Electronic Components: Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Transistors, and Integrated Circuits, Slides of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Download Electronic Components: Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Transistors, and Integrated Circuits and more Slides Electrical and Electronics Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS BJTE3033 ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING Objectives •To introduce common electronic components used in industries •To distinguish the characteristic differences among components 2 Type of Fixed Resistors a. Wire-Wound Resistors b. Carbon-Composition Resistors c. Film-Type Resistors d. Surface-Mount Resistors e. Fusible Resistors f. Thermistors 5 Resistor s Chapter 7 Types of Fixed Resistors 6 Wire-Wound Resistors Carbon-Composition Resistor Film-Type Resistors Surface-Mount Resistors Thermistor Resistor s Chapter 7 Resistors Color Coding 7 Digit Color 0 Black 1 Brown 2 Red 3 Orange 4 Yellow 5 Green 6 Blue 7 Violet 8 Grey 9 White Tolerance Color 5% Gold 10% Silver 20% No color band Resistor s Chapter 7 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/tools /resistor-color-code-calculator/ • Another common coding system is E96, and it’s the most cryptic of the bunch. E96 resistors will be marked with three characters – two numbers at the beginning and a letter at the end. The two numbers tell you the first three digits of the value, by corresponding to one of the not-so-obvious values on this lookup table. Code Valu e Code Valu e Code Valu e Code Valu e Code Valu e Code Value 01 100 17 147 33 215 49 316 65 464 81 681 02 102 18 150 34 221 50 324 66 475 82 698 03 105 19 154 35 226 51 332 67 487 83 715 04 107 20 158 36 232 52 340 68 499 84 732 05 110 21 162 37 237 53 348 69 511 85 750 06 113 22 165 38 243 54 357 70 523 86 768 07 115 23 169 39 249 55 365 71 536 87 787 08 118 24 174 40 255 56 374 72 549 88 806 09 121 25 178 41 261 57 383 73 562 89 825 10 124 26 182 42 267 58 392 74 576 90 845 11 127 27 187 43 274 59 402 75 590 91 866 12 130 28 191 44 280 60 412 76 604 92 887 13 133 29 196 45 287 61 422 77 619 93 909 14 137 30 200 46 294 62 432 78 634 94 931 15 140 31 205 47 301 63 442 79 649 95 953 16 143 32 210 48 309 64 453 80 665 96 976 etter Multiplier Letter Multiplier Letter Multiplier Z 0.001 A 1 D 1000 Y or R 0.01 B or H 10 E 10000 X or S 0.1 C 100 F 100000 VARIABLE RESISTOR • A variable resistor is a resistor of which the electric resistance value can be adjusted. • When a variable resistor is used as a potential divider by using 3 terminals it is called a potentiometer. When only two terminals are used, it functions as a variable resistance and is called a rheostat . DIGITAL VARIABLE RESISTOR • A digital variable resistor is a type of variable resistor where the change of resistance is not performed by mechanical movement but by electronic signals. They can change resistance in discrete steps and are often controlled by digital protocols such as I2C or by simple up/down signals. APPLICATIONS FOR VARIABLE RESISTORS • Audio control • Television • Motion control • Transducers • Computation • Home Electrical Appliances • Oscillators Type of Variable Resistors a. Tapered Controls b. Decade Resistance Box c. Rheostats d. Potentiometer s 17 Resistor s Chapter 7 In Parallel 20 Resistor s Chapter 7 Voltage Divider 21 Resistor s Chapter 7 Power Rating of Resistors • The power rating of a resistor is a physical property that depends on the resistor construction, especially physical size. • Larger physical size indicates a higher power rating. • Higher-wattage resistors can operate at higher temperatures. • Wire-wound resistors are physically larger with higher wattage ratings than carbon resistors. 22 Chapter 7 Resistor s OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE (CONT’D) • When you connect a capacitor to a battery, here’s what happens: • The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery accepts electrons that the battery is producing. • The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery loses electrons to the battery. 25 Capacito rs Chapter 7 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE (CONT’D) • Once it's charged, the capacitor has the same voltage as the battery (1.5 volts on the battery means 1.5 volts on the capacitor). • For a small capacitor, the capacity is small. But large capacitors can hold quite a bit of charge. • You can find capacitors as big as soda cans, for example, that hold enough charge to light a flashlight bulb for a minute or more. • When you see lightning in the sky, what you are seeing is a huge capacitor where one plate is the cloud and the other plate is the ground, and the lightning is the charge releasing between these two “plates”. • Obviously, in a capacitor that large, you can hold a huge amount of charge! 