Materials Science and Engineering: Crystalline Structures, Alloys, and Semiconductors, Exercises of Thermodynamics

Download Materials Science and Engineering: Crystalline Structures, Alloys, and Semiconductors and more Exercises Thermodynamics in PDF only on Docsity! Allotropic –the existence of two or more crystalline or molecular structural forms of an element that have different chemical or physical attributes. Alloy – a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion. Amorphous structure – is a term used to describe a solid which does not exhibit crystalline structure. Anisotropic – having a physical property that has a different value when measured in different directions. ASTM grain-size number – is related with the number of grains that you can count in 100X magnification (N) by the relation, N=2^(n-1). Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. Atomic radius – is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surroundings Body-centered cubic – is a type of crystal structure in metals. This structure can be seen as a gathering of cubes with atoms at the edges and an atom in the center of every cube. Brittle fracture – fracture of a metal or other material occurring without appreciable prior plastic deformation. Close-packed planes – at the bottom and top of unit cell is separated by 3 atoms in the cell center, which are also part of a closed packed plane. Cold work – refers to the process of strengthening a metal by changing its shape without the use of heat. Covalent bond – also called a molecular bond, it is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Cross slip – Is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. Crystal structure – it is composed of a unit cell, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way. Dislocation – disturbance from a proper, original or usual place or state. Ductile fracture – is a type of fracture characterized by extensive deformation of plastic or “necking”. Electrical conductivity - is the measure of a materials ability to allow the transport of an electric charge. Extrinsic semiconductor –is a semiconductor doped by a specific impurity which is able to deeply modify its electrical properties, making it suitable for electronic applications (diodes, transistors, etc). Face-centered cubic –refers to a crystal structure consisting of an atom at each cube corner and an atom in the center of each cube face. Grain – in metallurgy, any of the crystallites of varying, randomly distributed, small sizes that compose a solid metal. Grain boundary is the interference between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline. Grain growth – is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. Grain size – is the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks. Hexagonal close-packed – refers to layers of spheres packed so that spheres in alternating layers overlie one another. Hot work – is defined as cutting and welding operations for construction/demolition activities that involve the use of portable gas or arc welding equipment, or involve soldering, grinding, or any other similar activities producing a spark, flame or heat. Intermetallic compound – is a type of metallic alloy that forms a solid- state compound exhibiting defined stoichiometry and ordered crystal structure. Interstitial - is a page that is inserted in the normal flow of editorial content structure. Intrinsic semiconductor – also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. Ion – an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Ionic bond – is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. Isotropic – having a physical property which has the same value when measured in different directions. Lattice – a structure consisting of strips of wood or metal crossed and fastened together with square or diamond-shaped spaces left between, used as a screen or fence or as a support for climbing plants.