English cheat sheet grade 5 exam, Cheat Sheet of English

Download English cheat sheet grade 5 exam and more Cheat Sheet English in PDF only on Docsity! NOTES: COMPETENCY 1 Bias is a tendency to look at things in a certain way, in preference to another way. It means a tendency to favor or support or against a particular one person, group, thing, or point of view over another resulting in unfairness. Common Type of Bias Anchoring Bias- It happens when people are too relied on current information or the initial information they find in decision making. Media Bias- It happens when the journalist and news producers in the mass media select what to report and cover. Confirmation Bias- This happens when one tends to search for, interpret, favor and remember information supporting one’s belief and views. Conformity- This happens when one makes a wrong or uncomfortable decision to fit into please the group of people. Halo Effect- This happens when one sees the wonderful thing about the person and let the perceptions on everything else about that person distorted. 1. Bias refers to a preference or inclination towards a particular person, group, idea, or thing. 2. It can be conscious or unconscious, influencing our thoughts, judgments, and decision-making processes. 3. Bias can be based on personal experiences, cultural influences, or societal norms. 4. It can manifest in various forms, such as racial bias, gender bias, confirmation bias, or political bias. 5. Bias can lead to favoritism based on the favored or unfavored attributes. What is Prejudice? Prejudice refers to pre-judging before looking at the evidence. It is an unfavorable opinion or feeling beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. Prejudice can have a strong influence on how people behave and interact with others, particularly with those who are different from another group. Type of Prejudices? Racism- is the idea that groups of people exhibit different personality characteristics, and can be separated based on the dominance of one race over another. Sexism- is a prejudice based on sex or gender. Classism- is a prejudice based on social class or grouping of individuals based on wealth, education, occupation, income and social network. Ageism- is a prejudicial attitude towards older people, old age, and the aging process. Religious prejudice- this is the attitude towards a person or group differently because of the particular beliefs about religion. 1. Prejudice involves preconceived opinions or attitudes about a person or group, often based on stereotypes or generalizations. 2. It can be conscious or unconscious, shaping our perceptions and interactions with others. 3. Prejudice can stem from societal influences, cultural biases, or lack of exposure to diverse perspectives. 4. It can target various aspects, such as race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status. 5. Prejudice can result in exclusion, marginalization, unequal treatment, or harmful stereotypes, perpetuating discrimination and inequality. BIAS AND PREJUDICE • -Both involve preconceived opinions or attitudes towards individuals or groups. • -They can influence decision-making and behavior. • -Rooted in personal beliefs and experiences. • -Have the potential to perpetuate stereotypes. "Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison is a novel that follows the life of an unnamed African American narrator during the mid-20th century. AN EXCERPT I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood- movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids -- and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination -- indeed, everything and anything except me. Nor is my invisibility exactly a matter of a bio-chemical accident to my epidermis. That invisibility to which I refer occurs because of a peculiar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I come in contact. A matter of the construction of their inner eyes, those eyes with which they look through their physical eyes upon reality. I am not complaining, nor am I protesting either. It is sometimes advantageous to be unseen, although it is most often rather wearing on the nerves. Then too, you're constantly being bumped against by those..." Disinformation - false context or false deliberately and often covertly spread (as by the planting of rumors) in order to influence public opinion or obscure the truth, imposter content, manipulated and, fabricated content; information that is false and deliberately created to harm a person, social group, organization or country (e.g. a competitor purposely posting false statistics about your organization with an intent to discredit you) Mal-information - has some leaks, harassment, and hate speech; information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, organization or country (e.g. someone using a picture of a dead child refugee (with no context) in an effort to ignite hatred of a particular ethnic group they are against. Types of Information Disorders 1. Fabricated Content-New content is 100% false, designed to deceive the readers. 2. Imposter Content- It is when genuine sources are impersonated. It falsely uses a well-known name, brand or logo to fool people into believing that it is authentic content. 3. Misleading Content- It is the misleading use of information to frame an issue. This type of content is when there is a misleading use of information to frame issues or individuals in certain ways by cropping photos, or choosing quotes. 4. Satire or Parody - This form of expression is not intended to cause harm but carries the potential to deceive. It is a composition that mimics somebody's style in a humorous manner, often spoofing or mocking something. Usually, it serves as entertainment and refrains from making negative judgments about its subject matter. Satire inherently involves social commentary and criticism, ranging from subtle to pronounced levels. 