Earth Science quarter 2- module 11 stratified rocks, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Earth science

Download Earth Science quarter 2- module 11 stratified rocks and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! NOT Earth Science Quarter 2 - Module 11 Stratified Rocks Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 - Module 11: Stratified Rocks First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V Development Team of the Module Author: Ritche Razel M. Celestial, PhD Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan, Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, Arnold Langam, Amelito Bucod Illustrators and Layout Artists: Jessica Bunane Cuňado, Kyla Mae L. Duliano Management Team Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Co-Chairperson: Alicia E. Anghay, Ph.D., CESE Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief Jean S. Macasero, EPS- Science Joel D. Potane, LRMDS Manager Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II Gemma Pajayon, PDO II Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head Cely B. Labadan, School Head Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro Telefax: (08822)855-0048 E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph Earth Science- Grade 11 What This Module is About The major events in Earth’s past has been chronicled based on the study of Earth’s rock layers known as stratigraphy. The geologic history of various regions and of Earth as a whole can be reconstructed based on rock strata. The system of geological time scale also correlates and classifies rock strata in which certain types of fossils are found. Fossils on rock provide paramount means of establishing Earth’s events with the emergence and disappearance of widespread species as recorded. The remnants’ record is also used to outline the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other interval. Stratigraphy as a mother branch of geology helps geologist to determine the sequence of events in a sedimentary basin at its most simple level. Stratigraphic studies goal to study the entire sequence of rock strata to determine the time relationships that are involved elsewhere. Half of the 20th century, the traditional stratigraphic schemes have led to somewhat less confusion of nomenclature, thus, more reliable information on which to base conclusions about Earth’s history. As 21st century learners, this module provides information that tackles concepts related to stratified rocks based on the principles. This module is designed with figures, pictures, varied activities, and tasks to let your learning exciting and Earth’s history driven in relation to rock formation. Moreover, the lessons integrated in this module will let you describe the possible events that occurred in a certain area based on the rock layers found therein. Along this module, there are several standard symbols or icons used as you go about in the completion of this module. Each icon gives instruction to guide you as you continuously endeavour this new normal of learning modality. Together, let us heartily walk through this module as we understand facts, concepts, and be critical thinkers. The following are the lessons contained in this module: 1. Stratified Rock; 2. Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy. What I Need to Know At the end of this module, you should be able to describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed (S11/12ES-IIh-35). I How to Learn from this Module To achieve the objective cited above, you are to do the following: • Take your time reading the lessons carefully. • Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently. • Answer all the given exercises, task, and assessment. Icons of this Module What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that Know are set for you to learn as you go along the module. What I know This is an assessment as to your level of knowledge to the subject matter at hand, meant specifically to gauge prior related knowledge. What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that of the current one. What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through various activities, before it will be presented to you. What Is It These are discussions of the activities as a way to deepen your discovery and under- standing of the concept. What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in- tended for you to practice further in order to master the competencies. What I Have Activities designed to process what you Learned have learned from the lesson. What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show- case your skills and knowledge gained, and applied into real-life concerns and situations. II What I Know Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE: Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Use separate answer sheet of paper. 1. Who studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks? A. Arthur Soo C. Nicholas Steno B. Harry Hess D. Nicholo Steno 2. It is science of a rock strata. A. Geology B. Layering C. Polygraph D. Stratigraphy 3. Rock layers are also named ______. A. layering C. strata B. rock D. all the choices 4. Which of the following are the basic principles that all geologists used in interpreting the age and characteristics of a rock layers? A. Code of ethics C. Law of rocks B. Ethics and principles D. Stratigraphic laws 5. Which of the following principle states that most sediments when deposited will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal layers? A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition 6. Which of the following principle shows the same vertical changes in fossils that are embedded in rocks occurred in different places? A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition 7. Scientists can relate the stratigraphic correlation of rock layers based on location. This principle is known as ______________. A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition 8. Grand Canyon has the oldest rocks that are exposed at the base called