earth science senior high school reviewer, Lecture notes of Earth science

Download earth science senior high school reviewer and more Lecture notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! EARTH SCIENCE LESSON#1:ANCIENT & MODERN ASTRONOMY  Earth is 4.6 billion years old  Universe is 13.8 billion years old ASTRONOMY  IT DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF CELESTIAL BODY OR OBJECTS (SUCH AS STARS, GALAXIES, PLANETS, MOONS, ASTEROID, AND COMETS), THE PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND EVOLUTION OF SUCH OBJECTS, PHENOMENA THAT ORIGINATE OUTSIDE THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARTH ANCIENT ASTRONOMY  GREEK USED BASIC GEOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRY TO MEASURE THE SIZE & DISTANCE OF THE LARGEST APPEARING BODIES IN HEAVENS, THE SUN & MOON.  PHILOSOPHERS o THALES - THE EARTH FLOATS ON WATER. - SOLSTICE AND EQUINOX, ECLIPSES, SUN AND MOON DIAMETER. - HIS AREAS OF INTEREST INCLUDED GEOMETRY AND ASTRONOMY. - HE SAID THAT THE EARTH FLOATS ON WATER o PLATO - KNOWN FOR POLTICAL AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BUT ALSO MADE CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTRONOMY. - MOST NOTED FOR HIS BELIEF IN THE PERFECT AND UNCHANGING NATURE OF THE HEAVENS. - HEAD OF THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS & ARISTOTLE’S TEACHER o ARISTOTLE o LYCEUM IN ATHENS o MATH WAS HIS WEAKNESS BUT CONTRIBUTED TO THE AREA OF PHILOSOPHY o DID NOT BELIEVE THAT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE WAS NECESSARY TO PROVE IDEAS o FIRST TO ATTEMPT TO CREATE A SCIENTIFIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE “GEOCENTRIC MODEL” (EARTH CENTER OF ALL CELESTIAL OBJECTS) o ANAXAGORAS - STATED THAT THE MOON IS SPHERE-SHAPE THUS, IT SHINES BY ONLY HALF REFLECTED SUNLIGHT AT ONE TIME. - PHASES OF MOON AND ECLIPSES. - SUN IS A BIG HOT ROCK o EUCLID - THE BOOK “ELEMENTS” IS POSSIBLE THE MOST PFAMOUS AND LONG LASTING MATH TEXT BOOKS IN HISTORY. - PHAENOMENA[INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL ASTRONOMY} - FATHER OF GEOMETRY - HE USED MATHEMATICS TO STUDY ASTRONOMY o ARISTARCHUS - HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE{SUN CENTER OF ALL PLANETS AND CELESTIAL OBJECTS} o ERATOSTHENES - LIBRARIAN AT THE GREAT LIBRARY OF ALEXANDIRA IN EGYPT - DEVELOPED A CALENDAR WITH A LEAP YEAR - MEASURED THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH AND ACHIEVED AN ACCURACY OF ABOUT 90% OF THE ACTUAL NUMBER o HIPPARCHUS - HE REALIZED THAT MORE DATA MEANT MORE CERTAINTY IN THE IDEA OR MODEL - HE IS ABLE TO PLACE A RANGE ON THE DISTANCE TO THE MOON o PTOLEMY - GREAT PROPONENT OF THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL - ADMIRER OF HIPPARCHUS - HE SAW THAT THERE WERE PROBLEMS WITH ARISTOTLE’S SIMPLISTIC IDEA OF A GEOCENTRIC MODEL HELIOCENTRIC VS GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM o GEOCENTRIC EVIDENCE - EVERYTHING APPEARS TO REVOLVE AROUND THE EARTH EACH DAY( DIURNAL MOTION) - THERE IS NO OBSERVABLE PARALLAX OF THE STARS, PLANETS, MOON, OR SUN - THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS AND HEAVENS ARE PERFECT CIRCLES. o HELIOCENTRIC EVIDENCE - THE CHANGING BRIGHTNESS OF THE PLANETS IS EXPLAINED BY THE EARTH GETTING CLOSER AND FARTHER FROM THE PLANETS DURING OUR ORBIT OF THE SUN - OUR PASSING PLANETS EXPLAIN THE RETROGRADE MOTION OF THE OUTER PLANETS.  