English for academic purposes, Cheat Sheet of English

Download English for academic purposes and more Cheat Sheet English in PDF only on Docsity! English for Academic and Professional Purposes LECTURES 1 AND 2 QUARTER 2 QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad ANALYZES THE ARGUMENTS USED BY WRITER/S IN MAINFESTOES QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad LECTURE 1: ✖Manifesto- a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. ✖Arguments- reasons or the reasoning given for or against a matter under discussion — compare evidence, proof QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad ies @ PETIA CRCU Ga ag mn oT [ena] Palas] a a i Je N Manifesto ✖is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifesto are generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad ✖How are these changes carried out with just the use of written words? It is when the author provides reasons accompanied with evidences to prove the belief, they wanted the reader to believe in or the so- called arguments. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad arguments ✖Arguments is defined as a reason or the reasoning given for or against a matter under discussion — compare evidence, proof. ✖However, change can only be achieved if the reader fully understands the argument that is accompanied with evidences(reasons) that the author is trying to emphasize. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad BIG CONCEPT ✖A statement can only be considered an argument if it presents proof or evidences, however if it does not, it is only a mere opinion. Category: Goal In adversity, the crisis has also brought out some of the best in our societies, from solidarity among neighbors, to the bravery of health and other key workers in facing down risks to their own health to serve their communities, to countries working together to provide emergency relief or to research treatments and vaccines. The “lockdown” measures that have been necessary to control the spread of COVID- 19 have slowed economic activity and disrupted lives- but have also given some glimpses of a possible brighter future. In some places, pollution levels have dropped to such an extent that people have breathed clean air, or have been seen blue skies and clean waters, or have been able to walk and cycle safely with their children- for the first times in their lives. The use of digital technology has accelerated new ways of working and connecting with each other, from reducing time spent commuting, to more flexible ways of studying, to carrying out medical consultations remotely, to spending more time with our families. Opinion polls from around the world show that people want to protect the environment and preserve the positive that have emerged from the crisis as we recover ###. Source: Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, “What We Have Learned From COVID- 19,” WHO Manifesto for a Healthy Recovery from COVID- 19, May 26. 2020, www.who.int Example of manifesto: QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad 1. The argument that the manifesto wanted to me to believe in is that “COVID- 19 Pandemic has brought about Positive Effects.” 2. First reason the author makes to support his/ her conclusion is found on the first sentence where the author uses the reason as his/ her example to prove his/ her claim, “Solidarity among neighbors and bravery of health and other key workers, to countries working together to provide emergency relief or to research treatments and vaccines.” Analysis of Argument: QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad 3. List of the other Reasons: a. Pollution levels have dropped where people have breathed fresh air, have seen blue skies, and clean waters. b. Reduced time spent commuting and flexible ways of studying because of digital connecting with each other. c. Spending a lot of time with families. d. Raise awareness of environment conservation. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Category: List and Rules Management of people with COVID-19 or their contacts • Workers who are unwell or who develop symptoms consistent with COVID-19 should be urged to stay at home, self-isolate, and contact a medical professional or the local COVID-19 information line for advice on testing and referral. • Where local community transmission is high, and work continues, allow for a telemedicine consultation where available, or consider waiving the requirement for a medical note for workers who are sick so that they may stay home. • All workers should be urged to self-monitor their health, possibly with the use of questionnaires, and take their body temperature regularly. • Thermal screening at the workplace should be considered only in the context of a combination of measures for prevention and control of COVID-19 at the workplace and along with risk communication. • Standard operating procedures should be prepared to manage a person who becomes sick at the workplace and is suspected of having COVID-19, including placing the person in an isolation room, limiting the number of people in contact, using personal protective equipment and performing follow-up cleaning and disinfection. • It is important to contact the local health authorities and to keep attendance and meeting records in order to facilitate or undertake contact tracing. ### Source: World Health Organization,“Considerations for Public Health and Social Measures in the Workplace in the Context of COVID- 19,” May 10, 2020. www.who.int Example of manifesto: QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad 1. The manifesto simply indicates the argument about the ways to manage people infected with COVID- 19 or their contacts. 2. Explanation on how it is a manifesto under List and Rules: The manifesto sets the rules (the bulleted information) on how to do things in a specific situation. Analysis of Argument: QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Category: World “NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested upon me by Article VII, Section 10, Paragraph (2) of the Constitution, do hereby place the entire Philippines as defined in Article I, Section 1 of the Constitution under martial law and, in my capacity as their commander-in-chief, do hereby command the armed forces of the Philippines, to maintain law and order throughout the Philippines, prevent or suppress all forms of lawless violence as well as any act of insurrection or rebellion and to enforce obedience to all the laws and decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon my direction. In addition, I do hereby order that all persons presently detained, as well as all others who may hereafter be similarly detained for the crimes of insurrection or rebellion, and all other crimes and offenses committed in furtherance or on the occasion thereof, or incident thereto, or in connection therewith, for crimes against national security and the law of nations, crimes against public order, crimes involving