Engineering short notes, Summaries of Engineering

Download Engineering short notes and more Summaries Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! a¢ | Whe tronsgyor lis: NON S\NvUSOIBAL OscilLAToRs Twlhans trepepamreaNenes 2 | @scijaxers that Qeneroke Wavequrms other *han. sine waveform ere Cattled nonsinusoidauy oscitlorod. e Waveforms generated by nonsinuscid el oseiWetow include isquars, triangular and Sawtooth waveform s. o| These Oscillators use onelrroo @ ITs Cor FETs) Used as a Switch, wohich Dperares Ta peruse wghpares | namely ‘saturation and cut-ofp state. eo | When the witch operctes yo where's & Sharp “trensistror from one ctute to another. Usuatig, @ bruasicbhor remains isa. the cutee otete forum Certain Period of Hme, vohicl ix i forowed by another interval of Aree dscing’ whreh Ve remams on Soturatvon Since the tunswrer Alternately supplies potoer to the 1 oad pond yelaren when itt in tuk-off- grate, therefore | {nonsnuserdal, vosci\lokes are also. kKknoton, as. relaxation Syoites hj a eg etit2 ty 2 3 Classgrcatton of Non eGruroidial OscitletkOos. . ‘ \ Tees omay be classrpied ite! sales, 2 ee ry Multi vibrokors 682 sls! hy locking, Osek Woke eu ps why Sawrtvoth | sweep eiasca 22 MULTIVIGRATORS — | Monostatele mule vibreckor GOT agate? er aes coxwored Onno rot ie ayn es pel ote trans ctur 3S driven iene — into, SQeusse= Lronfiston cis; dei ven. Ty pes. 7 of! Mureivibroctos: > - ik ae oes a baste types Of muliveb eto depending wo sraq?s J eae aa. the mann eradnasodacen, HEE Tnrer change whens staresgy segs" a ' ATOR ed pestable multiyibretsr 3), Biasctuble ma ttiyibrator Asctable Muthy: erate Veasachlis ctz Nak cas mubivibrator: thats, used its , 0m, Ci-e without .ang + external Hv gg ering to genemte square Loaves . OF; putse) cteaaded duce \e has neo. Stable state. tte switches back and forth from one: Stute._ tothe ether, remaining tn each, jsAmie: fos..o.. cone determined. .by. ret constants. Because *% cContinvosly Produces the usa ware wove _lovrxpu®, st ts __osren referred eas free running mutt vibrator, potest og pi 2 Circuit details. % Nie ec eas es AE Tne fquve oer Foro ws, Shows the etrant of a» Xypreas brunsifor astuble, multiyilorator. \e uses two tdenrticol PNP transistors .Q,,and Qa The. creuit, -essendiatty consists Of: two Symmertricat ) CE. amplifier. Stag es a each Providing: a. feed bare ra Wet otnt teste Oi) gic. art Fs Thus, the collector loads of eee eee. . A Qe wake ape), /Ra I= IR 4 oy 7 Oe a 24 e ve Ra, tnd she biasing ge oss <oee | | é : As (, discharges, the bare bias ar @a beomes \ess (positive ab a Hme dexermined by Ra and Gig forward bias is reestablished at @a- This causes the collector lourrent tO Gra im @a ep 8s igo ceujaae 2, The increasing positive potential at callector of Qa vs Applied to xhe base Of Q) Enrough Ca -\yence base ot Q wilh bewme more Positive Ve Q\ is veverse brased. © “The decrease In covector curcedt in Qi sends a negative Vottage to the base of Qa thigh “5 thereby Shusing Farther Tmerease in cottector Current of Qa. » Wan these Seb of actions talking place, Qa ss Quickly -Ariven tO Saturation and Q, to cur off (This condition As represented by od Lind -frgntonecuun siete ova ° The pedod. of time during whith Qae ¥emeding Ge Wokuretton and @ ot cu off is udetermined by jla and Rg Switching “Times and Freqheney og * weighs ic o4 | See f9-@ 5 the time | Pedod i vepresents the A oo {aes whidh transistor Qi ig ON ond Qa is OFF = Similariy, time-period Ta, represents) tne Adurotton Fee wehich trungister Q2 is on find | Q, is OFF. T= 0: G94 CRO + AC) ce ue ‘ts NV BSERE, Seconds, Therefore > i. tm FE cA “yi 3 + 5 ; bib ns * a nth ee an 2 ‘ #3 iS oy Frequency of the square WoveiSs.o5. 