26 Capacito rs Chapter 7 TYPICAL CAPACITORS • Commercial capacitors are generally classified according to the dielectric – mica, paper, plastic film, and ceramic, plus the electrolytic type. • Except for electrolytic capacitors, capacitors can be connected to a circuit without regard to polarity, since either side can be more positive plate. 27 Capacito rs Chapter 7 AXIAL LEAD TYPE CERAMIC CAPACITORS • Ceramic Capacitors or Disc Capacitors as they are generally called, are made by coating two sides of a small porcelain or ceramic disc with silver and are then stacked together to make a capacitor. For very low capacitance values a single ceramic disc of about 3- 6mm is used. Ceramic capacitors have a high dielectric constant (High-K) and are available so that relatively high capacitance’s can be obtained in a small physical size. • Ceramic types of capacitors generally have a 3- digit code printed onto their body to identify their capacitance value in pico-farads. Generally the first two digits indicate the capacitors value and the third digit indicates the number of zero’s to be added. • For example, a ceramic disc capacitor with the markings 103 would indicate 10 and 3 zero’s in pico-farads which is equivalent to 10,000 pF or 10nF. • So on the image of the ceramic capacitor above the numbers 154 indicate 15 and 4 zero’s in pico-farads which is equivalent to 150,000 pF or 150nF or 0.15uF. Letter codes are sometimes used to indicate their tolerance value such as: J = 5%, K = 10% or M = 20% etc. TANTALUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS • Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors and Tantalum Beads, are available in both wet (foil) and dry (solid) electrolytic types with the dry or solid tantalum being the most common. Solid tantalum capacitors use manganese dioxide as their second terminal and are physically smaller than the equivalent aluminium capacitors. • The dielectric properties of tantalum oxide is also much better than those of aluminium oxide giving a lower leakage currents and better capacitance stability which makes them suitable for use in blocking, by-passing, decoupling, filtering and timing applications. Electrolytic are widely used capacitors due to their low cost and small size but there are three easy ways to destroy an electrolytic capacitor: •Over-voltage –  excessive voltage will cause current to leak through the dielectric resulting in a short circuit condition. •Reversed Polarity –  reverse voltage will cause self-destruction of the oxide layer and failure. •Over Temperature –  excessive heat dries out the electrolytic and shortens the life of an electrolytic capacitor. TYPES OF CAPACITORS 1. Mica Capacitors 2. Paper Capacitors 3. Film Capacitors 4. Ceramic Capacitors 5. Surface-Mount Capacitors 6. Variable Capacitors 37 Capacito rs Chapter 7 In Series 40 Chapter 7 NEQ CCCC 1 .......... 111 21  Capacitance Units • The unit of capacitance is a farad. • A 1-farad capacitor can store one coulomb (coo- lomb) of charge at 1 volt. A coulomb is 6.25e18 (6.25 x 1018, or 6.25 billion billion) electrons. • One amp represents a rate of electron flow of 1 coulomb of electrons per second, so a 1-farad capacitor can hold 1 amp-second of electrons at 1 volt. • A 1-farad capacitor would typically be pretty big. It might be as big as a can of tuna or a 1-liter soda bottle, depending on the voltage it can handle. • So you typically see capacitors measured in microfarads (millionths of a farad). 41 Capacito rs Chapter 7 Capacitance Units (Cont’d) • To get some perspective on how big a farad is, think about this: • A typical alkaline AA battery holds about 2.8 amp- hours. • That means that a AA battery can produce 2.8 amps for an hour at 1.5 volts (about 4.2 watt-hours -- a AA battery can light a 4-watt bulb for a little more than an hour). • Let's call it 1 volt to make the math easier. To store one AA battery's energy in a capacitor, you would need 3,600 x 2.8 = 10,080 farads to hold it, because an amp-hour is 3,600 amp-seconds. 42 Capacito rs Chapter 7 Voltage Rating • It specifies the maximum potential difference that can be applied across the plates without puncturing the dielectric. • Usually the voltage rating is for temperature up to about 60oC. • Higher temperatures result in a lower voltage rating. • Voltage rating for general-purpose paper, mica, and ceramic capacitors are typically 200 to 500 V. Ceramic capacitors with ratings of 1 to 20 kV are also available. 45 Capacito rs Chapter 7 Capacitor Applications • In most electronic circuits, a capacitor has DC voltage applied, combined with a much smaller AC signal voltage. • The usual function of the capacitor is to block the DC voltage but pass the AC signal voltage, by means of the charge and discharge current. • These applications include coupling, bypassing, and filtering for AC signals. 