Proterozoic-age rocks. This proves the Principle of ______________. A. Original Horizontality C. Faunal Succession B. Lateral Continuity D. Superposition 9. Which of the following places serves as a very good example of the stratification? A. Dahilayan Park C. Grand Canyon B. Grand Canal D. Sumalsag Cave 10. It is any nonliving and naturally formed as aggregate mass of solid matter. A. Crystal C. Sand B. Rock D. Sediments 11. The type of rocks that are formed by the layer of precipitated and deposited suspension. A. Igneous rock C. Sedimentary rock B. Metamorphic rock D. All of these choices III What’s New Before we discuss further, kindly answer the learning activity below. This will also help you recall the different Earth’s geologic processes. There are slow and rapid processes that you can find on the activity. Learning Activity 1: Geo-Process Word Search Directions: Search the word/s that tells about Earth’s Geologic Processes. For your clue, there are twenty (20) processes that you can search. Enjoy and let’s make learning fun! Figure 1: Geo-Process Word Search Did you find all the geologic processes? Refer to the answer key provided for your reference. How’s the activity? Are you now ready to continue with your learning regarding stratified rock? On the succeeding pages, there are discussions of the activities as a way to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept. What Is It Stratified Rocks The learning activity above tells us that Earth has undergone various changes and processes. As you are continuously learning from all the lessons about Earth’s processes, you can further find out that its history has indeed evidences. This will also help you understand why and how the Earth’s surface experience natural occurrences. 2 S O L V E V I C C T S C C C A B Y Y S O L S R S U O N D D E L A N L E P Y U V N V V S D R O C C K R S N O V E M A D O O R A K E T A K E N S S I N G S N N A A M P R D S H N W O R I K D L I M G D D F G O N E S O I L S S I E S A L T E R M O N I G W N P N L A Y E R I N G Z M E G O E L A P S S V I N E M A I S A S O U N D R I F T H T T I R M A G M A T I S M A H A T T E R U P T I O N C B E C I H L E G A K L M I N E R O O Q L F R P W X F R Z G I V N U E G J Q X I X R Y R N S E A F A U L T I N G Q E G P D K R H L A X Z Z V J V S P P E S I R L A N D S L I D E S D S T A T S E T S L D S S S R S N O I T A M R O F K C O R As mentioned earlier, one of the evidence of Earth’s history is the rock formation and stratification. Now, let us know some significant terms to facilitate your understanding on rock stratification. Definition and description of these words were provided for you to explore the lesson. Let’s unlock Terms:  Bedding is also called stratification which describes the sedimentary rocks layering, and sometimes, the layering found in metamorphic rock.  Sedimentary rock is a type of a rock formed by the accumulation of sediments with subsequent cementation of mineral, or organic particles on ocean floor or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.  Strata is also referring to rock layers.  Stratigraphic Laws are basic principles used and applied by geologist to determine the age and characteristics of a rock layers.  Stratigraphy is the study of a rock strata or layers. A Danish scientist named Nicholas Steno, studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks. Further, Steno made mention that solid particles settle according to their relative weight and size. First to settle is the largest and heaviest one while the smallest and lightest are last to deposit. He said that layering is the most evident feature of sedimentary rocks. Particle size and composition of the materials contributed much to the layering. The scientific discipline concerned with the description of rock successions and their interpretation in terms of a general time scale is called stratigraphy. This discipline provides a basis for historical geology and found application such as petroleum and archaeology. Moreover, through the use of stratigraphic concept and data, the process of locating reservoir traps has been done significantly. . What’s More In order for you to develop mastery of the competency of this lesson, accomplish this required task. Developing Mastery 1: KIM Chart: Stratified Rocks What to Do? 1. Identify the Key words/ideas or concepts that you have learned so far related to stratified rocks. Identify as many as you can. 2. Give Information such as a definition or description that matches the key idea. 3. Draw/illustrate/cut-out pictures for the visual representation of the concept as for the Memory Clue. 4. Use the table below to show your KIM Chart. A sample is given below. Use separate sheet of paper. Key word/idea or concept Information Memory Clue Example: strata rocks layering 3 What Is It A rock strata is composed of preserved and fossilized species. This understanding helps the scientists to piece together the evolutionary history of a group of organisms and Earth’s history as a whole. The Grand Canyon in Arizona is the good example of rock stratification. This place is a natural formation distinguished by layered bands of red rock that reveals millions of years of geological history in a cross-section. A simple figure below shows how Grand Canyon shows rock layering. Figure 2: Grand Canyon at Arizona Source: Grand Canyon National Park: Mather Point Pano 03." Flickr at https://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/7553734530. What’s More Developing Mastery 2: My Geologic History Contribution Materials Needed: pencil, bond papers, and any coloring materials What to Do?  Imagine yourself as a geologist who is observing rock layers in an area or place.  Construct a simple geologic history of that area or place by illustrating your own rock strata. You will consider the simple sequence in which the oldest part is at the bottom while the youngest is found at the top. Use different colors and shapes to represent the fossilized species in every sequence and location.  Write a brief but concise description of your own stratified rock geologic history contribution. 4 Lesson Fundamental Principles of 2 Stratigraphy What’s In Is there a specific order of the layers of rocks? Actually, there is no specific answer to this because rocks change over time. But, as the principle of stratigraphy explains that the bottom layer of rocks is the oldest and the top pile is considered youngest. Besides, the strata may range from thin sheets that cover many square kilometers to thick that extend only a few meters laterally. During deposition, the stratification in sedimentary rocks may result changes in texture or composition. The order of rock layering may appear as alternations of coarse and fine particles. Color changes resulting from differences in mineral composition or merely as layers of same feature separated by distinct planes of parting. In 17th century, Nicolaus Steno, a Danish scientist and theologian, presented the organic origin known as fossils. This was the time when the guiding principles of paleontology and historical geology began to worked on by few individuals. Besides, the major objective of this work is to establish the history of Earth from its origin to the present. In geologic history, the geometric relationships of rocks with respect to each other, such as layered rocks or strata, the relative ages of which may be determined by simple principles application. What I Need to Know Module 11 Lesson 2 discusses the four fundamental principles of stratigraphy. Figures of these principles are provided to help you understand the importance and application of Stratigraphic Laws. Stratification is the process by which layers of soil and debris are laid down on top of one another over time can be related to making ‘mango float’. First, you place down the first layer of crust (biscuits), then sliced ripe mango on top of that, then whipped cream, then another layered of crust, and so on. There is no way for you to put the bottom layer of crust on before you add the cream on, and still maintain the same sequence of these different layers. The delivery of this module is also explorative because the discussion of the concepts are accompanied with figurative presentation. Again, follow the icons as to complete this module. The icons will guide you according to paces to make your learning more specific and explorative. 7 What’s New Now, do learning activity 3 before going further with the discussion. Don’t forget to follow the instruction given to you before doing the activity. Learning Activity 3: Multiple Causes and One Effect Diagram Directions: This activity is a modified way of identifying causes and effect using the multiple causes and one effect diagram. The effect is given already, just give the possible causes why and how stratification of rocks take place. Have your own diagram on a sheet of paper and do the rest. Causes Effect What Is It How’s your learning activity 3? Did you able to identify possible causes of stratification of rocks? Now, let’s continue with this module to deepen your learning. This time, you will be provided with the information on how the layers of rocks are formed or stratified. Illustrative data is also given to comprehend the four fundamental principles of stratigraphy. About 17th to 19th centuries, based upon the work of Nicholas Steno, James Hutton, and William Smith, stratigraphy laws was developed. Note that these principles are the foundation of more comprehensive history of Earth when we talk about stratified rocks. We will discuss one by one the principles of stratification on the next part of this module. 8 Stratification of Rocks Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy 1. The Principle of Original Horizontality. This law states that most sediments when deposited will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity. Figure 4: The Principle of Original Horizontality 2. The Principle of Lateral Continuity. This principle states that layer of sediment initially extend laterally sideways in the same order. There are similar rocks but separated by a valley or other erosional feature, still, they can be assumed to be originally continuous. In the same manner scientist can correlate layers at one location to another. Figure 5: The Principle of Lateral Continuity 9 What I Have Learned To process what you have learned from Lesson 2 of this module, answer the following questions briefly and concisely on separate sheet of paper. The same rubric for essay will be used. Q1. How did geologists determine the sequence of stratified rocks? Q2. Explain the importance of fundamental principles of stratigraphy. Q3. What happens to the rock stratification hence the Earth is constantly in motion? What I Can Do This part of the module is designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, and applied into real-life concerns and situation. To do this, a performance task entitled Dynoactivity is assigned to you. You can do the task at home and present your output to your teacher. Lesson 2: Performance Task 2: Dynoactivity: A 3D Model of a Rock Stratification Materials Needed:  The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle (Figure 3, next page)  Pair of scissors  Paste  Any available or indigenous material for your 3D, such as small boxes, wrappers, and the like. KEY POINTS: Sediments such as sand and silt were laid down and compressed to form sedimentary rock layers for over million years. Records of ancient landscapes, climates, and organisms were preserved. The correct sequence of sedimentary rock layers using the fossils found within them was oftentimes determined by scientists. They figure out and compare if two layers are from the same geologic time period or not. Procedure: 1. Photocopy The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle found on the next page of this activity and cut it out into five strips of paper. The strips represent sedimentary rock layers formed during certain periods. 2. Arrange them into correct sequence according to the Principle of Faunal Succession. The letters from the puzzle represents each period of succession. 