Emphyseme Pulmonare ., Summaries of Human Physiology

Download Emphyseme Pulmonare . and more Summaries Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! Emphyseme Pulmonare Definition: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. This leads to a decrease in respiratory function and chronic breathlessness. Causes: 1. Smoking: ○ The leading cause of emphysema. The chemicals in cigarette smoke damage the alveoli and airways, leading to inflammation and destruction. 2. Air Pollution and Occupational Exposure: ○ Long-term exposure to air pollutants, chemical fumes, and dust can contribute to the development of emphysema. 3. Genetic Factors: ○ A deficiency in alpha-1 antitrypsin, a protein that protects the lungs, can lead to emphysema, even in individuals who have never smoked. Symptoms: ● Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea): Initially during physical activity, and eventually even at rest. ● Chronic Cough: Often associated with chronic bronchitis. ● Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound when breathing. ● Chest Tightness: A feeling of constriction in the chest. ● Fatigue and Muscle Weakness: Due to decreased oxygenation. ● Weight Loss and Reduced Appetite: Common in advanced stages. Diagnosis: 1. Medical History and Physical Examination: ○ Assessment of smoking history, exposure to pollutants, and family history of respiratory diseases. 2. Imaging Tests: ○ Chest X-ray: Can show over-inflated lungs and flattened diaphragm. ○ CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the lungs, showing the extent of alveolar destruction. 3. Pulmonary Function Tests: ○ Spirometry: Measures the amount of air a person can inhale and exhale, and how quickly. ○ Lung Volume Measurement: Assesses the total volume of the lungs. 4. Arterial Blood Gas Analysis: ○ Measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.