taxes othe elite were - The elite had to make the war worth while for the common people o They were worried about chaos and anarchy if the British were no longer in power Communication b/t the colonies was limited - different economies - different types of authorities - different religions and beliefs - 1770s prediction that Northern and Southern states would fight over slavery Common Sense and The Rights of Man - Written by Thomas Paine in 1776 - “These are the times that try men’s souls” - Mass produced - Understandable to the common people - Written in English - Simpler than most texts at the times - Incredibly successful Major Argument - Britain was a burden rather than a benefit - They could drag them back into war (7 years war) - Spain and France never did anything to colonies - Continent (Colonies) was being ruled by and Island (England) - Cause of All man kind o War between Freedom and Teraney Treaty of Paris ~ ends war THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/01/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY * Merchants who control State Legislature puts burden of taxes on Farmers = Enforcement of payment causes armed and mob protests that causes most of Massachusetts to shut down, = Resolved politically with out much damage © Massachusetts possibly in hands of Anarchists (Mob) = Concerned central government > Creates more interest in “fixing” the central government - In Philadelphia: o Decision to write a new document - James Madison o The Virginia plan = adopted as basis for discussion = two house legislature with membership determined by property ownership = gave national gov't power to veto states Laws = there were fears that this plan gave too much power to central government - Compromises o How members of houses should be elected = — Lower house * Represented the People = Jnaccordance to population = Upper House (Senate) = Represented the States * — Southern states wanted slaves to be counted as part of population for representation reasons = Northern states didn’t want this because the South would have more power = Beginning of 3/5 compromise - Federal/ State relations co Enumerated power of central gov't in constitution 2 Limited power of states as well © Questions about relations left to be resolved by federal court system = Judicial Review o Each state has a special ratifying convention co When 9 conventions ratify the document, it will take effect - Elections held at end of 1788 - George Washington inaugurated at end of 1789 THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/06/07 1 OF 2 BRADBURY Why did the Federal Constitution follow original Constitution of 1776? Shay’s Rebellion > aroused fear in the rest of the states - Private liberty could be endangered by public liberty 1787- Philadelphia Constitutional Convention - Secret meeting - We have learned most of it from Madison’s notes o They were published in 1840 New Constitution - Points agreed on o Would create legislative, executive and judicial branch o Congress would have power to raise money without relying on states © States would be prohibited from infringing on rights of property o Government would represent the people - Points disagreed on o Balance between federal and state governments o Interests of large and small states rginia (Randolph) plan - written by Madison - Proposed creation of two-house legislature - States population determined its representation - decided not to replace the document entirely - Modified the Amendments instead New Jersey Plan - single house congress in which each state cast one vote - smaller states rallied behind this because they were less populous 1. they would be disadvantaged by the Virginia pland Compromise Reached - two house congress - Senate 1. each state had two senators 2. chosen by states legislatures every six years - House of Representatives 1. apportioned according to population 2. chosen by the people directly every two years Electoral College - large state/small state compromise Vi THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s I: © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS —_= — PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/06/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY - majority of yotes wins presidency - electors were to be prominent, well-educated individuals - they were better qualified than ordinary voters - electors would be chosen by a popular vote in the state or by its legislatures Constitutional gatherings in each state in order for ratification - barely ratified 1789- Government met for I“ time with George Washington - Just after the establishment of the Bill of Rights 2 themes: 1. How strong should the national government be” 2. How should the U.S. respond to the war in Europe? Bastille- revolution in France - Establishment of a Republican government - Napoleon Bonepart (military dictator) - After Napoleon, monarchy took over - Became source of conflict in America - The revolution marked a victory for the idea of popular self-government - To others it raised the possibility of Anarchy - Should America ally itself with France (committing Anarchy) or Britain (trying to stop the revolution) - America decided to ally itself with Britain Federal Court System