English grammar for non business, Schemes and Mind Maps of Legal English

Download English grammar for non business and more Schemes and Mind Maps Legal English in PDF only on Docsity! VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 1 PHẦN I: CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1 CÁC THÌ (TENSES) 1. THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN SIMPLE PRESENT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG Khẳng định: S + Vs/es + O Phủ định: S + DO/DOES + NOT + V +O Nghi vấn: DO/DOES + S + V+ O ? VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ TOBE Khẳng định: S + AM/IS/ARE + O Phủ định: S + AM/IS/ARE + NOT + O Nghi vấn: AM/IS/ARE + S + O Từ nhận biết: always, every, usually, often, generally, frequently. Cách dùng: Thì hiện tại đơn diễn tả một chân lý, một sự thật hiển nhiên. Ví dụ: The sun ries in the East. Tom comes from England. Thì hiện tại đơn diễn tả 1 thói quen, một hành động xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại. Ví dụ: Mary often goes to school by bicycle. I get up early every morning. Lưu ý: ta thêm "es" sau các động từ tận cùng là: O, S, X, CH, SH. Thì hiện tại đơn diễn tả năng lực của con người Ví dụ: He plays badminton very well Thì hiện tại đơn còn diễn tả một kế hoạch sắp xếp trước trong tương lai hoặc thời khoá biểu, đặc biệt dùng với các động từ di chuyển. 2. THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN - PRESENT CONTINUOUS Công thức Khẳng định: S + be (am/ is/ are) + V_ing + O Phủ định: S + BE + NOT + V_ing + O Nghi vấn: BE + S + V_ing + O Từ nhận biết: Now, right now, at present, at the moment Cách dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra và kẫo dài dài một thời gian ở hiện tại. Ex: The children are playing football now. Thì này cũng thường tiếp theo sau câu đề nghị, mệnh lệnh. Ex: Look! the child is crying. Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room. Thì này còn diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra lặp đi lặp lại dùng với phó từ ALWAYS: Ex: He is always borrowing our books and then he doesn't remember - Thì này còn được dùng để diễn tả một hành động sắp xảy ra (ở tương lai gần) Ex: He is coming tomrow Lưu ý: Không dùng thì này với các động từ chỉ nhận thức chi giác như: to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love. hate, realize, seem, remmber, forget,.......... Ex: I am tired now. She wants to go for a walk at the moment. Do you understand your lesson? VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 2 3. THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH - PRESENT PERFECT Khẳng định: S + have/ has + Past participle (V3) + O Phủ định: S + have/ has + NOT + Past participle + O Nghi vấn: have/ has + S + Past participle + O Từ nhận biết: already, not... yet, just, ever, never, since, for, recenthy, before... Cách dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra hoặc chưa bao giờ xảy ra ở 1 thời gian không xác định trong quá khứ. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành cũng diễn tả sự lập đi lập lại của 1 hành động trong quá khứ. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành cũng được dùng với since và for. Since + thời gian bắt đầu (1995, I was young, this morning etc.) Khi người nói dùng since, người nghe phải tính thời gian là bao lâu. For + khoảng thời gian (từ lúc đầu tới bây giờ) Khi người nói dùng for, người nói phải tính thời gian là bao lâu. 4. THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Khẳng định: S has/have + been + V_ing + O Phủ định: S + Hasn't/ Haven't + been+ V-ing + O Nghi vấn: Has/HAve+ S+ been + V-ing + O? Từ nhận biết: all day, all week, since, for, for a long time, almost every day this week, recently, lately, in the past week, in recent years, up until now, and so far. Cách dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian của 1 hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và tiếp tục tới hiện tại (có thể tới tương lai). 5. THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN - SIMPLE PAST VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG Khẳng định: S + V_ed + O Phủ định: S + DID+ NOT + V + O Nghi vấn: DID + S+ V+ O ? VỚI TOBE Khẳng định: S + WAS/WERE + O Phủ định: S+ WAS/ WERE + NOT + O Nghi vấn: WAS/WERE + S+ O ? Từ nhận biết: yesterday, yesterday morning, last week, las month, last year, last night. Cách dùng thì quá khứ đ n: Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ với thời gian xác định. CHỦ TỪ + ÐỘNG TỪ QUÁ KHỨ When + thì quá khứ đơn (simple past) When + hành động thứ nhất 6. THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN - PAST CONTINUOUS Khẳng định: S + was/were + V_ing + O Phủ định: S + wasn't/weren't + V-ing + O Nghi vấn: Was/Were + S+ V-ing + O? Từ nhận biết: While, at that very moment, at 10:00 last night, and this morning (afternoon). Cách dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn: Dùng để diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra cùng lúc. Nhưng hành động thứ nhất đã xảy ra sớm hơn và đã đang tiếp tục xảy ra thì hành động thứ hai xảy ra. CHỦ TỪ + WERE/WAS + ÐỘNG TÙ THÊM - ING While + thì quá khứ tiếp diễn (past progressive) 7. THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH - PAST PERFECT Khẳng định: S + had + Past Participle (V3) + O Phủ định: S + hadn't + Past Participle + O Nghi vấn: Had + S + Past Participle + O? Từ nhận biết: after, before, as soon as, by the time, when, already, just, since, for.... VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 5 27. By the end of next year, George _______ English for two years. A. will have learned B. will learn C. has learned D. would learn 28. The man got out of the car, ________ round to the back and opened the book. A. walking B. walked C. walks D. walk 30. He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he ______ dinner. A. finish B. finishes C. will finish D. finishing 31 Ask her to come and see me when she _______ her work. A. finish B. has finished C. finished D. finishing 32. Tom and Mary ______ for Vietnam tomorrow. A. leave B. are leaving C. leaving D. are left 33. He always ________ for a walk in the evening. A. go B. is going C. goes D. going 34. Her brother ______ in Canada at present. A. working B. works C. is working D. work 35. Last week, my professor promised that he ________ today. A. would come B. will come C. comes D. coming II. Choose the underlined part in each sentence (A, B,C, or D) that needs correcting. 1. After Mrs. Wang had returned to her house from work, she was cooking dinner. A B C D 2. Jimmy threw the ball high in the air, and Betty catching it when it came down A B C D 3. Linda has worn her new yellow dress only once since she buys it. A B C D 4. Last week Mark told me that he got very bored with his present job and is looking for a new one. A B C D 5. Having fed the dog, he was sat down to his own meal. A B C D 6. When I turned on my computer, I was shocked to find some junk mail, and I just delete it all. A B C D 7. They are going to have to leave soon and so do we. A B C D 8. The boss laughed when the secretary has told him that she really needed a pay rise. A B C D 9. The telephone rang several times and then stop before I could answer it. A B C D 10. Debbie, whose father is an excellent tennis player, has been playing tennis since ten years. A B C D 11. I have seen lots of interesting places when I went on holiday last summer A B C D 12. When my cat heard a noise in the bushes, she stopped moving and listen intently A B C D 13. I think it‘s time you must change your way of living. A B C D 14. Roger felt the outside of his pocket to make sure his wallet is still there. A B C D 15. When I‘m shopping in the supermarket, I ran into an old friend who I hadn‘t met for five years. A B C D 16. The police arrested the man while he is having dinner in a restaurant. A B C D 17. Peter and Wendy first met in 2006, and they are married for three years now. A B C D 18. Some people are believing there is life on other planets. A B C D VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 