22 so be FL wt iL £2 dapsone € aime c vette = Wee ae = A: V38KRe Ea pPiee. : : a, Monostable Muttivibrator ss is jes Q multivibrator in whieh one transistor 1 always lconductin g Cee in the on state) and the other ts non- ; conducting | Gee vin theoge Stecke)s Also ca\\ed one shot] univibr e|\t has only one stable state 5 tre, Home Xreumsis tor is © iconducring and thes other is mnon= condutttag 5 tne ciranit wit) Yemain in this positron. Niwa @ 2 eet {ts only with the sapplicatnes of sextema) pulse’ that the cireuit coil! mierchange the states. “ *1 However, after a certain’ time, the Cirenixy Witt _ 2 automat catty Switch bb otk te the ori ginariy Staple State and remains there until another pulse <c appieds, Tas Q@ Monostab*e “muttivibroter cannot generake square | eaten ofits owe ike astable muttvibrater~ Only extemal fap $107 ods Wigan eit sto egqenerake tne Square WoONe:, cia). hs Gs eareuite deraile oo | shy ta il tonsa sates 99 ta, C142 isan eet Dis od ot — bi. 3) Bictable Muttivibrator. stobie. HS a. mavtivibroter that -has beth stotes, _ He will remam tn whichever state. tt happens. cling 2 bh L tngger-pulse causes. St torsuitch to the other Stay Circuit, details. TTR ens Frguce: below hows the. creas of a typical. bistabi. Multivilbrotoc:- |, . + Vee Q) ) Qa OvrTeur eRe | Se ~“Trianer SS inecea Be = Vee 3 JM consicts of two rdenti cal_ ce ompligrer tages Worth INPUT __ IN POT e a Hicustaeprput of ene fed :to- the Enput of: the other The feedbeck ts eoupled «through cesistors CRa, Rs) Shunted by Capacites Cy, andica. ; : The main .purpose: OF Capacitors Cr and C2 is +p improve RMne Switching tharackeristies ofthe creuit by Peusing the high frequency /¢om ponents of the Squorewave Thrs atiouws Fase vise aad faus> times and thence distortioniess Square wave output. The Output can bbe taken Qcrose either rans istoe Operation. ad Liss Vol +¥ 1 sad t tad ier Ts papplieds;> one transistor wil) Start conducting ‘ielightiy Ghead -of the otwer due Yo Some elt” in Ahe chara cterictres of the transistors. : e| Thic wit drive one transistor to -Saturetion and the Orner bo ost OPfe. > poy =od ie il AE3D 23 fe Patan Anak Q) is turned ON and Qa ig curt OFF. Up Vege jto teselg 5 the etreuit wit ckayg lim thisotondition — « bie to Switch the mutravilrater xo its ees o state, ae trigger pulse must berapplied. 97 = 95 =) tesa netic Regn. pulke applied: to the bare sof Qy eal C3 voi ete es Positive pulse. applied to the base of Qa ‘through Ca wi cause % to Conduct- 2 Sugpese Q megotive pulse of Sug¢rient magni tude is |applied to the base ef OQ Yhrough 3, Wary. vont wedace ithe Poreed lors ont Qw ands -eause g decrease ta THs leottector Curent Gad an ineceavebint cole ctor voltage, i _ Whe ATS g, covlector Voki ge. ig Coupled ‘to che \bove of Ga jis it forward biases the oase- emitter punetron of Ga Ths wi couse an increase in WS Collector Current and a devrewe ia a MOEA  A ays loratod - Appiicotions OF Meee ‘ oe SVEEOR E Gra ne, | Muri bictos are used an Om LET ‘ pes : : oad COMMUN CAMOn ‘ loucth as) in compres; control. Sgstem : : systems emo sat ae eel . wmcnare Wo © |) The_ actable mult vibrated, Ore uses seth S85 and inv evil Generates, voltage to- frequency cogy atte — jSynchronizaten yg OS: clocks foc: binary \ogre gignals: « her monectables nu Havibrotes are used. forthe gemrent, 21 Op. Merl designed: puls Chiy Ane, \ogie design of pulse Kelay . Var able pulse width. Sted? 6 14.