usurpation of authority, rank, title and improper use of names, uniforms and insignia, crimes committed by public officers, and for such other crimes as will be enumerated in Orders that I shall subsequently promulgate, as well as crimes as a consequence of any violation of any decree, order or regulation promulgated by me personally or promulgated upon my direction shall be kept under detention until otherwise ordered released by me or by my duly designated representative.” Source: The Philippine Gazette, “Proclamation 1081, s. 1972,” September 21, 1972, www.officialgazette.gov.ph Example of manifesto: QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad DEFENDS A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS SUPPORTED BY PROPERLY CITED FACTUAL EVENTS QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad LECTURE 2: OBJECTIVES ✖defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences ✖determines different kinds of logical fallacy ✖identifies factors on authenticity and validity of evidences/information ✖presents reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad VOCABULARY LIST ' Spiririnirininirieirieiee [ea ena [a] a [ea ea] Secon eces Of oe a a. Logical fallacies LOGICAL FALLACIES are ERRORS IN REASONING that INVALIDATE AN ARGUMENT. As a critical thinker you have to identify and examine fallacies and manipulative language. It is therefore important that you know some of the common fallacies. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Ae Niaae ay eee * Cee BIER TINT DI: Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad False Dilemma Occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities description Example Either you fully devote yourself to company or you quit. Appeal to Ignorance Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa The writer does not talk about the connection between the victim’s killer and his sister, so there must be none. Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Appeal to Consequences Occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that the belief is false description Example You can’t believe that colonialism is bad, because if it were, then we would not be civilized. Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think they look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real standard of beauty. Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument description Example I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard University. Appeal to Authority Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think they look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real standard of beauty. Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Anonymous Authority The authority in question is not mentioned or named description Example Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples. Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population Martha, the foreigner from France is very impolite. French people are mean and rude. Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Complex Cause Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event description Example We were not able to solve the problem because of limited time, even if all the other groups were able to do so. Irrelevant Conclusion Occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead We must support the fight for gender equality between men and women. Women have suffered enough violence at home. Violence against women must be stopped. Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Straw Man Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute description Example Opponent: We should relax the law governing the allowed smoking areas in the city. Fallacy: We should not do so, because the number of smokers might increase. Affirming the Consequent Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If B is true therefore A is true If you are drinking wine, you have a problem. Therefore, if you have a problem, you are drinking wine. Fallacy QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Denying the Antecedent Any argument of the form: If A is true then B id true; If A is not true then B is not true description Example If you are drinking wine, you have a problem. Therefore, if you are not drinking wine, you do not have a problem. Inconsistency Occurs when arguments contradict one another Frank is older than Jake, Jake is older than Noli and Noli is older than Frank. Source: Barrot, J. T. (2016). Academic Reading & Writing for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc. Criteria on assessing suitable SOURCES to use for academic purposes 2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications -Is the author’s name identified? - Is the author’s background, education or training related to the topic? -If the source does not have an author, think twice before using it. Legitimate academic texts must include citations. Citations demonstrate that the writer has thoroughly researched the topic and is not plagiarizing the material. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Criteria on assessing suitable SOURCES to use for academic purposes 3. Currency/Date of Publication -What is the date of the publication? - In most fields, the data from the older publications may no longer be valid. As much as possible, the date pf publication should be at most five years earlier. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Criteria on assessing suitable SOURCES to use for academic purposes 4. Contents/Accuracy of Information -Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or bibliography or works cited section? - You do not want to use source that is disputable, so make sure to verify your findings with multiple sources. QUARTER 2 - EAPP Karen P. Macalalad Guidelines in presentation of reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand: ✓ C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended ✓ A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue ✓ T - akes a firm stand on the issue ✓ L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand ✓ C -onsider your audience/reader Thanks! Any questions? Feel free to ask. Please see your weekly home learning plan for your tasks. References: • https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/03/how- to-vote-on-may-9-election-day-dosand- donts.html • https://amp-rappler-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.rappler.com/nation/255687-jomasison- calls-ceasefire-government-coronavirus-march-2020 • https://newsinfo-inquirer-net.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/newsinfo.inquirer.net/129864/covid19- swab-test-not-required-for-returning-stranded-individuals-dilg/amp • https://business. Inquirer.net/206733/video-games-adversely-affect-childrens-brains • https://takelessons.com/blog/how- to-analyze-an-argument • https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/argument • www.officialgazette.gov.ph • https://www.britannica.com/topic/manifesto • www.FirstPost.com • www.who.int