Earth, Moon, and Sun, Slides of Law

Download Earth, Moon, and Sun and more Slides Law in PDF only on Docsity! 6. The Rectified Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7. The Human Sundial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 8. Earth’s Motion in Space . . . . . . . . . . . 71 9. The Reason for Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . 81 10. Modeling Moon Phases . . . . . . . . . . . 93 11. Eclipses of All Kinds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 12. Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 13. Simple Celestial Navigation . . . . . . . 121 Assessment Activities 1–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 TEACHER RESOURCES Unit Test: Teacher Information . . . . . . . . . . 139 References and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Science Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Standards Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Measurement Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Building Science Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . 153 DELTA SCIENCE READER TEACHER’S GUIDE Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tii Science and Literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tii Assessment Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tiii Including All Learners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tiv About the Teaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tv Teaching Earth, Moon, and Sun . . . . . . . . . . Tvi COPYMASTERS Student Activity Sheets Assessment Activity Sheets Assessment Summary Chart Unit Test ABOUT DELTA SCIENCE MODULES Program Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Teacher’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Delta Science Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Equipment and Materials Kit . . . . . . . . . vii Scope and Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Assessment Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Process Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Communicating About Science . . . . . . . . xi Integrating the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . xii Meeting the Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii What We Believe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv EARTH, MOON, AND SUN OVERVIEW About Earth, Moon, and Sun . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Overview Charts Hands-on Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Delta Science Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Science Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Materials List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES Activity Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Preparing for the Activities Classroom Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Advance Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Materials Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Activities 1. Solar Journal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. Lunar Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. How Big Are the Planets? . . . . . . . . . . 29 4. How Far Are the Planets? . . . . . . . . . . 37 5. The Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . 45 i Earth, Moon, and Sun T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Earth, Moon, and Sun 1 Students learn to distinguish between the apparent motions of the Sun and Moon versus the actual motion of Earth. They record daily observations about the time and position of sunrise and sunset, shape of the Moon, daytime visibility, and elevation. Their data reflect interactions among Earth, its Moon, and the Sun that explain such phenomena as day and night, seasons, Moon phases, length of day, tides, and more. Scale models of the solar system demonstrate its massive distances and the relative sizes of the planets. The final activity puts students onboard famous ocean voyages, relying on celestial navigation to stay on course. In the Delta Science Reader Earth, Moon, and Sun, students read about Earth’s place in space, the forces that affect our planet, and the Earth movements that bring about day and night, years, and seasons. They discover how the Sun is similar to and different from other stars and find out about its composition and the source of its heat and light energy. They learn about Earth’s nearest neighbor in space, the Moon, and how its motion relative to Earth causes Moon phases, tides, and eclipses. A biographical sketch introduces Copernicus and the heliocentric theory. Finally, a field guide to the planets summarizes important data and interesting facts about our solar system. About Earth, Moon, and Sun DeltaScienceModules, THIRD EDITION Overview Chart for Delta Science Reader Earth, Moon, and Sun 4 delta science modules Selections Related ActivityVocabulary asteroid, atmosphere, comet, galaxy, gravity, hydrosphere, law of universal gravitation, light-year, lithosphere, meteoroid, moon, orbit, planet, satellite, solar system, star, Sun, universe, weight Think About... People in Science Where Is Earth in Space? pages 2–5 • Nicolaus Copernicus page 20 Activities 3, 4, 8, 13 Activity 1 Activities 3, 4 Did You Know? • About the Planets pages 21–23 Teaching suggestions for the Delta Science Reader are in a 32-page booklet included with this guide. • What Is Earth Like? • Earth in the Solar System Activities 1, 6, 7, 8, 13 Activities 1, 7 • Stars • Galaxies and the Universe • What Force Keeps Satellites in Orbit? • The Sun’s Atmosphere • The Sun’s Interior • Studying the Sun axis, day, ellipse, International Date Line, revolution, rotation, time zone, year chromosphere, convection zone, core, corona, electromagnetic spectrum, nuclear fusion, photosphere, prominence, radiation zone, solar energy, solar flare, solar wind, spectrometer, sunspot, telescope What Causes Days and Years? pages 8–10 • Days • Years Activities 8, 9, 13 Activities 2, 5, 10 axial tilt, equinox, latitude, season, solsticeWhat Causes Seasons? pages 11–12 • Solstices • Equinoxes Activity 11eclipse, lunar