6 19. Recently, the island of Hawaii had been the subject o fintensive research on the occurrence of earthquakes. A B C D 20. Every morning, the sun shines in my bedroom window and waking me up. A B C D 21. We‘ll be cycled to Hoa‘s village at this time next Sunday. A B C D 22. What will you do when your friends won‘t come ? A B C D 23. My friend didn‘t drink any beer since we came to live here. A B C D 24. We have written to each other when we were in primary school. A B C D 25. Will we go to the pop concert this weekend for a change? A B C D III.. Choose the correct sentence among A, B, C or D which has the same meaning as the given one. 1. As soon as he waved his hand, she turned away. A. He saw her turn away and he waved his hand. B. No sooner had he waved his hand than she turned away. C. She turned away because he waved his hand too early. D. Although she turned away, he waved his hand. 2. My father hasn‘t smoked cigarettes for a month. A. It‘s a month since my father last smoked cigarettes. B. It‘s a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes. C. It‘s a month that my father hasn‘t smoked cigarettes. D. It‘s a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago. 3. Having finished their work, the workers expected to be paid. A. The workers expected to be paid because they had finished their work. B. Having their work finished, the workers expected to be paid. C. Having expected to be paid, the workers finished their work. D. Having been finished their work, the workers expected to be paid. 3. Mr. Brown bought this car five years ago. A. Mr. Brown started to buy this car five years ago. B. It has been five years when Mr. Brown bought this car C. Mr. Brown has had this car for five years. D. It is five years ago since Mr. Brown bought this car. 4. I haven‘t enjoyed myself so much for years. A. It‘s years since I enjoyed myself so much. B. It‘s years since I have enjoyed myself so much. C. It was years since I had enjoyed myself so much. D. It has been years since I have enjoyed myself so much. 5. This is my tenth year working in this bank. A. By the end of this year, I will work in this bank for ten years. B. I have worked in this bank for ten years by the end of this year. C. By the end of this year, I will have worked in this bank for ten years. D. I had been working in this bank for ten years by the end of this year. 6. The famous actor was last seen in 2000. A. The famous actor has not been able to see since 2000. B. No one has seen the famous actor since 2000. C. The famous actor didn‘t see anyone in 2000. D. No one saw the famous actor until 2000. 7. I came to live here three months ago. A. It was three months since I lived here. B. I‘ve been living here for three months. C. I lived here for three months. D. I didn‘t live here for three months. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 7 8. She goes to the shops every Friday. A. She goes every day to the shop but not on Friday. B. It‘s not Friday, but she‘s going to the shops. C. She always goes to the shops on Friday. D. She never goes to the shops on Friday. 9. Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water. A. After Michael had taken a deep breath, he dived into the water. B. Having taken a deep breath, he dived into the water. C. After Michael took a deep breath, he had dived into the water. D. A & B are correct. 10. We started working here three years ago. A. We worked here for three years. B. We have no longer worked here for three years. C. We have worked here for three years. D. We will work here in three years. 11. It‘s a long time since we last went to the cinema . A. We have been to the cinema for a long time. B. We haven‘t been to the cinema for a long time. C. We don‘t go to the cinema as we used to. D. We wish we went to the cinema now. 12. I haven‘t finished this book yet. A. I‘m still reading this book. B. I have read this book before. C. The book I‘m reading hasn‘t finished. D. I will read this book some day. 13. He used to jog every morning. A. He enjoys jogging every morning. B. He never fails to jog every morning. C. He doesn‘t now jog every morning. D. He intended to jog every morning. 14. I have never felt happier than I do now. A. I felt happier before. B. I feel happy now. C. I have never felt happy. D. I have always felt happy. 15. He last had his eyes tested ten months ago. A. He hasn‘t had his eyes tested for ten months. B. He had not tested his eyes for ten months then. C. He had tested his eyes ten months before. D. He didn‘t have any test on his eyes in ten months. 16. Someone knocked on the door during my lunchtime. A. I had lunch when someone knocked on the door. B. When I had had lunch, someone knocked on the door. C. I was having lunch when someone was knocking on the door. D. I was having lunch when someone knocked on the door. 17. Steve left before my arrival. A. When I arrived, Steve had already left. B. Steve left as soon as I arrived. C. While Steve was leaving I arrived. D. Steve hadn‘t left until I arrived. 18. I haven‘t been here before. A. Being here is a pleasant experience. B. This is the first time I have been here. C. I have wished to be here for long. D. Before long I will be here. 19. The last time I saw Rose was three years ago. A. I hasn‘t seen Rose for three years. B. I haven‘t seen Rose three years ago. C. I haven‘t seen Rose since three years. D. I haven‘t seen Rose for three years. 20. When we arrived, the children were playing ―Hide and Seek‖ A. The children played ―Hide and Seek‖ and then we arrived. B. While the children were playing ―Hide and Seek‖, we arrived. C. We arrived at the same time the children played ―Hide and Seek‖. D. We didn‘t arrive until the children played ―Hide and Seek‖. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 10 8. Tiêu ®Ò sách báo, tên c qu n, tổ chức đoàn thể, quốc gi , dù viết ở số nhiều -> động từ chi theo S số ít. Ex: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales includes many humorous characterizations. Ex: The Malay States is now part of the Federation of Malaysia. 9. Các danh từ chỉ bệnh tật, môn học, môn thể th o, tên nước, thủ đô: news, means, series, billiards, mathematics, species, measles, mumps, rickets, mathematics, economics,, linguistics, physics, phonetics, athletics, politics, statistics, Algiers, Athens, Brussels, Marseilles, Naples, the Philippines, the United Nations, the United States, Wales.........) => động từ chia theo S số Ít. Ex: The morning news is on at 6 o'clock. Ex: Measles is sometimes serious. 10. Nh÷ng danh từ sau ®©y lu«n ®i số nhiều (glasses, scissors (keo), pants, shorts, jeans, tongs (cai kep), pliers (kim), tweezers (nhip), eye-glasses, ear-rings......)  Động từ chia theo S số nhiều. Ex: My trousers are torn . Ex: These scissors are dull. But:- A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. - This pair of scissors is sharp. 11. THE NUMBER OF +N(số nhiều)=> Động từ chi theo số ít. Ex: The number of road accidents is increasing. 12. A NUMBER OF +N (số nhiều) => Động từ chia theo S số nhiều. Ex: A number of spectators were injured 13. No + singular noun + singular verb: Ex: No example is right in this case. plural noun + plural verb: Ex: No examples are right in this case. 14. None of the + non-count noun + -singular verb plural noun + plural verb Ex: - None of the counterfeit money has been found. Ex: - None of the students have finished the exam yet. 15. It + be + noun / pronoun (in the subject form) Ex - It is they who provide the modem medical aids. Ex- Go and tell them it is I who did it. 16. There + be + noun: (động từ phụ thuộc vào danh từ). Ex: There have not been many large-scale epidemics lately. * PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG A. Choose the best answers to the following questions. 