46 Capacito rs Chapter 7 Capacitor Applications (cont’d) • The difference between a capacitor and a battery is that a capacitor can dump its entire charge in a tiny fraction of a second, where a battery would take minutes to completely discharge itself. • That's why the electronic flash on a camera uses a capacitor -- the battery charges up the flash's capacitor over several seconds, and then the capacitor dumps the full charge into the flash tube almost instantly. • This can make a large, charged capacitor extremely dangerous -- flash units and TVs have warnings about opening them up for this reason. They contain big capacitors that can, potentially, kill you with the charge they contain. 47 Capacito rs Chapter 7 P-type material REAL DIODE CHARACTERISTICS • Depending on the voltage applied across it, a diode will operate in one of three regions: • Forward bias: When the voltage across the diode is positive the diode is “on” and current can run through. The voltage should be greater than the forward voltage (VF) in order for the current to be anything significant. • Reverse bias: This is the “off” mode of the diode, where the voltage is less than VF but greater than -VBR. In this mode current flow is (mostly) blocked, and the diode is off. A very small amount of current (on the order of nA) – called reverse saturation current – is able to flow in reverse through the diode. • Breakdown: When the voltage applied across the diode is very large and negative, lots of current will be able to flow in the reverse direction, from cathode to anode. FORWARD VOLTAGE • In order to “turn on” and conduct current in the forward direction, a diode requires a certain amount of positive voltage to be applied across it. The typical voltage required to turn the diode on is called the forward voltage (VF). It might also be called either the cut-in voltage or on-voltage. • A specific diode’s VF depends on what semiconductor material it’s made out of. Typically, a silicon diode will have a VFaround 0.6-1V. A germanium-based diode might be lower, around 0.3V. The type of diode also has some importance in defining the forward voltage drop; light-emitting diodes can have a much larger VF, while Schottky diodes are designed specifically to have a much lower-than-usual forward voltage. A multimeter with a diode setting can be used to measure (the minimum of) a diode’s forward voltage drop. • RECTIFIER OR POWER DIODE •  a standard diode with a much higher maximum current rating. This higher current rating usually comes at the cost of a larger forward voltage. The 1N4001, for example, has a current rating of 1A and a forward voltage of 1.1V.  1N4001 PTH diode. This time a gray band indicates which pin is the cathode. surface-mount LIGHT EMITTING DIODES • Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs, are real unsung heroes in the electronics world. • They do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. • Among other things, they form the numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. • Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light. 56 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Light Emitting Diodes (cont’d) • Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. • But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get especially hot. • They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor. 57 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm CONSTANT CURRENT DIODES • It is also known as current- regulating diode or constant current diode or current-limiting diode or diode-connected transistor. The function of the diode is regulating the voltage at a particular current. • It functions as a two terminal current limiter. In this JFET acts as current limiter to achieve high output impedance. AVALANCHE DIODE • This is passive element works under principle of avalanche breakdown. It works in reverse bias condition. It results large currents due to the ionisation produced by p-n junction during reverse bias condition. • These diodes are specially designed to undergo breakdown at specific reverse voltage to prevent the damage.  Diode Principle • A diode is the simplest sort of semiconductor device. • Broadly speaking, a semiconductor is a material with a varying ability to conduct electrical current. • Most semiconductors are made of a poor conductor that has had impurities (atoms of another material) added to it. • The process of adding impurities is called doping. 