Educational Psychology and Human Development of Children and Adolescents - D167 questions, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Educational Psychology and Human Development of Children and Adolescents - D167 questions and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Educational Psychology and Human Development of Children and Adolescents - D167 questions with solutions Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ANSWER: Who's Stages: preconventional, conventional, postconventional Postconventional - ANSWER: social contract and universal ethical principle conventional - ANSWER: good boy + good girl and law + order premoral stage - ANSWER: obedience vs punishment and individualism Skinner - ANSWER: behaviorism, operant conditioning Vygotsky - ANSWER: Social Development Theory Scaffolding - ANSWER: the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth egocentric speech - ANSWER: "private speech" - children use it to communicate socially and to self- regulate and guide themselves step-by-step Chomsky - ANSWER: language acquisition device Piaget believed - ANSWER: infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. They cannot yet carry out many activities inside their heads Piaget's stages of cognitive development - ANSWER: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational Stages of First Language Acquisition - ANSWER: 1. The Babbling Stage 2. The Holophrastic Stage 3. The Two-Word Stage 4. The Telegraph to Infinity Stage holophrastic period - ANSWER: the period when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time telegraphic stage - ANSWER: early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words sensorimotor stage - ANSWER: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities preoperational stage - ANSWER: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic concrete operational stage - ANSWER: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage - ANSWER: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Schema - ANSWER: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world Autism - ANSWER: trouble with: language, social skills, sensory processing, need routine, passionate interest pragmatic communication disorder - ANSWER: affects use of language expressive language disorder - ANSWER: Disorder: difficulty formulating ideas and information receptive language disorder - ANSWER: Disorder: difficulty understanding language (meaning) Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder - ANSWER: A communication disorder in which the individual has difficulty understanding and expressing certain kinds of words or phrases, such as directions, or, in more severe forms, basic vocabulary or entire sentences. Gardner - ANSWER: Who's theory of multiple intelligences (not just book smart) Spearman - ANSWER: Who's theory: general intelligence (one) general intelligence - ANSWER: according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test Thurnstone - ANSWER: Who's theory 7 factors of intelligence word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory 7 stones, relative similar evidence: breakdown seem intuitive (ex. can have good inductive skills without verbal comprehension) problems: why do scores vary together statistically, limited in what it considers intelligence Sternberg - ANSWER: Who's theory: triarchic theory of intelligence (3 independent intelligences) operant conditioning - ANSWER: Learning based on the consequences of responding. classical conditioning - ANSWER: a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (carrot w/ Guiana pig) negative punishment - ANSWER: insurance company charges you more when you get into accidents this is considered _____ _____ positive reinforcement - ANSWER: when you drive safe youll get a discount, this is considered ______ ________ learned - ANSWER: conditioned means natural - ANSWER: unconditioned means thinking about thinking - ANSWER: Metacognition self-efficacy - ANSWER: One's belief in his or her own ability. sensory memory - ANSWER: A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. long-term memory - ANSWER: the relatively permanent storage of information Humanistic Theory - ANSWER: Which theory focused on our inner capacities for growth and self- fulfillment (hierarchy of needs) Humanism - ANSWER: A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity (people are good, people have free will) intrinsic motivation - ANSWER: a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake (things that make you happy internal) extrinsic motivation - ANSWER: a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment (money, approval, reward, obligations) cooperative - ANSWER: focus on product more than the process, students with mixed abilities work together in structured activity, instruction is teacher led, gives students many paths to meaningful engagement through group work collaborative - ANSWER: focus on process more than product, similar ability students grouped together in groups, instruction is student led Project Based Learning - ANSWER: PBL Constructivism - ANSWER: A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences Constructivism - ANSWER: in the classroom, encouraging students to use active techniques to create more