1. The Vietnamese people ----------- a heroic people. A. is B. are C. was D. were 2. Miss White------------ her parents is going to pay a visit to the Great Wall. A. and B both C. as well as D. or 3. The Vietnamese ----------hard-working and brave. A. is B. are C. be D. being 4. A good deal of money ------------- spent on the books. A. have B. has C. have been D. has been 5. The manager or his secretary ------------ to give you an interview. A. is B. are C. were D. have 6. Mary is one of the girls who-------------often late for school. A. is B. are C. comes D. get VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 11 7. Two hours -------------- not long enough for this rest. A. have B. has C. is D. are 8. Ninety percent of the work -------------- been done. A. is B. are C. has D. have 9. Those who ----------------- to go with me, please raise your hand. A. want B. wants C. wanting D. are wanting 10. Salt and water ------------ to wash the wound A. is used B. are used C. was used D. were used 11. The news ------------- bad last night. A. were B. was C. has D. has been 12. Three-fifths of the police-------------in the school near the town. A. has trained B. have trained C. has been trained D. have been trained 13. ------------ not only you but also he going to Japan? A. Are B. Is C. Were D. Was 14. All the books on the shelf ----------------to me. A. belong B. belongs C. belonging D. is belonging 15. The trousers you bought for me ------------ me. A. don‘t fit B. doesn‘t fit C. fits D. fit not 16. Mumps _________ usually caught by children. A. are B. was C. is D. were 17. The United States _________ between Canada and Mexico. A. lying B. lies C. lain D. lie 18. Physics_________ us understand the natural laws. A. helps B. help C. have helped D. helped 19. The police _________ the robber. A. were arrested B. has arrested C. have arrested D. was arresting 20. The cattle __________ in the field. A. is grazing B. grazes C. has grazed D. are grazing 21. Either you or he ____________ wrong. A. are B. were C. have been D. is 22. John as well as Mary __________ very kind. A. were B. are C. is D. have been 23. The doctor with the nurses ___________ exhausted after the operation. A. were B. was C. have been D. are being 24. Five miles ___________ not very far. A. is B. are C. were D. have been 25. ____________ ten years too long? A. Are B. Is C. Are being D. Were 26. Neither his parents nor his teacher ____________ satisfied with his result. A. are being B. were C. is D. are 27. Each boy and each girl ___________ a book. A. are having B. have had C. have D. has 28. Writing a lot of letters ___________ her tired. A. makes B. make C. have made D. are making 29. ___________ everybody ready to start now? A. Are being B. Is being C. Is D. Are 30. None of the butter in the fridge ____________ good. A. is being B. is C. have been D. are 31. None of the students ___________ the test yet. A. have finished B. has finished C. finished D. is finishing 32. A pair of shoes ____________ under the bed. A. have been B. are C. are being D. is 33. 200 tons of water ___________ last month. A. was used B. had been used C. were used D. is used VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 12 34. In the hotel, the bread and butter _____________ for breakfast. A. is served B. are served C. serves D. serve 35. ___________ were nice to me when I was in England. A. The Brown‘s B. Brown‘s C. The Browns D. Browns B. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order to make the sentence correct. 36. Neither his parents nor his teacher are satisfied with his result when he was at high school. 37. Daisy was the only one of those girls that get the scholarship. 38. Working provide people with personal satisfaction as well as money. 39. Either the doctor or the nurses takes care of changing the patients‘ bandages. 40. Every student who majors in English are ready to participate in the oratorical contest. 41. One hundreds eight thousand miles is the speed of light. 42. The guest of honour, along with his wife and children, were sitting at the first table when we had a party yesterday. 43. The audience was enjoying every minute of the performance. 44. All the books on the top shelf belongs to me. 45. Five thousand pounds were stolen from the bank. 46. Happiness and success depends on yourself. 47. The loss of her husband and two of her sons were too much for her. 48. David and his brother was indicted yesterday on charges of grand theft. 49. Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave serious questions unanswered. 50. Everyone have to plan a program that fits into the day‘s schedule and that allows for good exercise and appropriate rest. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí * Cụm giới từ theo sau bới V-ing: be excited/ worried about V-ing complain keep (someone) dream about/ of + V-ing prevent (someone) from V-ing talk stop (someone) think apologize believe blame (someone) be interested in V-ing forgive (someone) for V-ing succeed be responsible thank (someone) be tired of V-ing in addition be waste look forward to V-ing * Preposition +gerund (giới từ +gerund): Be interested in (thích thú) think about (nghĩ về) apologize for (xin lỗi về) Insist on (khăng khăng về) talk about (nói về) instead of (thay vì) Be accustomed to look forward to (mong đợi) be / get used to quen /thích nghi với be familiar with 3. The perfect gerund: Form: having Vpp The perfect gerund được sử dụng thay the present form of gerund (V-ing) khi chúng ta đề cập tới một hành động đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ: Ex: He was accused of having stolen her money. He denied having been there. 4. The passive gerund: Form: being + past participle (present) Having + been + Vpp (past) Ex: She hates being called a dull. The mountain climbers are in danger of being killed by an avalanche. I am interested in being given money by my mother. He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper. The safe showed no signs of having been touched. II. INFINITIVES: Động từ nguyên thể 1. Chức năng: - Làm chủ ngữ của câu: (cùng với các động từ: appear, seem, be) Ex: To save money now seems impossible. = It seems impossible to save money (more usual) - Làm bổ ngữ của động từ (be): Ex: His plan is to keep the affair secret. - Làm tân ngữ của động từ: Ex: He wants to play - Chỉ mục đích: He learns English to sing English songs. - Sau một số tính từ: 2. Bare infinitive (infinitive without to)  Được dùng sau động từ make, have với nghĩ nguyên cớ (causative) The Brown made their children clean their room. The guest had the porters carry their luggage upstairs. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí  Được dùng sau động từ giác quan như see, hear, feel,notice, taste, smell,.... We incidentally saw the plane crash into the moutain. The man noticed his assistant leave work earlier than usual. * chú ý: Feel, hear, see, watch, smell, find + O + Ving (present p rticiple): bắt gặp i đó đ ng làm gì Feel, hear, see, watch, smell, find + O + bare inf.: thấy i đó đã làm gì  Đuợc dùng sau động từ let và help. My brother let me use computer. The parents helped their children set up the tent.  