62 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Diode Principle (cont’d) • A diode comprises a section of N- type material bonded to a section of P-type material, with electrodes on each end. • This arrangement conducts electricity in only one direction. • When no voltage is applied to the diode, electrons from the N-type material fill holes from the P-type material along the junction between the layers, forming a depletion zone. • In a depletion zone, the semiconductor material is returned to its original insulating state -- all of the holes are filled, so there are no free electrons or empty spaces for electrons, and charge can't flow. 65 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Diode Principle (cont’d) • To get rid of the depletion zone, you have to get electrons moving from the N- type area to the P-type area and holes moving in the reverse direction. • To do this, you connect the N-type side of the diode to the negative end of a circuit and the P-type side to the positive end. • The free electrons in the N-type material are repelled by the negative electrode and drawn to the positive electrode. • The holes in the P-type material move the other way. • When the voltage difference between the electrodes is high enough, the electrons in the depletion zone are boosted out of their holes and begin moving freely again. • The depletion zone disappears, and charge moves across the diode. 66 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Diode Principle (cont’d) • If you try to run current the other way, with the P-type side connected to the negative end of the circuit and the N-type side connected to the positive end, current will not flow. • The negative electrons in the N- type material are attracted to the positive electrode. • The positive holes in the P-type material are attracted to the negative electrode. • No current flows across the junction because the holes and the electrons are each moving in the wrong direction. The depletion zone increases. 67 Diod eChapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Light from LEDs (cont’d) 70 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Light from LEDs (cont’d) 71 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Light from LEDs (cont’d) 72 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm Advantage of LEDs • But the main advantage is efficiency. In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light- production process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must be warmed). • This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available electricity isn't going toward producing visible light. • LEDs generate very little heat, relatively speaking. • A much higher percentage of the electrical power is going directly to generating light, which cuts down on the electricity demands considerably. 75 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm LEDs Applications • Up until recently, LEDs were too expensive to use for most lighting applications because they're built around advanced semiconductor material. • The price of semiconductor devices has plummeted over the past decade, however, making LEDs a more cost-effective lighting option for a wide range of situations. • While they may be more expensive than incandescent lights up front, their lower cost in the long run can make them a better buy. • In the future, they will play an even bigger role in the world of technology. 76 Diod e Chapter 7 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm 4. TRANSISTORS • A transistor is an electronic component that can be used to amplify small AC signals or switch a DC voltage. 77 Transistor s Chapter 7 Transistors Introduction (Intel) • Microprocessors are essential to many of the products we use every day such as televisions, cars, radios, home appliances, and, of course, computers. • Transistors are the main components of microprocessors. • At their most basic level, transistors may seem simple. • But their development actually required many years of painstaking research. • Before transistors, computers relied on slow, inefficient vacuum tubes and mechanical switches to process information. In 1958, engineers (one of them Intel co- founder Robert Noyce) managed to put two transistors onto a silicon crystal and create the first integrated circuit, which led to the microprocessor. 80 Transistor s Chapter 7 http://intel.com/education/transworks/index.htm How Transistors Wor k? Rujuk di Lampiran: Video 3 81 How Transistors Work • Transistors are miniature electronic switches. They are the building blocks of the microprocessor which is the brain of the computer. • Similar to a basic light switch, transistors have two operating positions, on and off. This on/off, or binary, functionality of transistors enables the processing of information in a computer. 82 Transistor s Chapter 7 http://intel.com/education/transworks/index.htm Transistor is a Semiconductor • Conductors and Insulators • Many materials, such as most metals, allow electrical current to flow through them. These are known as conductors. • Materials that do not allow electrical current to flow through them are called insulators. • Pure silicon, the base material of most transistors, is considered a semiconductor because its conductivity can be modulated by the introduction of impurities. 