knowledge Inquiry-based learning - ANSWER: Involvement in the learning process leads to deeper understanding. Allow students to have choices in how they learn (accommodating multiple intelligence) and what they relate new information with (constructivism). Can learn how to learn. objectives - ANSWER: specific, measurable, short-term expectations (what the student is learning) Learning Outcomes - ANSWER: what the student should be able to achieve (produce) Industry versus inferiority - ANSWER: Kamal proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today because he was the only student to spell all the words correctly. Which of Erikson's stages does this suggest that Kamal is currently passing? Industry vs. Inferiority - ANSWER: Which stage .. children may begin to work hard at school, in activities, and at home, but can easily feel inferior to peers. Bandura - ANSWER: Who posited three kinds of models: live (with a live demonstration or model), verbal (in which the action or behavior is described), and symbolic (in which a behavior is modeled through characters in media). law and order orientation - ANSWER: Which stage of moral development? A fifth-grade class is discussing school rules. Several students insist that even if rules seem pointless, students need to follow them because if everyone broke the rules, chaos would result. Chomsky - ANSWER: Who's theory holds that children learn to use language because of an innate capacity for language and communication; they do not need to be explicitly taught but, rather, pick it up instinctively. Skinner - ANSWER: Which theorist? Language learning occurs when you receive a positive response to communication, increasing your motivation to try again. Chomsky - ANSWER: Which theorist? Children are born with a language acquisition device or the innate ability to learn language. Vygotsky - ANSWER: Which theorist? Language learning happens in the context of culture and social interaction, with scaffolding helping you develop language skills. babble - ANSWER: Infants begin to__________ at 4-6 months of age and produce more complex, word- like sounds at 6-9 months of age. holophrastic period - ANSWER: Which stage? Infants may attempt first words, which may or may not sound like the adult pronunciation. (single word) Accelerated growth - ANSWER: Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the adolescence physical development stage? preoperational stage - ANSWER: Students in the what stage become very skilled at pretend play, though they continue to think very concretely about their environment. conventional - ANSWER: A third-grade student wants his classmates to think he is "nice," so he always obeys the classroom rules. According to Kohlberg, this student's sense of morality is at the _________ level speech and language difficulties - ANSWER: Students with __________ difficulties may have difficulty producing speech, recalling words, and carrying on conversation. Social Difficulties - ANSWER: Students with _______ difficulties may experience challenges in relationships with peers and in conducting age-appropriate conversations. learning difficulties - ANSWER: Students with _____________ difficulties may not begin classroom work. They may feel discouraged and not begin work if they believe they will be unable to finish successfully. True - ANSWER: TRUE or FALSE - According to Skinner's operant conditioning model, both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of the desired behavior appearing again in the future. social interaction - ANSWER: The theory of constructivism postulates that people learn best with the help of ___________ ____________. Behavioral Learning Theory - ANSWER: ______________ learning theory emphasizes direct instruction and practicing (drilling) skills or information to be learned. Remembering - ANSWER: A teacher asks students, "Who was the first person to walk on the moon?" Which level of Bloom's Revised Taxonomy is the teacher asking students to use? Norm-referenced assessment - ANSWER: ___________________ assessment measures only the relative performance of individuals within a class, not the progress of the entire class as a whole. If the teacher wanted to measure the performance of an entire class of students, a better choice would be a teacher- created criterion-referenced assessment. False - ANSWER: TRUE or FALSE - Ms. Phan teaches first grade. At the beginning of mathematics, she gives each student a pencil and piece of paper. She then projects a multistep subtraction problem for all of the students to solve on their piece of paper while working quietly. This is an effective strategy for this first-grade class. written, multiple choice, true/false - ANSWER: examples of WRA Piaget's Stage of Cognitive Development - ANSWER: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Erikson's Theory - ANSWER: 1.trust vs mistrust 2.autonomy vs shame and doubt 3.initiative vs guilt 4.industry vs inferiority 5.identity vs role confusion 6.intimacy vs isolation 7.generativity vs stagnation 8.integrity vs despair Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ANSWER: Who's Stages?preconventional, conventional, postconventional telegraphic speech - ANSWER: speech stage with mostly nouns and verbs "go car"