Được dùng sau các đọng từ khuyết thiếu và trợ động từ: can, could, will, shall, would, should, used to, had better, need, ought to, do, did …  Trong cấu trúc: would rather + bare infinitve/ had better 3. To – infinitive: A. To infinitive s u động từ: Dạng1: V + TO INFINITIVE : Mẫt số động từ theo sau là to infinitive 1. agree: đồng ý 2. aim: nhằm mục đích 3. appear: có vẻ 4. arrange: sắp xếp 5. ask: yêu cầu 6. attempt: cố gắng 7. bother: phiền 8. care: để ý 9. choose: chọn 10. claim: công bố 11. decide: quyết định 12. demand: yêu cầu 13. determine: định đoạt 14. fail: thất bại 15. guarantee: bảo đảm 16. happen: xảy ra 17. hesitate: do dự 18. hope: hy vọng 19. learn: học 20. manage: xoay xở 21. neglect: lơ đãng 22. offer: đề nghị 23. plan: có kế hoạch 24. prepare:chuẩn bị 25. pretend: giả vờ 26. proceed: tiếp nối 27. promise: 28. prove: chứng tỏ 29. refuse: từ chối 30. resolve: nhất quyết 31. seem: 32. swear: thề 33. tend: có xu hướng 34. threaten: dọa 35. volunteer: tình nguyện 36. vow: dụ dỗ 37. wish 38. want 39. need 40. wait 41. expect 42. intend 43. would like/ would love 44. beg 45. begin/ start 46. afford: đủ khả năng 47. be willing 48. be able 49. expect 50. intend 51. beg: cầu khẩn 52. prefer Dạng2: V + O + TO INFINITIVE - Danh từ/ đại từ làm tân ngữ (objects) đi sau, rồi mới đến ―to infinitive‖ Ví dụ: - She advised me to go to the English Club. * Một số động từ thường gặp: + advise: khuyên + allow: cho phẫp + ask: yêu cầu. + cause: gây ra. + command: yêu cầu, ra lệnh + encourage: khuyến khích + expect: mong chờ. + forbid: cấm + force: buộc + instruct: chỉ dẫn + invite: mời + oblige: bắt buộc + need: cần - We need you to help us + teach: dạy - My brother taught me to swim + tell: bảo. + want: muốn + warn: cảnh báo + remind: nhắc nhở + order: yêu cầu, ra lệnh + persuade: thuyết phục + request: yêu cầu + show: + train: đào tạo, huấn luyện + instruct: chỉ dẫn + permit: cho phẫp + remind: nhắc nhở VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí * NOTES: + allow / permit / advise/ recommend/ encourage + object + to infinitive Ex: She doesn‟t llow me to smoke in her room + allow/ permit/ recommend/ encourage/ advise + gerund Ex: She doesn‟t llow smoking in her room Dạng3: V + TO INFINITIVE/ GERUND (một số động từ theo sau bởi to infinitive and gerund) Nhóm 1: V + to Infinitive / Gerund (không khác nghĩ ) - begin bắt đầu - prefer thích.. hơn - can‘t stand - start bắt đầu - hate ghẫt - can‘t bear - continue tiếp tục - love yêu thích - intend - like thích - bother làm phiền Các động từ trên có thể được theo sau bởi to Infinitive hoặc Gerund mà ý nghĩa hÇu nh- không đổi. Ví dụ: - He began to laugh = He began laughing Chú ý: a) Không nên dùng: It‘s beginning raining Nên nói: It is begining to rain b) Động từ nguyên mẫu thường mang ý nghĩa của một mục đích, một dự tính trong tương lai, trong khi danh động từ mang ý nghĩa một kinh nghiệm sẵn có. Cách sử dụng chúng đôi khi rất tinh tế như sau: Ví dụ - I like to meet the public (Tôi thích gặp công chúng – Tôi thấy nên gặp, cần gặp → dự định) - I like meeting the public (Tôi thích gặp công chúng. Tôi thấy vui khi gặp và tôi luôn làm thế). Nhóm 2: V + infinitive / Gerund (khác nghĩ ) remember, forget, regret, try, stop, need, go on a. NEED Need to do = it is necessary to do:cần phải làm (động từ nguyên mẫu mang nghĩa chủ động) Need doing = need to be done: cần phải được làm (động từ nguyên mẫu mang nghĩa bị động)  Tom needs to work harder. (It is necessary for Tom to work harder.)  The grass in front of the house needs cutting. (The grass in front of the house needs to be cut.) b. STOP Stop to do = stop in order to do: dõng lại ®Ó làm viỆc g× khác Stop doing = not to do something any longer: dõng làm viỆc g× ®ã (®ang làm)  They stopped to look at the pictures.  They stopped smoking because it is bad for their health. c. REGRET/ REMEMBER/ FORGET: Remember/forget/regret + to V: nhớ/quên/tiếc sẽ phải làm gì (ở hiện tại và tư ng l i) * Remember to send this letter (hãy nhớ gửi bức thư này). Don‟t forget to buy flowers (đừng quên mua hoa đấy) * I regret to inform you that the train was canceled (tôi rất tiếc phải báo tin cho anh rằng chuyến tầu đã bị hủy bỏ) Remember/forget/regret + V-ing: nhớ/quên/tiếc đã làm gì (ở quá khứ). VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí She doesn‟t want to be asked personal questions  Được dùng để nhấn mạnh hành động/ sự kiện hơn là tác nhân gây ra hành động * PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG Exercise 1: Multiple choice 1. I enjoy _________ alone. a. be b. to be c. being d. to have been 2. Would you like _______to the party? a. to come b. come c. coming d. to have come 3. Do you mind_______ such a long way to work everyday? a. to travel b. travel c. to have travelled d. travelling 4. I don‘t like that house. I would hate _______there. a. live b. living c. to live d. to have lived 5. Sometimes I would like_______ to play the piano. a. to learn b. learning c. learn d. to have learned 6. Please remember _______this letter. a. to post b. post c. posting d. to have posted 7. We tried _______the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire- brigade. a. putting b. put c. to put d. to have put 8. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember_______ it by the window and now it has gone. a. leave b. to leave c. to have left d. leaving 9. Jane needed some money. She tried _______Harry but he couldn‘t help her. a. to have asked b. to ask c. asking d. ask 10. Please tell me how _______this a. do b. to do c. doing d. to have done 11. One is never too old_______ a. to learn b. learning c. learn d. to have learned 12. You are old enough _______out alone. a. going b. to go c. to have gone d. go 13. I‘m glad _______you a. to meet b. meet c. meeting d. to have met 14. It‘s nice _______you a. to know b. know c. knowing d. to have known 15. We stopped_______ hello to her. a. say b. to say c. saying d. to have said 16. It‘s no use ______ those things. a. buy b. buying c. to buy d. to be bought 17. After ______, she invited the audience to ask questions. a. finish b. finished c. finishing d. to finish 18. Robbins started ______ a few years ago. a. to jog b. jogging c. jog d. A and B are correct 19. I suggest ________ some more mathematics puzzles. a. do b. to do c. doing d done 20. My computer needs _______. a. repair b. to repair c. repairing d. repaired 21. I want ----- at home tonight a. staying b. to stay c. stay d. stayed 22. Alice isn‘t interested in ------- for a new job a. look b. to look c. looks d. looking 23. We‘re going out for dinner. Would you like ----- us? a. joining b. to join c. join d. joins VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 24. When Beth got tired, she stopped ------- a. working b. to work c. work d. works 25. Don‘t forget ------ the letter I gave you yesterday a. post b. posting c. posts d. to post 26. Her boss refuses ------ her a raise a. giving b. to give c. give d. a & b correct 27. She enjoys ----- with many people a. work b. working c. to work d. works 28. Mary was in a difficult situation, so he agreed ------- her some money a. to lend b. lend c. lending d. a & c correct 29. They sometimes avoid ------ him a. meeting b. meet c. to meet d. meets 30. It was a nice day, so we decided -------- for a walk a. going b. go c. to go d. goes 31. Would you mind -------- the door? Thanks a. opening b. open c. opens d. to open 32. The man wanted to avoid...................... on security cameras. a. to see b. seeing c. to be seen d. being seen 33. I tried........................... the bus, but I missed it. a. to catch b. catching c. to be caught d. being caught 34. The plants want........................... daily. a. to water b. watering c. to be watered d. both b and c 35. Will you remind me.................... this letter at the post office? a. to post b. posting c. to be posted d. being posted 36. The goods ought....................... two weeks ago. a. to deliver b. delivering c. to be delivered d. being delivered 37. I have expected......................... the secret of happiness. a. to tell b. telling c. to be told d. being told 38. John had agreed......................... me in his office. a. to meet b. meeting c. to be met d. being met 39. I don‘t like _____ when I am not there. a. criticizing b. being criticized c. to criticize d. to be criticized 40. She expected ________ to the principal. a. to introduce b. being introduced c. to be introduced d. being introduced 41. Tom was sad about ________ in class yesterday. a. punishing b. being punished c. to be punished d. punished 42. You shouldn‘t make your son _______ too much. a. study b. studied c. to study d. studying 43 John had agreed......................... me in his office. a. to meet b. meeting c. to be met d. being met 44. It‘s important for the figures......................... regularly. a. to update b. updating c. to be updated d. being updated 45. It is no good............................ sorry for yourself. a. to feel b. feeling c. feel d. felt 46. Peter regrets …………Marry‘s birthday party a. not to attend b. not attending c. not to be attending d. not to be attended 