3. With the use of any available indigenous materials, make your 3D model of the said principle. Rubric is provided to guide you and serves as rating criteria. 4. Present your best performance output and be rated by your teacher using the rubric as shown on the proceeding page. To process this activity, answer the questions presented below as your learning reflection. 12 Learning Insight: In your own point of view, what happens to the succeeding animals based on the sedimentary layers puzzle? Which period (A, B, C, D, and E) of time went extinct first? How about the last to exist? 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SY sunvsouaa Cae SAivHS OANID Figure 9: The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle 13 Rubric 2: 3d Model Criteria 4 Exemplary 3 Accomplished 2 Developing 1 Beginning Organization & Presentation Extremely well organized structure and presentation of concept is compelling and flows smoothly Organized structure and presentation of concept flows smoothly Not so organized structure and presentation of concept Poorly organized structure and presentation of concept Content & Ideas Thorough and insightful understanding of content and ideas Complete understanding of content and ideas Shows some understanding of content and ideas Shows incomplete understanding of material Output & Visual Appeal Contributed and showed exceptional effort beyond expectations with imaginative and original Contributed and showed great effort to meet the expectation and creativity is acceptable Contributed and showed fair effort to meet the expectation and little creativity used Contributed little effort to meet the desirable expectation and no originality. Summary 1. The geologic history of various regions and of Earth can be reconstructed based on rock strata. 2. The geological time scale correlates and classifies rock strata in which certain types of fossils are found on Earth’s surface. 3. Geologists can tell the relative ages of the rock layers through the process of correlation. 4. Stratigraphy is a branch of geology that determines the sequence of events in a sedimentary basin at its most simple level. 5. Rock layering or bedding is composed of fossilized species which settled as sediments with subsequent cementation of mineral, or organic particles on ocean floor or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface. 6. Nicholas Steno is a Danish scientist who studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks. 7. The Principle of Original Horizontality states that most sediments when deposited will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity. 8. The Principle of Lateral Continuity states that layer of sediment initially extend laterally sideways in the same order. 9. The Principle of Superposition states that in any uninterrupted structure of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom. 10. The Principle of Faunal Succession illustrates the assemblages of fossilized species that are embedded in rocks occurred in different places through time. 14 References Accessed May 29, 2020. https://faculty.uml.edu/nelson_eby/87.201/Instructor%20pdfs/Sedimentary%20Rocks%20Cl ass.pdf. DepEd Cagayan de Oro City Division. "Senior High School - Google Drive." Bitly | Custom URL Shortener, Link Management & Branded Links. Accessed May 29, 2020. https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb. Enclopedia Britannica. "Stratigraphy." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed July 8, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/stratigraphy-geology. Geology.com. "What is Geology? - What Does a Geologist Do? - Geology.com." Google. Last modified 2020. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mprSJmdiR34J:https://geology.c om/articles/what-is-geology.shtml+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph. "Grand Canyon National Park: Mather Point Pano 03." Flickr. Accessed July 8, 2020. https://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/7553734530. "Image Result for Geological Stratification Diagrams | Salt Wash, Mancos, Geology." Pinterest. Last modified April 7, 2011. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/328833210278929692/. "Laws of Stratigraphy." Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare. Last modified November 18, 2014. https://www.slideshare.net/alaydesai28/laws-of-stratigraphy. "Law of Superposition." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-superposition. Misachi, John. "Where Is the Grand Canyon?" World Atlas. Last modified August 1, 2017. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-is-the-grand-canyon.html. "Principles of Geology." Time Scavengers. Last modified July 16, 2017. https://timescavengers.blog/introductory-material/geologic-time/principles-of-geology/. "Principles of Stratigraphy." Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://pt.slideshare.net/wwlittle/principles-of-stratigraphy/13. "Sequencing Rock Layers - Quiz." Quizzes: Free Quizzes for Every Student. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5cd99888abe020001b5fbc10/sequencing- rock-layers. "Solve Sedimentary Layers Puzzle for Grade Schoolers | AMNH." American Museum of Natural History. Accessed May 29, 2020. https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum- collections/dinosaurs-activities-and-lesson-plans/sedimentary-layers-puzzle. 18 "Stratigraphic Laws." Accessed June 5, 2020. https://4.files.edl.io/a8cf/01/17/20/200226- 0241217d-a4e5-46ca-894a-57838ed04c96.pdf. "Stratigraphy Worksheet." Accessed May 29, 2020. https://4.files.edl.io/a8cf/01/17/20/200226-0241217d-a4e5-46ca-894a-57838ed04c96.pdf. The editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Stratification." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed May 29, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/stratification-geology. 19 For inquiries and feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro Telefax: ((08822)855-0048 E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph