Earth Science Lessons for Senior High Grade 11, Study notes of Earth science

Download Earth Science Lessons for Senior High Grade 11 and more Study notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE SCIE101 (Earth Science) 11 STEM || First Semester || 1st Prelim Review subject, keyword, other keypoints, additional infos THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS ● By Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon de Laplace 1. Primordial matter existed in the form of a gaseous mass called a ‘nebula’. 2. This mass started cooling down and in the process lost some of its volume. Because of its reduced size, the rotational speed of the nebula increased. 3. This had a cascading eect as the centrifugal force of its mass also increased. As a result, the mass of the nebula started concentrating along its equator. 4. This mass was, on the other hand, being pulled inwards by a gravitational pull. But, as the centrifugal force increased further, some of the mass from the equator separated from the main nebula in the form of a ring which was also rotating. 5. This ring, when cooled down and condensed, gave rise to planets and sub-planets, as it got broken into many smaller rings. The remaining mass became the Sun. RED SHIFT/DOPPLER EFFECT OR DOPPLER SHIFT ● By Vesto M. Slipher ○ All galaxies are moving away from us ○ The universe is expanding ○ The more distant the galaxies, the faster they move away OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY ● By Paul Steinhardt ○ The universe continues to expand and to collapse which means that the galaxies are moving away from each other ○ And after they reach a certain space or distance, they start to collapse back again ○ The universe has eternally oscillated between expansion and contraction STEADY STATE THEORY ● By Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle ○ The universe is eternal, a never-ending universe that has always been here and always will be. ○ The universe looks, on the whole, the same at all times and places 1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE SCIE101 (Earth Science) 11 STEM || First Semester || 1st Prelim Review subject, keyword, other keypoints, additional infos ○ It was further developed by Hoyle to deal with problems that had arisen in connection with the alternative big-bang theories ○ The universe did not evolve, it always has the same general properties ○ Stars and galaxies might age and die, but new stars and galaxies would be born to take their place and preserve the general properties of universe ○ One of the distinctive features of this theory was caused by the expansion of the universe BIG BANG THEORY ● By Georges Lemaitre ○ the father of the Big Bang Theory ● Currently the most accepted theory on the origin of the universe ● He described that the universe was once extremely compact, dense and very hot. ● A cosmic explosion called the big bang, occurred about 13.7 billion years ago, and the universe has since been expanding and cooling ● The theory is based on the mathematical equations, known as the field equations, of the general theory of relativity set forth in 1915 by Albert Einstein. ● The big bang theory is how astronomers explain the way the universe began. It is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right now and it is still stretching up to now. The BIG BANG THEORY– COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ○ The discovery in 1963 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the cosmic microwave background of the Big Bang set the seal of approval on the theory. It brought cosmology to the forefront as a scientific discipline. It was proof that the universe was born at a definite moment, some 15 billion years ago. GALAXIES - A galaxy is a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction. - A galaxy is a huge mass of stars, nebulae, and inter-stellar material. 2