47. Will you remind me.................... this letter at the post office? a. to post b. posting c. to be posted d. being posted 48. I shall never forget-----------with you to Paris last year. a. staying b. to staying c. to stay d. stayed 49. I am looking forward to -----------you. a. having seen b. seeing c. to see d. all are wrong VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 50. I am always remember------------ off the lights before I leave my house. a. turning b. to turn c. turned d. being turned 51. She was able………………English when she was very young. a. to sing b. sing c. singing d. sang 52. Could you please stop ………….. so much noise? a. make b. to make c. made d. making 53. She said that she had talked to me but I didn‘t remember ……………her before. a. seeing b. to see c. not seeing d. see 54. Let your name………….. in the sheet of paper. a. write b. be written c. written d. to write 55. We hoped…………….. by our teacher. a. to help b. helping c. to be helped d. being helped Exercise 2: Sentence transformation 56. My teacher wouldn‘t let me leave early. A. My teacher refused to let me leave early. B. My teacher refused letting me leave early. C. My teacher allowed me to leave early. D. My teacher permitted me to leave early. 57. It is your duty to tell him what to do. A. You are supposed to tell him what to do. B. You are given the duty to tell him what he has to do. C. It is said that you tell him what to do. D. Please tell him what he has to do. 58. It is pointless to try to make him change his mind. A. It is a waste of time trying and making him change his mind. B. It is a waste of time to try and make him change his mind. C. There is no time to try to make him change his mind. D. There is no time trying to make him change his mind. 59. I want to know the depth of the river at this point. A. I want to know how the river is deep at this point. B. I want to know how deep is the river at this point. C. I want to know how deep the river is at this point. D. I want to know how the deep river is at this point. 60. The tea wasn‘t sweet enough for Betty to drink. A. Betty didn‘t like to drink the sweet tea. B. Betty couldn‘t drink the tea. She liked more sugar. C. There wasn‘t enough tea, and Betty had nothing to drink. D. Betty drank some of the tea but not enough. 61. You had better take some medicine. A. You ought to drink medicine. B. You must take a number of tablets. C. You have to have some medicine. D. You should have some medicine. 62. The doctor advised him to go the local hospital for a check-up. A. He was advised to go to the international hospital for a check-up. B. He was advised to go to the hospital where he is now living for a check-up. C. He was advised to go to the best hospital for a check-up. D. For a check-up, he was told to stay at home. 63. It‘s a waste of time trying to explain anything to Tony. A. Tony should be given explanation. B. It‘s not worth trying to explain anything to Tony. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí c) Note: Động từ trong mệnh đề điều kiện nếu là động từ tobe thì ta dùng were cho tất cả các chủ ngữ . Ex. If I were you , I would go abroard. If I knew his address, I would give it to you. 3/ Conditional sentences: Type 3. a/ use: Diễn tả hành động không có thật ở quá khứ. b/ Form: If +S +had +V(PII), S + Would (could,might) + have + V(PII). (S + Would (could, might) +have +V(PII) +IF + S +had +V (PII). Ex:If he had studied harder for that test,he would have passed it 4/ Một số trường hợp câu điều kiện đặc biệt / CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN KẾT HỢP Form: If + S + had + P2, S + would have + P2 Ex: 1. If I h dn‟t st yed up late last night, I wouldn‟t be so tired now. 2. You wouldn‟t be so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning  Trong trường hợp này, mệnh đề If chia động từ ở loại 3, mệnh đề chính chia động từ ở loại 2 b/CẤU TRÚC ĐẢO NGỮ CỦA CÂU ĐK * Đảo ngữ đk loại 1 Should + S + Vinfinitive, S + Will + Vinfinitive * Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2: Were + S + (to + Vinfinitive), S + Would + Vinfinitive If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book * Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3: Had + S + P2, S + would have + P2 Ex: If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.  Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house * Đảo ngữ củ câu điều kiện kết hợp: Had + S + P2, S + would Vinfinitive c/CÁC CÁCH KHÁC ĐỂ DIỄN TẢ ĐIỀU KIỆN * Imper tive (mệnh lệnh) + or/ nd + S + V(simple future). Ex: Prepare the lesson carefully or you will get a bad mark. = If you don't prepare the lesson carefully, you will get a bad mark. * Unless = If.... not (Trừ khi) If he doesn‘t come, I will bring this package to him Unless he comes, I will bring this package to him * In case (Phòng khi điều gì đó xảy r ) Trong mệnh đề theo sau In case thường dùng thì hiện tại đơn hoặc quá khứ đơn, không dung will hoặc would I always take an umbrella in case it rains * Dùng With/Without/ But for With/ Without/ But for + a noun/ a noun phrase Eg: If you help me, I can finish this assignment = With your help, I can finish this assignment Without water, life wouldn‘t exist = If there were no water, life wouldn‘t exist. * As long as/ So long as/ Provided (that)/ Providing (that)/ On condition that + Clause (Miễn là/ với điều kiện) Ex: As long as you drive carefully, you can use my car. = If you drive carefully, you can use my car. * Otherwise (Nếu không thì): Dùng để th y thế cho vế If và liên qu n đến một ý tưởng củ câu trước. (Trước Otherwise thường có dấu; hoặc dấu, sau otherwise có dấu,) Eg: You must read the instruction; otherwise, you don‘t know how to do it VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí PART B - WISH / IF ONLY I- PHẦN LÝ THUYẾT Wish và if only thường được để diễn đạt ước muốn (if only mạnh mẽ và rõ ràng hơn wish). Sau wish và only là một mệnh đề chỉ sự ao ước một ĐK không có thật. Mệnh đề sau wish và if only được xem như một mệnh đề danh từ. Sau wish /only có 3 loại mệnh đề được dùng để chỉ sự ao ước ở hiện tại, quá khứ và tương lai. 1. Ao ước ở hiện tại (present wish). a. Cấu trúc: b. Cách dùng: diễn đạt mong ước về một điều không có thật hoặc không thể thực hiện được ở hiện tại. Eg1:I wish I lived nearer. Then we could meet more often. (I'm sorry that I don't live nearer) Eg2: Cathy wishes she had blond hair. (Cathy is sorry that she doesn't have blond hair) - Would không được dùng để diễn đạt mong muốn ở hiện tại, nhưng chúng ta có thể dùng could. Eg3: You're brilliant. I wish I could play the guitar like you. (I'm sorry that I can't play the guitar like you) 2. Ao ước ở quá khứ (p st wish) a. cấu trúc: b. Cách dùng: diễn đạt mong ước về một điều đã xảy ra trong quá khứ hoặc diễn đạt sự hối tiếc về một điều gì đó đã không xảy ra. Eg: I wish I had never told him my secret. (I'm sorry that I told him my secret) Eg: Santiago wishes he hadn't spent so much money last night. (Santiago regrets spending so much money last night) -Chúng ta có thể dùng could have +past participle để vao ước về quá khứ khi chủ ngữ trước và sau wish là một người hay một vật. Eg: I wish I could have been at the wedding,but I was in New York. 3. Ao ước ở tư ng l i(future wish) a. Cấu trúc: b. Cách dùng:mong muốn điều gì đó xảy ra hoặc muốn người nào đó làm điều gì đó. Eg: I wish it would stop snowing. Eg: I wish Mark would call me back. Eg: I wish more people would read my blog. Chú ý: I wish.... woud... được dùng khi nói về hành động và sự thay đổi,would không được nói về một tình trạng Eg: I wish something exciting would happen. PART C:Một số cấu trúc giả định khác 1. Clause after AS IF, AS THOUGH: * AS IF, AS THOUGH có nghĩa là ―như thể, dường như‖ * Hai từ nối trên đứng trước một mệnh đề chỉ một điều không thật hoặc trái với thực tế. /Điều không có thật ở hiện tại S + V + as if /as though + V past subjunctive (V-ed/ were). Eg: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (It is not winter). + She walks as though she studied modeling. (She didn‘t study modeling). + He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich). S + WISH (es) /IF ONLY + S+ V (past subjunctive) (be were) S + WISH(es) /IF ONLY + S+ V (past perfect subjunctive) S + WISH(es) /IF ONLY + S+ would/ could /might + V (bare-infinitive VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí b/Điều không có thật ở quá khứ S + V + as if /as though + V past perfect subjunctive /(had + V-ed/ (pp)). Eg: + Tom looked very tired as if he worked very hard. + The child ate as though he had been hungry for a long time. + He looked as if he hadn‘t taken a bath for month. Note: Past Subjunctive (quá khứ giả định) có hình thức giống thì Simple past nhưng với động từ TO BE thì phải đổi thành WERE cho tất cả các ngôi. - Past Perfect Subjunctive (quá khứ hoàn thành giả định) có hình thức giống thì Past perfect. - Động từ đứng trước as if/as though có thể ở thì hiện tại hoặc quá khứ mà không có sự thay đổi thì trong mệnh đề giả định Eg: He talks/talked as if he knew everything. Eg: He looks /looked as though he hadn‘t a decent meal for a month. - Trong mệnh đề so sánh (mệnh đề chỉ cách thức và mệnh đề chính có cùng chủ ngữ), chúng ta có thể dùng as if /as though theo sau bởi một phân từ (present /past participle) hoặc động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to – infinitive). 2. It‟s time, It‟s high time It‟s time/it‟s high time có thể được theo sau bởi: a. Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) It‟s time/ It‟s high time + (for + Object) + to-infinitive E. x: It‘s time to buy a new car. (Đã đến lúc phải mua xe mới rồi.) It‘s high time for the children to go to bed. (Đã đến giờ bọn trẻ đi ngủ rồi) b. Mệnh đề (động từ chia ở quá khứ nhưng mang nghĩa hiện tại) It‟s time/ It‟s high time + S + V - past simple E. x: Ten o‘clock - It‘s time you went home. (10 giờ rồi - Đã đến lúc các bạn phải về nhà) It‘s high time the children were in bed. (Đã đến giờ bọn trẻ đi ngủ) Lưu ý: Were có thể dùng thay cho Was. E. x: It‘s time I was/were in bed 3. Would rather a. Would rather (thích …. hơn) được dùng để diễn đạt những gì mà một người nào đó muốn thực hiện trong một tình huống cụ thể (không được dùng trong trường hợp tổng quát). Would rather (do) = Would prefer (to do). * ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai S + would r ther (+not) + V_b re infinitive ….. (+ than+ V_bare infinitive) E. x: I would rather stay at home tonight. (Tối nay tôi thích ở nhà.) Would you rather have tea or coffee? (Bạn thích dùng trà hay cà phê hơn?) I‘m tired. I‟d r ther not go out this evening. (Tôi mệt. Chiều nay tôi không thích đi chơi.) VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 13. If I had enough time now, I ……….. to my parents. A. would write B. write C. will write D. wrote 14. It‘s too bad Helen isn‘t here. If she ……….. here, she …….. what to do. A. is / will know B. was / knows C. were / would know D. are / would have known 15. If she …………. late again, she will lose her job. A. come B. came C comes D. had come 16. I will let you know if I ……….. out what‘s happening. A. find B. finds C. found D. had found 17. If we ……………. in a town, life would be better. A. live B. lived C. would live D. had lived 18. I‘m sure he wouln‘t mind if we ……………early. A. arrive B. arriving C. arrived D. had arrived 19. If I won the lottery, I ……. you half the money. A. gave B. had given C. will give D. would give 20. It ……….. be a pity if she married Fred. A. will B. would C. can D. may 21. If I‘m free on Saturday, I ………….. to the mountains. A. to go B. could go C. went D. can go 22. we ……………. you if we have time. A. will phone B. would phone C. phoned D. had phoned 23. If I …………. you,I would help them. A. am B. will be C. were D. had been 24. I could have understood him if he ……………more slowly. A. speaks B. spoke C. had spoken D. would speak 25. If I had known that you were in hospital, I …………….. you. A. will visit B. would have visited C. visit D. don‘t visit 26. I wouldn‘t have believed it if I ………………it with my own eyes. A. had seen B. saw C. hadn‘t seen D. didn‘t see 27. What would you have done if the lift ……….. struck between two floors at that time. A. had got B. got C. gets D. getting 28. If I …………that the traffic lights were red, I ………………….. A. had realized / would have stopped B. had realized / wouldn‘t have stopped C. realized / would stop C. realize / will not stop 29. If we have some eggs,I ……………you a cake. A. made B. makes C. will make D. would make 30. If you …………so busy, I would have shown you how to play. A. hadn‘t been B. weren‘t C. aren‘t D. wouldn‘t be. Exercise 2: Choose the best answer. 1. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _______ it. A. would never have believed B. don‘t believe C. hadn‘t believed D. can‘t believe 2. Put all the toys away……….. someone slips and falls on them. A. provided that B. unless C. in case D. so long as 3. Many argue that the world will never make the switch to cleaner forms of energy………… easily obtainable soil sources remain. A. suppose that B. providing that C. unless D. as long as 4. ………….. you to be offered that job, would you have to move to another city? A. should B. Were C. had D. Provided that 5. You will find their house __________ you take a good street map with you. A. as long as B. even if C. if only D. otherwise: VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 6. You‘d better stop spending money, _______ you will end up in debt A. unless B. otherwise C. if D. in case 7. Henry__________ a rich man today if he had been more careful in the past. A. will have been B. will be C. would have been D. would be 8. _________ you visit him, give him my best wishes. A. Could B. Would C. Should D. Might 9. Were she ten years younger, she ______________ the beauty contest. A. will enter B. had entered C. would enter D. would have entered 10. If it……….. their encouragement, he could have given it up. A. had been for B. hadn‘t been C. hadn‘t been for D. wouldn‘t have been for 11. _________ any employee be ill, they must call the office to inform their head of departure. A. Were B. Should C. Had D. If 12. If Lucy‘s car ___________ down, she would be here right now. A. didn‘t break B. hadn‘t broken C. wouldn‘t have been D. doesn‘t break 13. Harry would certainly have attended the proceedings _________. A. if he didn‘t get a flat tyre B. had he not had a flat tyre C. had the tyre not flattened itself D. if the flat tyre didn‘t happen 14. If I _____ my wallet at home this morning, I _____ money for lunch now. A. leave / will have B. didn‘t leave / would have C. hadn‘t left / would have D. hadn‘t left / would have had 15. I………you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital. A. would have visited B. visited C. had visited D. visit 16. ………then what I know today,I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years. A-had I known B-did I know C-If I know D- If I would know 17. If someone ……in to the store,smile and say, ―May I help you?‖ A-comes B-came C-would come D-could come 18. Trees won‘t grow ……….. there is enough water. A. if B. when C. unless D. as Exercise 3 choose the best answer 1. But for two minor mistakes, I would have got full marks for the test. A. If I didn‘t make two minor mistakes, I would have got full marks for the test . B. I would have got full marks for the test if there hadn‘t been these two minor mistakes C. Had I made two minor mistakes, I would have got full marks for the test. D. If the mistakes hadn‘t been minor, I could have got full marks for the test . 