85 Transistor s Chapter 7 http://intel.com/education/transworks/index.htm Anatomy of Transistors • Semiconductors and the Flow of Electricity • Adding certain types of impurities to the silicon in a transistor changes its crystalline structure and enhances its ability to conduct electricity. • Silicon containing boron impurities is called p-type silicon-p for positive or lacking electrons. • Silicon containing phosphorus impurities is called n-type silicon-n for negative or having a majority of free electrons. 86 Transistor s Chapter 7 http://intel.com/education/transworks/index.htm Principle Operation (Intel) • Transistors consist of three terminals: the source, the gate, and the drain. • In the n-type transistor, both the source and the drain are negatively charged and sit on a positively charged well of p- silicon. 87 Transistor s Chapter 7 http://intel.com/education/transworks/index.htm Transistors Applications • The binary function of transistors gives microprocessors the ability to perform many tasks, from simple word processing to video editing. • Microprocessors have evolved to a point where transistors can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second on a single chip. • Automobiles, medical devices, televisions, computers, and even the Space Shuttle use microprocessors. • They all rely on the flow of binary information made possible by the transistor. 90 Transistor s Chapter 7 http://intel.com/education/transworks/index.htm 5. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICs) • Integrated circuits (ICs) have reduced the size, weight, and power requirements of today’s electronic equipment. • They are replacing transistors in electronic circuits just as transistors once replaced vacuum tubes. • It is actually microelectronic circuits. • Contained within the IC itself are microscopically small electronic components such as diodes, transistors, resistors, and capacitors. 91 Integrated Circuits Chapter 8 Overview • An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors. • As of 2004, typical chips are of size 1 cm2 or smaller, and contain millions of interconnected devices, but larger ones exist as well. • Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which drive everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. • Digital memory chips are another family of integrated circuits that are crucially important in modern society. 92 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits Chapter 8 Significance of ICs • Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip). • Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, etc. in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. • The growth of complexity of integrated circuits follows a trend called "Moore's Law", first observed by Gordon Moore of Intel. Moore's Law in its modern interpretation states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years. By the year 2000 the largest integrated circuits contained hundreds of millions of transistors. It is difficult to say whether the trend will eventually slow down (see technological singularity). • The integrated circuit is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century. Modern computing, communications, manufacturing, and transportation systems, including the Internet, all depend on its existence. 95 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits Chapter 8 Types of ICs 1. Small-Scale Integration (SSI) 2. Medium-Scale Integration (MSI) 3. Large-Scale Integration (LSI) 4. Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) 5. Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) 6. Wafer-Scale Integration (WSI) 7. System-On-Chip (SOC) 96 Chapter 8 Small-Scale Integration (SSI) • The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Called "Small-Scale Integration" (SSI), they used circuits containing transistors numbering in the tens. • SSI circuits were crucial to early aerospace projects, and vice-versa. Both the Minuteman missile and Apollo program needed lightweight digital computers for their inertially- guided flight computers; the Apollo guidance computer led and motivated the integrated-circuit technology, while the Minuteman missile forced it into mass-production. • These programs purchased almost all of the available integrated circuits from 1960 through 1963, and almost alone provided the demand that funded the production improvements to get the production costs from $1000/circuit (in 1960 dollars) to merely $25/circuit (in 1963 dollars). 97 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits Chapter 8