had to be constructed - circuit courts and their jurisdiction THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP: / /NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/13/07 1 OF 2 BRADBURY War- provides the context for the federalists and the Republican presidents War of 1812 (vs. Great Britain) 1. not as disastrous, politically nor militarily 2. followed by an interesting interval of peace a. England didn’t have enough concentration to fight again until WWI Washington- Adams solution to war - Keep America a neutral country o Jay’s Treaty gave U.S. a pro-British neutrality and an undeclared naval war with France - Increase size of Army - Convention of 1801 o France agreed to stop fighting Jefferson becomes President (1801) - Tried to reduce the size of government anywhere possible - Great success in Louisiana Purchase (offered by Napoleon) 1. U.S. doubled in Size territorially 2. Control of Mississippi 3. Trade flourished = “Broken Voyage” doctrine- duties paid on cargo * Cargo becomes neutral Prelude to war - 1805- British navy defeated French/Spanish fleet o secured Britain’s dominance as a naval power - Napoleon (defeats most of his enemies) © Russia, Prussia and Austria became allies of France = Declared war on Britain o Manipulated foreign trade to their advantage Republicans and Jefferson passed the Embargo of 1807 o U.S. would not trade with the rest of the world o Neither Britain nor France were greatly affected - Nonintercourse Act of 1809 ended Embargo Act of 1807 o US. allowed trade to all countries except France and Britain o Was unsuccessful James Madison Macon’s Bill #2 o ifeither France or Britain removed its restrictions on U.S. neutral trade and the other didn’t follow to do so, the U.S. would reimpose the Nonintercourse Act on that Country o France was the first to act, Britain did not remove restrictions Madison asks Congress to declare war on Britain ' THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERP a © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NOTES e ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS _s — PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASO9A COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/13/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY o June 1, 1812 o Britain revokes acts on American shipping, unaware that War had been declared War of 1812 - 1812-1814 fought along U.S. Canadian border (Great Lakes) - Napoleon lost for first time in Europe (1814) - British troops released and sent to fight in U.S. - U.S. and Britain agree to stop fighting (Dec. 1814) - status quo ante bellum THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/27/07 1 OF 2 BRADBURY Three most influential days (in foreign policy) December 7 194L, August 24" 1814, September 11" 2001 - August 24" 1814 o Day the white house burned down o America was shocked o Weassumed that we had relative security co The war was over, this was an after thought by Britain © American leaders started thinking differently - John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) co Said we need to expand for security sake o Expand in order to preempt other enemies - The result of War of 1812 was a policy of expansion o By this meaning westward expansion co Americans move Westward urged by Government o 4.5 million people moved west of Appalachian © Idea of Manifest Destiny - New Technology helps expansion © Canal System = Connected the main rivers * Settlements created along canal roujes o Communication Systems = Telegraph = Americans could communicate over long distances - How expansion happened co Some land owned by people other then Americans (Indians, French, British. Spain) o Westward expansion forced by citizens and the government followed © Six states added to union in six years following the war Expansion of Cotton Production - Some government assistance for this o Indian Removal Act- passed by Andrew Jackson © 1/3 of South’s white population owns slaves o Class system forming - Cotton was grown early on in 1600s co Long staple cotton used to produce fabrics but not very marketable © ©Two developinents = Cotton gin by Eli Wittny (1793) = — Cotton has a market - Cotton Revolution occurs o Cotton belt extends from Carolina to Texas © Slaves brought out to frontier to clear down trees o Slaves experience negative effects = Disease = High mortality = Poor drinking water = Instate slave trade develops THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s a © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP: / ‘NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 03/29/07 - from 1840 to 1850 miles of canal being abandoned co Canals are expensive to build co Suseptable to Nooding and freezing Railroad Consiruction - do everything canals do much better THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM  © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 04/03/07 1OF I BRADBURY Paper Due April 12 Transportation Revolution 400 miles of canal in 1825 13 miles of train tracks in 1830. By 1850 U.S. have 9,000 miles of railroad track 1860 31,000 miles of railroad track Takes a while to reach a reasonable price of railroad Chicago became what it is today because of railroads. Reach Missouri river by 1860 