2. Get in touch with me as soon as possible if you change your mind about the trip. A. Should you change your mind about the trip, contact me as soon as possible B. If you changed your mind about the trip, get in touch with me as soon as possible. C. You should call me whenever you changed your mind about the trip. D. Having changed your mind about the trip, you should get in touch with me soon 3. If it h dn‟t been for the go lkeeper, United would h ve lost. A. United didn‘t lose the game thanks to their goalkeeper. B. United lost the match because of their goalkeeper. C. Without their goalkeeper, United could have won D. If their goalkeeper didn‘t play so well, United would have lost. 4. Without his help, we would all die. A. We died because he didn‘t help us. B. He didn‘t help us, so we died. C. If it hadn‘t been for his help, we would all have died D. If he had helped us, we wouldn‘t have died. 5. Had the announcement been made earlier, more people would have attended the lecture. A. Not many people came to hear the lecture because it was held too late, B. The lecture was held earlier so that more people would attend VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C. Fewer people attended the lecture because of the early announcement. D. Since the announcement was not made earlier, fewer people came to hear the lecture. 6. But for Helen acting so wonderfully, the play would be a flop A. Helen acted so wonderfully, but the play was a flop. B. If it wasn‘t for Helen‘s wonderful acting, the play would be a flop C. The play was a flop although Helen acted so wonderfully. D. The play was a flop although Helen was such a wonderful actor. 7. Provided your handwriting is legible, the examiner will accept your answer. A. Although the examiner cannot read your handwriting, he will accept your answer, B. Whatever your handwriting, the examiner will accept your answer. C. The examiner will accept your answer if your handwriting is beautiful D. So long as the examiner can read your handwriting, he will accept your answer. 8. But for his f ther‟s e rly retirement, Rich rd would not h ve t ken over the family business. A. Richard only took over the family business because his father decided to retire early. B. Richard didn‘t take over the family business because his father didn‘t retire early C. His father retired early but he still ran the family business D. Richard‘s father didn‘t want him to take over the family business despite his retirement 9. Were it not for the money, the job wouldn‟t be worthwhile A. This job is not rewarding at all B. This job offers a poor salary C. Although the salary is poor, the job is worthwhile D. The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money. 10. You can stay in the flat for free if you pay the bills. A. Provided you pay the bills, you can stay in the flat for free. B. Without the bills paid, you can stay in the free flat. C. Unless the flat is free of bills, you cannot stay in it. D. Whether you pay the bills or stay in the flat, it is free. 11: She is now leading a normal life as a result of all the support she received from social workers. A. Had it not been for the social workers, she wouldn‘t be leading such a normal life now. B. Because she receives all the support from social workers, she is leading a normal life now C. If she didn‘t receive all the support from social workers, she wouldn‘t be leading a normal life now. D. Had she not received so much support from social workers, she wouldn‘t be leading such a normal life now. 12. In my experiments, the liquid is cooled to 32ºF. It always freezes. A. If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it froze. B. If you cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would freeze. C. If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it will freeze. D. If you had cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would have frozen. Exercise 4: Choose the best answer: 1. I'm not very fit. I wish ______ A. I would be fitter B. I were fitter C. I was fitter D. I am fitter 2. It's very hot. A. I wish it were cooler. C. A. I wish it were hotter. B. I wish it was rain tomorrow. D. If only it had rained. 3. He likes to swim. ->He wishes he ……………… near the sea. A. liked B. living C. lives D. to live 4. She wishes she ………………. blue eyes. A. has B. had C. had had D. would have VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 5. Henry would rather that his girlfriend ______in the same department as he does. A. work B. to work C. working D. worked 6. It‘s time you _________the house. A. paint B. painted C. painting D. paints 7. Bob would rather that Jill ______ to class yesterday. A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone 8. It‘s time we all......................... now. A. had gone B. go C. should go D. went 9. John would rather ________ than worked last night. A. slept B. was sleeping C. have slept D. had slept 10. It‘s time __________a car. A. go B. buy C. to buy D. buying Exercise 7: Choose the best answer 1. I requested that he ………….. the work on time. A. finishes B. will finish C. finish D. finished 2. It is necessary that she ………….. the club. Ajoin B. joins C. would join D. has joined 3. The doctor suggested that the patient ………….. smoking. A. stop B. should stop C. would stop D. both A and B are correct 4. It is important that you ……….. on time. A. comes B. coming C. having come D. come 5. It is necessary that she ………….. the housework. A. do B. would do C. doing D. done 6. They requested that I …………early. A. leave B. should leave C. left D. A or B 7. It is our wish that he…………… what he please. A. is doing B. does C. do D. should have done 8. I propose that the minutes of the previous meeting……….. read. A. to be B. be C. being D. should have been 9. The court ordered that the man ………….. released. A. be B. was C. is D. has been 10. It is essential that he ……….. the bike. A. to repair B. should repair C. would repair D. had better repair KEY EX1: 1B, 2C, 3B, 4C, 5A, 6A, 7B, 8D, 9B, 10A, 11B, 12C, 13D, 14C, 15C, 16A, 17B, 18C, 19D, 20B, 21D, 22A, 23C, 24C, 25B, 26C, 27A, 28A, 29C, 30A EX2: 1A, 2C, 3C, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7D, 8C, 9C, 10C, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14C, 15A, 16A, 17A, 18C EX3: 1B, 2A, 3C, 4C, 5D, 6B, 7D, 8A, 9D, 10A, 11D, 12C EX4: 1B, 2A, 3A, 4B, 5B, 6A, 7C, 8A, 9C, 10C, 11D, 12A, 13C, 14D, 15C, 16B, 17C, 18B, 19C, 20D EX5: 1D, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5C, 6D, 7A, 8D, 9D, 10D, 11C, 12C, 13D, 14A, 15B, 16C, 17B, 18C, 19C, 20C EX6: 1B, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5D, 6B, 7C, 8D, 9D, 10C EX7: 1C, 2A, 3D, 4D, 5A, 6D, 7C, 8B, 9A, 10B VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí CHUYÊN ĐỀ 5 CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (PASSIVE VOICE) * PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT I. Cách dùng câu bị động - Khi không cần thiết phải nhắc đến tác nhân gây hành động (do tình huống đã quá rõ ràng hoặc do không quan trọng) Eg: The road has been repaired. - Khi chúng ta không biết hoặc quên người thực hiện hành động Eg: The money was stolen. - Khi chúng ta quan tâm đến bản thân hành động hơn là người thực hiện hành động Eg: This book was published in Vietnam. - Khi Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là Chủ ngữ không xác định như: people, they, someone… Eg: People say that he will win.  It‘s said that he will win. - Khi người nói không muốn nhắc đến chủ thể gây ra hành động Eg: Smoking is not allowed here. II. Cấu trúc Loại 1: Bị động với các thì không tiếp diễn Công thức tổng quát Loại 2: Bị động với các thì tiếp diễn Công thức tổng quát sau: Loại 1 áp dụng cho sáu thì bị động không tiếp diễn và loại 2 áp dụng cho sáu thì bị động tiếp diễn. Nhưng trong phần này tôi chỉ giới thiệu những thì học sinh đã học trong chương trình, phục vụ cho thi học kì và thi tốt nghiệp THPT bao gồm bốn thì bị động không tiếp diễn là : thì hiện tại đơn, thì quá khứ đơn, thì hiện tại hoàn thành, thì tương lai đơn, bị động với động từ khuyết thiết và hai thì bị động tiếp diễn là : hiện tại tiếp diễn và quá khứ tiếp diễn. Loại 1: Bị động không tiếp diễn 1) Thì hiện tại đơn Eg: Active: They raise cows in Ba Vi. Passive: Cows are raised in Ba Vi. 2) Thì quá khứ đơn BE + PAST PARTICIPLE BE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE S + am / is/ are + Past Participle S + was / were + Past Participle VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Eg: Active: Jame Watt invented the steam engine in 1784. Passive: The steam engine was invented by Jame Watt in 1784. 