Download Energy Access and Solutions: Biomass, Biogas, Solar, Wind, and Urban Electrification and more Slides Development Economics in PDF only on Docsity! Development through Dialogue, Design and Dissemination Docsity.com Energy Docsity.com Some Energy Facts Energy use/capita (kg oil equiv) Electricity/capita (kWh) Energy from biomass (%) Electricity from fossil fuels (%) Brazil 1,114 1,955 26.5 10.8 China 1,242 1,585 13.7 81.5 Ghana 386 247 69.1 12.6 India 531 457 37.5 83.9 Peru 479 794 17.7 27.1 Tanzania 498 54 91.6 4.9 USA 7,720 13,351 3 71.4 Zambia 605 693 79.5 0.6 Docsity.com Urban Electrification Docsity.com Irban EF lectrificat
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Rural Electrification • Health clinics • Schools • Small industry and enterprise Docsity.com Energy for Cooking • 2,400,000,000 people use biomass (wood, charcoal, dung) for cooking • Poor people can spend about 1/4 of their income on energy for cooking • In some areas, women spend 4-6 hours a day, walking up to 10 km to gather firewood Docsity.com Health Hazards • Deforestation leads to decline in agricultural production which leads to malnutrition • Deforestation causes erosion which leads to flooding and siltification of reefs and fisheries • 1,800,000 people die each year of illness related to smoke from cooking fires (single largest cause of death in under-five-year- olds) Docsity.com Problems with Alternative Fuels • Infrastructure and distribution systems • Specialized equipment • Cultural Acceptability Docsity.com Biogas • Methane gas produced from human and/or animal waste • Chemical process is most efficient between 30°C and 40°C • Provides fuel for cooking and lighting Docsity.com Biogas • 1 m3 of biogas – Lights a 60 W bulb for 6 hours – Runs a 1 HP motor for 2 hours – Cooks 3 meals for a family of 5 or 6 Docsity.com E
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Cultural Challenges • Cultural taboos about working with manure • Religious taboos against working with human waste • Other uses of feedstock – building material – fuel • Changes in cooking behavior • Changes is the social hierarchy Docsity.com Efficient Stoves • Most traditional cooking stoves are about 10% efficient • Improved stoves have increased efficiency of 20-25% Docsity.com Problems with Efficient Stoves • Specialized equipment • User behavior can influence efficiency • Cultural acceptability Docsity.com Smoke Hoods Courtesy of Practical Action. Used with permission. Docsity.com