Jacksonian Democracy appointed people from different areas of the country to the cabinet agreement that the country was going to expand westward fairly quickly incorporated new territory into the union always the issue of slavery in the new territories o The North has to developed objecting attitudes toward slavery o Gradual development in first half of 19" century o Most northerners had to come to the conclusion that they did not want slavery in their colonies or the territories either The South had to become more united on their fight for slavery as well o Southerners who question slavery did not belong on the South’s side and were silenced Northwest Ordinance (1785) how the united states deals with a big chunk of territory banned slavery in the territory between Mississippi River. Great Lakes, and Ohio River Next territory to come into U.S. Is it to be slave or free Does become an issue 1819 Missouri wants to be brought into the Union 1820 Missouri Compromise Draws a North/South divide line in Louisiana Territory Territories south of line would come into Union as Slave States o Territories north of line would come into Union as free states Takes question of slavery out of politics until 1850s New territory comes into the Union after war with Mexico ° o THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4SO09A COLLEGE AVE. Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 04/05/07 1 OF 2 BRADBURY Without the transportation revolution, the path of development scen in the 19"" century United States would probably have been different. Intersection of Slavery, Expansion, and Politics becomes a theme Andrew Jackson - 1820s to 1830s political life - President who exercised his power more vigorously than other presidents since Jefferson and until Lincoln - Yet was against Government What Made Andrew Jackson and the Creation of the 2" party sysiem possible? Missouri compromise - between Northern and Southern legisiature over how Missouri would come into the union o Drewa line through Louisiana Territory * — North was free and south was slave First Party System > Creature of divisions over course that nation should pursue in 1790s - Over Jay’s treaty - Between Federalists and Jeffersonian Democrats/ Republicans - Parties did not organize national campaigns - Mostly composed of similarly minded legislatures - Kept politics indoors as much as possible - System started Changing co Legislatures from revolution were dying o Country got bigger © Believe that people should have greater role - Gave way for Second Party System Martin Van Buren - Background o succeed Jackson o Carl Rove of his day o Born in New York o Son of tavern men - — Political Rising co Lacked family connections or wealth o Made his way in politics by allying himself with Buck tales faction of Republican party in New York - Became Governor after challenging Clinton oe Attacked by Clintonian opponents afier creating Albany regency ~ Purpose of Political Parties o get elected oe do what is necessary to carry out policies that are beneficial to the people = Van Buren came up with justification of patronage = Wanted to reward people for political service © Avoid sectionals and created only two parties so that the parties could successfully content on a national level o Party competition was safer than geographical competition o Parties became resonant with many Americans THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 04/10/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY * — Interfered with parental responsibility = Replacement of church schools co Opposed to federal government involvement in the Economy and interferement of market forces © No better symbol then involvement with 2 Bank of the United States - National Bank 2 Background = — Creation of National Bank was key point of Hamilton’s Financial policy = chartered for twenty years * republicans didn’t like it o Jackson wanted to get rid of it * — Secretary of treasury told him not te co Bank expired in 1811 =~ Hurt the Government in the War of 1812 = 2" National Bank was created o Henry Clay and Daniel Webster want to embarrass Jackson = Introduced carly a bill to recharter the 2°" bank = Jackson would either oppose the bill and lose support or go against himself and sign the bill = — Jackson vetoed the bill and made his reelection campaign centered on an attack of the 2™ Bank o Results = Jackson won by a large margin = He removed all federal deposits and put them in state banks * — Charter expired in 1836 eo Absolution of Bank Hurts U.S. = Economy at the time * The U.S. was in a speculative boom when Federal revenues exceeded federal expences * What should be done with surplus? © Put into state banks = — What Happened? * They used the deposits as basis for loans « Added to the boom and contributed directly to the panic of 1837 * Why did this Happen? e = There was no national paper currency « The bank papers got their value from gold or silver * Ifa bank went under they would refuse to redeem the paper and notes would be invalid c Long term results = — State banks led Van Buren (1837- 1841) to insist that the federal government had nothing to do with banks * — Everything was paid in species (gold or silver) = Independent Treasury Act » — By this insistence Van Buren added to deflation of the period and later a depression THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 04/12/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY Election of 1840 - Van Buren not re-elected due to lack of help from Jackson's popular personality - William Henry Harrison Elected o Famous from victory in War of 1812 o Known as the “Log Cabin” candidate, the champion of the common man o Running mate was John Tyler, a states’ rights democrat o Harrison got pneumonia and died a month after entering office - Tyler took over o Tyler had a tendancy to veto everything © His party repudiated him and newspapers refered to him as His Accidency o Most of his cabinet resigned The Issue of Slavery Became more Prominent Frederick Douglas - son of slave mother and unidentified white man - became major figure in the crusade for abolition of slavery and emancipation - was a slave in Maryland and taught himself how to read and write - escaped to the North by borrowing the free papers of a black sailor - lectured against slavery and wrote many antislavery publications Background of Slavery at the Time - slavery was an old institution - slavery was growing in the west and even down in Texas - by 1860 one-third of the nations cotton was grown west of the Mississippi - slavery was dying in Northern States but it still had some effect on their economy - Northern Merchants and Manufacturers still benefited from its profits How Slavery Transformed the South - Limited the growth of industries - Discouraged immigrants migrating to the area - Inhibited technological progress - Did not allow from Urban development like that in other parts of the country - The amount of dependence of the Southern Economy on slavery provided an obstacle for arguing the concept of abolition Proslavery Argument - the concept of white supremacy THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP: / /NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 04/12/07 2 OF 2 BRADBURY - even those not involved in slavery still linked themselves to being above blacks because they were white Antislavery Argument - the nation was built on the idea that “all men are created equal and entitled to liberty” - it was hypocritical to believe this considering so many were enslaving others Legal rights of Slaves or Lack there of - slaves could be sold or leased by their owners - they could not testify against a white person, sign contracts or acquire property, own firearms - they could not hold meetings unless a white person was present, or leave the farm or plantation without the permission of their owner - By the 1830s it was illegal to teach a slave how to read or write Free Blacks - By civil war there were about half a million free blacks - The distinction between a slave and a free black was not much o They could not vote and only had several economic opportunities in the north o Inthe south, they could own property and marry, and couldn’t be bought or sold o However, they had no public voice, could not own dogs, firearms or liquor Slave Labor - General Background o worked from sun up until sundown o few breaks for meals o hada variety of jobs ranging from field work to butler to shoe maker - Task System co Slaves were assigned a daily task and were allowed to set their own daily pace © Once the task had been completed they could spend the rest of their day doing what they wanted © This system often prevailed because owners did not want to venture into swamps or the fields o This was the system of South Carolina and Georgia - Gang Labor o Slaves worked in large gangs, usually under the direction of an overseer or slave driver o Often times there were harsh treatment with this system This system was used on the Cotton Belt and in southern Louisiana THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 05/1/07 1 OF2 BRADBURY Aspects of the Second Great Awakening Charles Finney- Protestant Revivalist laasic Wise- founder of Reformed Judaism How do we get to the civil war and abolitionism? Theodore Dwight Weld - Made connection that shows how we got from revivalism to the Great Awakening - Anassociate of Charles Finney - Decided in the early eighteen thirties to go to Lane Seminary in Cincinnati Ohio © Beachhead for conversion of American West co Lyman Beecher was recruited from Boston to be its first President © Probably the 2" most famous evangelist - Weld held a revival among the students o The problem was that it was a revival devoted to antislavery © He led the students into the slums of Cincinnati where that fraternized with the cities’ Blacks for eighteen days o Caused a large uproar all over the country o Many students left Lane seminary and went off to Overland College - Later held a political antislavery movement and led to a petition on Congress How does Abolition get into American Politics? - Collapse of the Second Party System The Liberty Party - Gave cause to antislavery movement - Organized as an antislavery party - Idea that there was a southern slave conspiracy against liberty and therefore slavery had to be abolished - James G. Birney © Candidate in 1844 > got 62,000 votes o Enough people in New York voted for Birney to carry promise of the party Even