THE ANCIENTS FAVORED THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL BECAUSE IT SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE TO BELIEVEE THAT THE EARTH WAS MOVING. MODERN ASTRONOMY o NICOLAUS COPERNICUS - PROPOSED A HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM - ALSO TURNS ONCE DAILY ON ITS OWN AXIS AND THAT VERY SLOW CHANGES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE AXIS ACCOUNT FOR THE PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES - EQUINOX(EQUAL DAY & EQUAL NIGHT)  7 POSTULATES OF COPERNICUS SOLAR SYSTEM MODEL 1. THERE IS NO ONE CENTER OF THE ORBITS OF ALL THE PLANETS. 2. ONLY THE MOON GOES AROUND THE EARTH. 3. ALL THE PLANETS, INCLUDING THE EARTH, GO AROUND THE SUN. 4. THE STARS ARE IMMEASURABLY FAR AWAY. 5. THE STARS DON’T MOVE- THEY ONLY APPEAR TO MOVE BECAUSE THE o FISSION THEORY - PROPOSED BY GEORGE DARWIN - THE SUN BURST OPEN AND PLANETS AND MOONS SHOT OUT A HIGH SPEEDS AND WENT TO THEIR RESPECTIVE PLACES, THEN STOPPED, AND STARTED ORBITING THE SUN AS THE MOON BEGAN ORBITING THE PLANETS. - THE FISSION THEORY SAYS THAT OUR SUN BURST ONE DAY, AND ALL OUR PLANRTS CAME FROM IT. THEN THE MOON SHOT OUT FROM EACH PLANET, STOPPED, TURNEC SIDEWAYS AND BEGAN CIRCLING THE PLANETS THEY CAME OUT OF. OUR MOON IS SAID TO HAVE EMERGED FROM AN EXPLOSION IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. o CAPTURE THEORY - PLANETS AND MOONS WERE FLYING AROUND, AND SOM WERE CAPTURED BY OUR SUN AND BEGAN CIRCLING. o ACCRETION THEORY - A PILE OF SPACE DUST AND ROCK CHUNKS PUSHED TOGETHER INTO OUR PLANET, AND ANOTHER PILE PUSHED ITSELF INTO OUR MOON. THEN THE MOON GOT CLOSE ENOUGH AND BEGAN ENCIRCLING THE EARTH. o PLANEARY COLLISION THEORY - OUR WORLD COLLIDED WITH SMALL PLANET, AND THE EXPLOSION THREW OFF ROCKS WHICH BECAME THE MOON, AND THEN IT BEGAN ORBITING US. o STELLAR COLLISION THEORY - OUR PLANETS, MOONS, AND SUNS SOINS OFF FROM THE COLLISION BETWEEN STARS. o GAS CLOUD THEORY - GAS CLOUDS WERE CAPTURED BY OUR SUN BUT INSTEAD OF BEING DRAWN INTO IT, THEY BEGAN WHIRLING AND PUSHING THEMSELVES INTO PLANETS AND MOONS. LESSON#3: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE o UNIVERSE - DESCRIBED AS AN ENORMOUS EMPTY SPACE THAT HOLDS SMALL PARTICLE TO THE BIGGEST GALAXY.  INVISIBLE BODIES - FORCES - ANYTHING THAT DO NOT EMIT LIGHT(GRAVITY, SPACE, MATTER, TIME, ENERGY)  VISIBLE BODIES - ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS, ASTRONOMICAL BODIES, CELESTIAL BODIES o COSMOLOGY - IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE LARGE SCALE PROPERTIES OF THE UNIVERSE AS A WHOLE. BIG BANG THEORY - ALL MATTERS WERE COMPACTED INTO A VERY SMALL BALL WITH INFINITE DENSITY AND INTENSE HEAT KNOWN AS SINGULARITY. - EXPANSION - SMALLEST PATICLE(ALL COMPACTED INSIDE THIS PARTICLE) - SINGULARITY o GEORGE LEMAITRE - FATHER OF BIG BANG THEORY - PRIEST - HYPOTHESIS OF THE PRIMEVAL ATOM OR THE COSMIC EGG o GEORGE GAMOW - WORKED ON RADIOACTIVE DECAY AFFECTING THE NUCLEUS OF ATOMS, ON STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND STAR FORMATION - DISCOVERED A THEORETICAL EXPLANATION CONCERNING ALPHA DECAY BY WAY OF QUANTUM TUNNELING o EDWIN HUBBLE - DISCOVERED COUNTLESS GALAXIES BEYOND OUR OWN MILKY WAY GALAXY (HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE)