History and Consumption Patterns of Energy: From Biological Sources to Fossil Fuels - Prof, Study notes of Environmental Science

Download History and Consumption Patterns of Energy: From Biological Sources to Fossil Fuels - Prof and more Study notes Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity! 1 1 Energy - Patterns of Consumption EVPP 111 Lecture Dr. Kim Largen 2 OUTLINE F History of Energy Consumption F Energy Consumption Trends F Energy and Economics F Types of energy F Fossil Fuels - Industrial Revolution F Automobiles and Energy F Electrical Energy 3 History of Energy Consumption F Energy is essential to maintain life F every form of life and every society F requires a constant input of energy 4 History of Energy Consumption F Biological energy sources F in nearly every ecosystem F sun provides constant source of energy F initial transfer of energy from sun F occurs via photosynthesis F primitive humans F had nearly all of their energy requirements met by their food F they were not really any different from other animals in their ecosystems 5 History of Energy Consumption F Very early in human history F humans began to exploit additional energy sources to make life more comfortable F domesticating plants and animals F as sources of F food F as well as energy for transportation, farming, other tasks 6 History of Energy Consumption F Increased use of wood F early civilization such as Aztecs, Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, Chinese F were culturally advanced F relied on sources of energy such as F human muscle, animals muscle 2 F (with exception of some wind and water powered devices such as ships and canoes) 7 History of Energy Consumption F Increased use of wood F early civilization’s first use of energy in a form other than food was F controlled use of fire through burning of wood F provided a source of fuel for F heating and cooking F eventually, this “biomass” energy was used in simple technologies F such as shaping tools and extracting metals 8 History of Energy Consumption F Increased use of wood F when dense, rapidly growing human settlements F quickly outstripped wood production, F wood had to be imported, or F alternative fuel sources had to be sought 9 History of Energy Consumption F Increased use of wood F some areas of world experienced wood shortage hundreds of years before Europe and North America did F due to longer history of higher population densities F animal dung replaced wood as fuel source in some of these areas F Europe’s forests supplied adequate wood fuel until about 13th century F North America’s forests supplied adequate wood fuel until late 19th century 10 History of Energy Consumption F Increased use of wood F when local supplies of wood declined in Europe and North America F coal was available as alternative energy source F by 1880, coal had replaced wood as primary energy source 11 12 Fossil Fuels & The Emerging Industrial Revolution F During Carboniferous period, (275-350 MYA) F conditions were right for build-up of large deposits fossil fuels F remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that lived millions of years ago F first fossil fuel to be used extensively was coal F at beginning of industrial revolution 13 Fossil Fuels & The Emerging Industrial Revolution F Industrial Revolution F began in early 18th century in England F then spread to Europe and North America 5 30 Figure 10.2: Energy consumption in the U.S., Raven & Berg 31 How Energy is Used F Industrial uses F non-industrial countries F use little energy for industry F industrialized countries F use large portion of their energy for industry F amount of energy required depends on F types of industrial processes used F efficiency of processes 32 How Energy is Used F Transportation uses F less-developed countries F use little energy for transportation F highly developed countries F have highest per capita use of energy for transportation 33 How Energy is Used F Transportation uses F transportation “mix” in a country affects its energy use for transportation F automobiles require about 4 times more energy per passenger kilometer than bus or rail transportation F private automobiles in North America consume over 15% of world’s oil production F all other automobiles in world consume 7 % 34 How Energy is Used F Transportation uses F mass transit systems F most efficient in countries with dense population F most of these countries heavily tax fuel, increasing appeal of mass transit F U.S. policy has kept energy costs low, F thus supporting automobile industry 35 How Energy is Used F Residential and commercial uses F developed nations F use smaller percentage of energy F less developed nations F use higher percentage of energy 36 How Energy is Used F Residential and commercial uses F example F ~30% of energy in North America F ~75% of that for air conditioning, refrigeration, water heating, space heating F ~13% of available electrical power in US currently consumed by computers, Internet F up from ~1% in ~1996 F ~90% of energy in India 6 F ~100% of that is used for cooking 37 How Energy is Used F Residential and commercial uses F current use patterns determine which conservation methods would be effective F Canada F cold climate F ~40% of energy is used for heating F proper conservation could reduce use by ~50% F Africa F ~50% of energy is used for cooking F fuel-efficient stoves instead of open fires could reduce these requirements by ~50% 38 Figure 10.2: Energy consumption in the U.S., Raven & Berg 39 How Energy is Used F Electrical energy F accounts for large proportion of energy consumed in most countries F electricity F a way energy is consumed F a way energy is supplied F most is produced by burning fossil fuels F major world energy source because F its easily transported F its uses are so varied 40 How Energy is Used F Electrical energy F consumption varies throughout world F all less-developed nations of world combined F have ~80% of world’s population F consume less electricity than US alone 41 How Energy is Used F Electrical energy F average per capita use of electricity in North America is F 25 times greater than average per capita use in less developed countries F 270 times greater than average per capita use in Nepal F where annual per capita use of electricity is ~23 KWH (enough to light a 100-watt bulb for 1 week 42 Energy Consumption Trends F World energy consumption F between 1985 and 2001 F increased 19% to total of ~26 million metric tons of oil equivalent per day F conventional fossil fuels accounted ~90% of that total 43 Energy Consumption Trends F >50% of world energy consumption F results from 25 member countries of Organization for Economic Co-Operation and 7 Development. (OECD) F US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, countries of Europe 44 Energy Consumption Trends F World’s major sources of energy F Oil ~40% ä Coal ~24% ä Natural Gas ~27% ä Alternative ~ 9% 45 Figure 10.9: World commercial energy sources, 1997, Raven & Berg 46 47 Energy Consumption Trends F Worldwide consumption trends between 1973 and 2000 F natural gas: 100% increase F coal: 40% increase F oil: 30% increase 48 49 50 51 Energy Consumption Trends F Primary factors determining energy use: ä Political stability ä Price of oil F During 1980’s F energy costs in N. America and Europe declined F thus people became less concerned about energy consumption. ä 1979 - oil = $40 / barrel ä 1998 - oil < $15 / barrel 52 SUMMARY F A direct correlation exists between amount of energy used and complexity of civilizations. F Wood furnished most early energy. F Due to wood shortages, fossil fuels became primary source of energy. F Fossil fuel consumption and labor-saving machines, resulted in the Industrial Revolution F Because of financial, political, other factors, nations vary in amount of energy they use as well as how they use it.. 53 The End