| The: bistable mutrivibrates: are used as memory, elements See sips joe Chap regitted; countess, OFC: | bacincial : ft op 300 ts tees) “ Blocking, Oscii\eoror_ 5, ‘ a efits, an oscinater whrch is used to produce hegh- Cuorent puwes of, Short, durcction, > ode : . e| The frye below shows the circedt of 4 blocuing . Osc WarOr rs 2 Yh) ll aac ca eat sloth he Pe) tt 2 Thee edad a o saa halal , : net NEG al Odi ss Sarabiats as ‘ Tape oS a os! set ag Ne bt og el Lal bbe. piictteagrt owe fel plese fae. a Ponca a 95 er ocit.. etis 2¢ 5 ey OvTPUT rab 264 : Quit oho 1 Bre. SF ae et ists cna ak R3 2Ra — oad a = fe and Rar: form ©°a , vorrage- divider across Nee supply & greene |These resistors provede. a’ emai bras on athe’ base of transistor @a, = 2 Mle esgg 20 ig)! po ttt oe. cas Owe sacle oxen ol wissiani Spotioy tugas Operation 2D. gal ti ovcdts 2 +9155 ost) donee 3 Rutten. Wee ics switdhed.on, Qa sturts, conducting, Whe at flow oF its Cthrrent ixncough Re préduces! a’ vo\tage drop JQeross; its Thi¢ svoitagqe drop acts as a revese bras across the Emitber-bosejunetton >of 5 Qgrdwe tor whrehs te cuts OFF: e! Apa rerut- of this 5 the” Voltage at tH Cowecter rises to _ This rising Voltage 16 coupled ato thre bore op Qa oa pehaaugh 2 Risltc inereasersthe forwacd bras at thelafe Of 24 Qa: Gnd: therefore: dvvved ih ato saturatron and Wolds it 4th ere Abt the instant, the collector voltage levels are, i 4 Nei = Veeco and: Vege NeeGort); Qs Chown in figure. belovo vpper trigger. point, Cut) i ye ae = i Lower trigger pone CUTH) - 2 vias bit ST 9 sk 2 | we —+——1_+ na a hfe Sie, iia dei te cs 2. HOOT  ® |Now Suppose an Al signal.ts ape : Se * ieteess Senge taie Acid inpur Vortrage Ncreas yed at THe snput oF 4. Lem, nothing twill happen unti| i Crossey The UTL+ elas the input Voltage Increases Above the UTL, GQ Conducts. The Point at Which Wt vturts conducting Ny as Knows Gs. Upper trigger point GuUTRY se as, aba Sheena 2, Neesse_ trains: stor Q,_ conducts, WW eotlector Mortag, i essai belaw Veo « Whss, feat) is: coupled Through Re to ij tne ley eof Qa, which reduces ity -fernard beay This in tum reduces ‘he, current of Qa and henee the + Verrage, Awe esross/ Re Oh aN ae cen ay PAS Os rerun of. Unis, the, revered bros of Qy is reduced Ond «Hr conducts - more. AS Q\ conducts more heavily, ~7 | the. toWecbor curent further reduces, due ay Which Q Ko conducts: mean eat ote. This Process, Continues ph Qu Anven into Saturation and Qa inte wr of : eo] At this Anstant | Cov ector Voltage \evels ard Ver = Veecsa\) And Vea =xVee ar chowe in the Fguce e| Q tortinuer to conduct yy the ¢ brased. ‘ : : 2 {AS a resute of this, tts foilectur vo, tage Stucs msing Kowards Veo, Thrs - Vising ~vottase Wicreases the forsacd bras across Qa due to wWheeh te cond ucts, The Ponte CA which @2 starts conducting tT) eatled Jouser —brigg point CLT). Soon Oa & deven inte Suturabron and Q is wok ofp. This completes ‘one! cycle. | | o}] The Coiector. voltage. \evels- ate tines trstent ore Nevz Voe and Veg = Vee Csat), No change in Ckate LAW Occur during tne Negertive hog cycle of the jingut Vo\rage.  the output of ania tadaaaeiallac ep Thus 4 a Schmitt trigger ic a positive going pulse whese width depends upon the time dung whreh Qi ws conducttrng. The conduction time te seb by upper and lower tigger levels, ‘ al oo