though the party had enough votes to throw the election there was another candidate that was more important THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s a © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 QS/1/07 2 OF2 BRADBURY Free Soil Party - Attracted Land reforms and the supporters of Martin Van Buren - Nota great deal of consistency within followers - Composed of those who did not like the two existing national parties = Put together a platform that campaigned on the basis of free soil, free homesteads in the territories to those who actually settled the land © The government should encourage westward expansion o No more slave states should be created - 1848 the party got 300,000 votes - 1852 election the party only got 50,000 votes ~ Appearance in 1850s of the first national Nativist party took away votes Know Nothing Party - Pledged not to vote or associate with foreigners - Could not be foreign born - Elected 75 members of Congress - Got support from both North and South War with Mexico - Supporters of annexation of Texas - Read Foner section about this THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM PERF a 6 ‘> © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW 4S509A COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 05/3/07 10F2 BRADBURY THE CIVIL WAR The First Modern War - Mass armies and deadly weapons created by industrial revolution - War became a conflict of society against society - The effectiveness of political leadership, ability to mobilize economic resources and society's willingness to continue fighting were crucial to the outcome The Two Sides - The Union o Basically the north Also included loyal border slave statet| Numbered 22 million Had better manufacturing, railroads, and financial resources ooo0o8d Had to invade and conquer large part of land - The Confederacy o Basically the south o Only 9 million people lived in the south, 3.3 million were slaves co Passed the first ever American Draft Law * The North soon followed Technology - Railroad transported troops and supplies - Railroad junctions became large military objectives - Arms manufacturing replaced traditional musket War Begins - Inthe east, most fighting happened between Washington and Richmond, a distance of only 100 miles - First significant battle was the Battle of the Bull Run on July 21, 1861 o Ended with retreat of Union soldiers Slavery - 4 million slaves gained their freedom - Lincoln decided in 1862 that emancipation was politically and militarily necessary - It would help to expand the Union’s army THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERE s es © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. 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Sa 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 05/08/07 2 OF 3 BRADBURY © WWII318,000 Americans killed Many thought South was going to win - Partly because their military task was easier - They only had to defend territory, they didn’t have to attack anything - North didn’t have the resources to accomplish what they needed to accomplish - Before the war started the American Army numbered about 16,000 men o Most of the leading officers allied with the South - The south supplied all of the cotton used in North mills and factories - Southern leaders had an economic card to play in order to get foreign leaders involved because the south supplied Europe with cotton - If England had intervened on the South’s side, they would have won - England didn’t intervene and with out them no other European power was going to - Most of them were pro-northern anyway Fighting - The year it became obvious North was likely to win was 1863 - The Battle of Gettysburg © Lee lost about 25,000 men at this battle o The south was unable to replace these men o Lee never again led an army so large and never again was able to take the offensive - Summer of 1863 © Union forces took the fortress of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River «a Forces established control of the river and split the confederacy in two By 1864 o The north was in a position to begin to attack various parts on the Confederacy one by one o Ithad armies in the field and confident Generals © In 1864 the Union took the strategy thought up by Grant = He joined himself with the army of the Potomac in the East and tried defeated Lee - Sherman o Led armies in lower south o Attacked Georgia o Strategy of attacking Confederacy took about 10 months to go into effect - Inthe End THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM TERP * NoTES =a © 2007 BookHolders, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANY ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE THESE NOTES IS = PUNISHABLE BY LAW ASOQA COLLEGE AVE. 301-209-9313 HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM HIST156 05/08/07 3 OF 3 BRADBURY © Grant could not defeat Lee but tired him out Sherman was successful at hurting Georgia and South Carolina = He reached the Sea and turned around to join Grant © There was no grand climatic battle o When Lee was reduced to 25,000 men his army tried to flee and Grant surrounded him © April 9, 1865 they surrendered to Grant THESE NOTES DO NOT REPRESENT THE PROFESSOR’S LECTURE VERBATIM