eclipse, penumbra, solar eclipse, umbra What Causes Eclipses? pages 18–19 • Lunar Eclipses • Solar Eclipses crater, highlands, maria, phases, waning, waxing What Is the Moon Like? pages 13–15 • Maria and Highlands • Craters • Exploring the Moon • Moon Phases What Is the Sun Like? pages 6–7 Activity 12neap tides, spring tides, tidal range, tideWhat Causes Tides? pages 16–17 To order consumable items or refill kits, please call 1-800-442-5444. Earth, Moon, and Sun Earth, Moon, and Sun 7 8 . . . . . . . . . bags, plastic, reclosable* 8 . . . . . . . . . balls, foam, large 8 . . . . . . . . . balls, foam, small 8 . . . . . . . . . batteries* 8 . . . . . . . . . chalk, large, blue 8 . . . . . . . . . chalk, large, yellow 1 . . . . . . . . . chart, Class Sunrise/ Sunset Data† 24 . . . . . . . . . clay, modeling, 0.25 lb* 1 . . . . . . . . . cloth, yellow, 1.25 m × 1.25 m (for Sun model) 8 . . . . . . . . . compasses, directional 1 . . . . . . . . . Delta Science Dictionary 1 . . . . . . . . . Delta Science Dictionary Copymaster Booklet 9 . . . . . . . . . dowels, wooden, 60-cm 2 . . . . . . . . . extension cords 8 . . . . . . . . . globe bases 1 . . . . . . . . . globe, inflatable 8 . . . . . . . . . globes 8 . . . . . . . . . golf tees 1 . . . . . . . . . iron filings 1 . . . . . . . . . labels, adhesive, p/100* 1 . . . . . . . . . labels, names of planets 2 . . . . . . . . . light bulbs 2 . . . . . . . . . light sources 8 . . . . . . . . . magnets, ring 8 . . . . . . . . . marbles 8 . . . . . . . . . measuring tapes 1 . . . . . . . . . paper clips, p/100 2 . . . . . . . . . paper, construction, p/50* 8 . . . . . . . . . penlights 8 . . . . . . . . . petri dishes 4 . . . . . . . . . photos, Earth from Moon 4 . . . . . . . . . photos, Moon from Earth 1 . . . . . . . . . poster, Building Science Vocabulary 1 . . . . . . . . . poster, Earth from Space 1 . . . . . . . . . poster, Measurement 1 . . . . . . . . . poster, Moon Map 1 . . . . . . . . . poster, Science Safety 1 . . . . . . . . . poster, Solar System† 16 . . . . . . . . . push pins 9 . . . . . . . . . rings, metal 8 . . . . . . . . . ropes, 2 m 1 . . . . . . . . . string, 75 m 33 . . . . . . . . . Sundial Model Sheets* 1 . . . . . . . . . tape, masking* 1 . . . . . . . . . thread 1 . . . . . . . . . toothpicks, p/250* 9 . . . . . . . . . tubes, cardboard 1 . . . . . . . . . Teacher’s Guide 8 . . . . . . . . . Delta Science Readers TEACHER-PROVIDED ITEMS 10 . . . . . . . . . compasses, drawing – . . . . . . . . . markers 10 . . . . . . . . . paper, scrap* 8 . . . . . . . . . pencils 10 . . . . . . . . . rulers, metric 10 . . . . . . . . . scissors – . . . . . . . . . sheets, to cover windows (optional) 1 . . . . . . . . . watch or clock Quantity Description Quantity Description * = consumable item † = in separate box MATERIALS LIST 9Earth, Moon, and Sun In this Delta Science Module, students investigate the properties of, and the relationships among, the Earth, Moon, and Sun within our solar system. By reproducing the motion of celestial bodies with physical models—including themselves— students explore how our view of the solar system is affected by our earthly perspective. They also see how the bodies interact with one another and influence conditions on Earth. The Sun, because of its sheer size and power, dominates the sky from our perspective on Earth. The Moon, because of its proximity, has a much greater influence on us than do other celestial bodies. ACTIVITIES 1 and 2 Students learn to gather and analyze data on the Sun and Moon through actual observation, as real astronomers do. They watch the length of days change, the phases of the Moon progress, and the positions of the Sun and the Moon shift relative to the horizon. These daily observations keep the students in touch with the real sky throughout the module and help them to develop their skills in data gathering. ACTIVITY 3 Students create two- and three- dimensional models to overcome common misconceptions concerning the size of, and distance between, objects in our solar system. In the study of astronomy, the size and distance of objects is difficult for students to grasp. In this activity, students discover the enormous size of the Sun relative to the planets. ACTIVITY 4 Students expand their solar system model to the playground, where they experience how close Mercury must be to the Sun in order for Pluto even to fall on school grounds. ACTIVITY 5 Students calculate the Moon’s volume relative to Earth’s volume and compare its distance from Earth with that of artificial satellites. Once students have experienced the actual scale of these objects, they can better understand the interactions that influence our experiences on Earth. ACTIVITY 6 Students “return” to the surface of Earth and begin to make the connection between our earthly view of the Sun’s daily motions and how those observations are actually pieces of the larger celestial picture. They rectify a globe, which allows them to see how the Sun is striking any place on Earth at the current moment. ACTIVITY 7 Students set up sundials and track the apparent motion of the Sun across the sky during the course of a day. ACTIVITIES 8 through 11 Students synthesize the two perspectives explored in previous activities—celestial motion and events on Earth. Through questions and modeling, the students learn how common events such as day and night, the phases of the Moon, and the changing of the seasons all can be explained by the positions and motions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. ACTIVITY 12 Students simulate the attractive force of the Moon and learn how it affects Earth and its oceans to create tides. ACTIVITY 13 Students determine the course of two historic voyages using data from simulated ships’ logs. Throughout the module, students model, discover, and apply knowledge of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Through their experiences, they come to appreciate humankind’s most clever applications of knowledge accumulated through centuries of sky-gazing and decades of space exploration. 9 ACTIVITY SUMMARY