5. False Connection - This occurs when headlines, visuals, and captions fail to align with the content presented. For instance, if a post features a headline, visual, or caption that doesn't correlate with the content it accompanies, it represents a false connection. For example, if Ashton Kutcher posts on May 30th at 06:02 about tree-planting as an effective method to combat climate change, but the post lacks relevant content or contradicts the message conveyed, it exemplifies false connection. 6. False Content - This occurs when authentic content is shared alongside false contextual information. One of the detrimental aspects of 'fake news' is its tendency to misrepresent genuine content by removing it from its original context. For instance, an image taken in Vietnam in 2007 might be circulated years later with the false claim that it depicts scenes from Nepal following the 2015 earthquake. This misrepresentation leads to misinformation and misinterpretation of events or situations. 7. Manipulated Content - This occurs when genuine information or imagery is altered with the intent to deceive. Manipulated media commonly involves the alteration of photos or videos. For instance, during the lead-up to the US presidential election in 2016, two authentic images were combined to create a misleading narrative. In this example, one image depicts people waiting in line to vote during the primary vote in March 2016 in Arizona. The other image features an ICE officer making an arrest, sourced from a stock image available on Google at the time by searching for "ICE arrest." The second image was manipulated by cropping and layering it onto the first image, creating a false impression, and was widely circulated prior to the election. MEDIA ANALYSIS Basic aspects to consider in identifying relevance and truth of the ideas presented from the material viewed a. Fallacy - it is an idea which is believed to be true but it is really false due to incorrect information or reasoning. b. Fact - is an idea which is true and can be verified factually or proven. c. Opinion - is an idea or statement which only comes from someone’s feelings and cannot be proven. d. Bias – it is an idea that leads to poor judgment and poor decision making towards a certain thing for it could be positive one in favor of a certain person and negative for the other one. Another way of understanding an article is through identifying its main idea and important details about it. It shows the relationship of the ideas to the theme or main point of an article. Main idea is the most important thought about the topic. The topic is the person, place, thing, or idea being written about. Supporting details can be defined as additional information that explain, define, or prove an idea. DETERMINE TONE, MOOD, TECHNIQUES, AND PURPOSE OF THE AUTHOR Tone – is the attitude of the author towards a given topic. The tone is expressed through the words of the author. As a reader, you may look at the choice of words and utilization of words of the author to identify the tone. The tone of the author can either be objective or subjective. An objective tone is unbiased and neutral. The author uses concise, clear and courteous words which are based on facts which makes the text formal. While the subjective tone is uses words that conveys emotion, feelings and thought which may be referred as creative as wells informal. Example: This house is shabby, but since we grow up here, it has a special place in my heart. The tone is sentimental because of the phrase “it has a special place in my heart” which expresses warmhearted emotions. Mood – refers to the emotions that arise in a reader or the atmosphere of the text. The mood is developed through the setting, tone and diction. Mood is different from tone in a way that, mood is the emotion that the author wanted the readers to feel while reading the text. Some positive moods are cheerful, calm, dreamy, excited and happy. While being angry, depressed, gloomy, envious and frustrated are negative moods. Example: The author writes a horror story utilizing serious and sinister tone. The tone helps to create a scary atmosphere and a nervous and frightened mood for the readers. Technique – is the author’s syntax, word choice and tone. Techniques varies from one author to another. There are four basic literary styles used in writing: expository or argumentative, descriptive, persuasive, and narrative. ➢ Expository– the focus is to tell the readers about a specific subject or topic but the author leaves out his own opinions about the topic. Types of Characters OQ Types of Characters = Stock © Generie, off the shelf character = Flat One or two superficial sides of the character’s personality = Round a Several sides of the character’s personality = Static A Does a lot in the story but does NOT make a change = Dynamic Does a lot in the story and DOES make a change Dialogue © Economy is the key aspect here oe Each line must be crafted carefully to focus on the theme, the incident and the character of the protagonist o The dialogues need not be terse, but concise and full of meaning o© Dialogues irrelevant to the plot, must be altered or omitted immediately Pause A temporary stop ea Why Pause? *Give the listener time to understand your words. *Emphasize one main word in a group of words. *Excuse me. i Where is the bathroom?” * “Now that I see it, / I think I prefer it in red.” “She hasn’t told me, / but I think / she’ll get married soon.” o> Pitch *The degree of highness ot lowness of a tone. Stress To pronounce (a syllable or word) in a louder or more forceful way than other syllables or words stress is on the first stress is on the second syllable syllable SAMples aMONG INsult inSULT  ROMEO AND JULIET By William Shakespeare A SYNOPSIS It is a tragic love story where the two main characters, Romeo and Juliet, are supposed to be sworn enemies but fall in love. Due to their families' ongoing conflict, they cannot be together, so they kill themselves because they cannot cope with being separated from one another. Please see the attached file below. Copy of Romeo and Juliet by Willian Shakespeare romeo_and_juliet_activities.pdf