3) Thì hiện tại hoàn thành Eg: Active: They have just finished the project. Passive: The project has just been finished. 4) Thì tương lai đơn Eg: Active: They will build a new school for disabled children next month. Passive: A new school for disabled children will be built next month. 5) Động từ khuyết thiếu. EX1: Active: You can see him now. Passive: He can be seen (by you) now. EX2: Active: He should type his term paper. Passive: His term paper should be typed. Loại 2: Bị động tiếp diễn 1) Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn Eg: Active: Ann is writing a letter. Passive: A letter is being written by Ann 2) Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn Eg: Active: She was cleaning the room at 7 a. m yesterday. Passive: The room was being cleaned at 7 a. m yesterday. S + have/ has been + Past Participle S + will be + Past Participle S + Modal Verb + be + Past Participle. S + am / is / are +being + Past Participle S + was / were + being + Past Participle VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 1) To – inf: khi hành động xảy ra ở mệnh đề that diễn ra cùng thì hoặc diễn ra sau hành động ở mệnh đề tường thuật. 2) Nguyên mẫu tiếp diễn: to be ving, khi hành động ở mệnh đề that ở thì tiếp diễn, còn hành động ở mệnh đề tường thuật ở thì đơn giản, cùng bậc. 3) Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành: to have done, khi hành động ở mệnh đề that xảy ra trước hành động ở mệnh đề tường thuật. Eg1: People say that he is a rich man.  He is said to be a rich man. Eg2: They think that she is living there.  She is thought to be living there. Eg3: They said that Tom had left home before the weekend.  Tom was said to have left home before the weekend. 4. Câu mệnh lệnh: Khi chuyển câu mệnh lệnh sang câu bị động, ta sẽ sử dụng cấu trúc sau: Eg: Take off your hat!  Let your hat be taken off! Ngoài các trên, còn một cách khác để chuyển câu mệnh lệnh sang câu bị động nhưng ít dùng hơn đó là: Eg: Active: Look after the children please! Passive: The children should be looked after! Hoặc: The children are to be looked after! 5. WH- question. Đối với những câu hỏi có từ để hỏi, chúng ta có thể chia làm hai loại: Loại 1: Từ để hỏi có chức năng là tân ngữ trong câu chủ động. Với dạng câu hỏi này việc chuyển sang câu bị động rất đơn giản vì từ để hỏi đó sẽ có chức năng là chủ ngữ trong câu bị động. Eg: Active: How many languages do they speak in Canada? Passive: How many languages are spoken in Canada? Loại 2: Từ để hỏi có chức năng là chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động khi chuyển sang câu bị động, nó sẽ có vai trò là tân ngữ trong câu. Khi đó, ta sẽ có hai cách chuyển. Hoặc chuyển By đầu câu (từ để hỏi sẽ ở dạng tân ngữ) hoặc để By ở cuối câu. Eg: Who wrote this novel ?  Who was this novel written by? HoÆc:  By whom was this novel written? 6. Cấu trúc: Có hai trường hợp xảy ra: a) Tân ngữ của Ving cùng chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu: Eg: He kept me waiting. -> I was kept waiting (by him). b) Tân ngữ của Ving không chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu: Eg: He hates people looking at him. => He hates being looked at (by people). Active: V + O + Adjunct Passive: Let +O + be past participle + Adjunct. S + V + O + Ving S + am/ is/ are + to be + past participle Hoặc S should be + past participle S + V + O (to) + V VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 7. Cấu trúc: a. - Khi tân ngữ không cùng đối tượng với chủ ngữ. Eg: We asked him to do it. -> He was asked to do it. Khi tân ngữ cùng đối tượng với chủ ngữ. Eg: She would love someone to take her out to dinner. -> She would love to be taken out to dinner. b. - Khi chuyển sang câu bị động chóng ta dïng To-infinitive trừ động từ ―let”. Eg: We heard him sing this song. -> He was heard to sing this song. Nhưng: They let us go home. -> We were let go home. Hoặc: We were allowed to go home. 8. Cấu trúc a. Với have. Eg: I has him repair my bicycle yesterday. -> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday. a. Với get. Eg: I get her to make some coffee. -> I get some coffee made. * PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG Exercise1: 1. My wedding ring ………… of yellow and white gold. a. is made b. is making c. made d. maked 2. If your brother ………………., he would come. a. invited b. were invited c. were inviting d. invite S + V + O + to + V S + V + O + V(without to) Have / get something done. (dạng nhờ bảo). Active: S + have + Object(person) + bare infinitive + Object. Passive: S + have + Object (thing) + Past Participle (+ by + Object(person)) Active: S + get + O (person) + to infinitive + O (thing) Passive: S + get + O (thing) + Past participle (+by + O(person)) VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 3. Mr. Wilson is …………… as Wilie to his friend. a. knowed b. knew c. known d. is known 4. References …………. in the examination room. a. not are used b. is not used c. didn‘t used d. are not used 5. Laura ………….. in Boston. a. are born b. were born c. was born d. born 6. My nother is going …………… this house. a. sold b. to be sold c. to sold d. to sell 7. There‘s somebody hehind us. I think we are ………………. a. being followed b. are followed c. follow d. following 8. Have you …………….. by a dog? a. bite b. ever been bit c. ever been bitten d. bit 9. The room is being ………….. at the moment. a. was cleaned b. cleaned c. cleaning d. clean 10. The road to our village …………. widened next year. a. is b. will c. can d. will be Exercise 2: 1. Somebody cleans that room everyday. a. The room every day is cleaned. b. The room is everyday cleaned. c. The room is cleaned every day. d. The room is cleaned by somebody everyday. 2. They cancelled all flights because of fog. a. All flights because of fog were cancelled. b. All flights were cancelled because of fog. c. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog. d. All flights were because of fog cancelled. 3. They are building a new highway around the city. a. A new highway is being built around the city. b. A new highway is being built around the city by them. c. A new highway around the city is being built. d. Around the city a new highway is being built. 4. They have built a new hospital near the airport. a. A new hospital has been built near the airport by them. b. A new hospital near the airport has been built. c. A new hospital has been built near the airport. d. Near the airport a new hospital has been built by them. 5. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview. a. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview. b. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview by them. c. A lot of questions will be asked you at the interview. d. A lot of questions will be asked at the interview. 6. People don‟t use this road very often. a. This road is not used very often. b. Not very often this road is not used. c. This road very often is not used. d. This road not very often is used. 7. Somebody accused me of stealing money. a. I was accused by somebody of stealing money. b. I was accused of stealing money. c. I was accused of stealing money by somebody. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 3. Everything ___________. A. were forbidden B. is forbidden C. is forbidded D. are forbidden 4. Everything___________________________. A. are going to be forgotten B. is going to be forgotten C. is going to be forgot D. were going to be forgotten 5. I___________________________. A. have not given the money B. have not been given the money C. have not been give the money D. have not be given the money 6. It _______ for years. A. has not be known B. had not been known C. had not be known D. have not been known 7. It _________ that learning English is easy. A. are said B. said C. is said D. is sayed 8. John and Ann___________________________. A. were not mislead B. were not misleeded C. was not misled D. were not misled 9. Our horses ________. A. are well feeded B. are well fed C. is well fed D. is well feeded 10. Peter and Tom _________ in an accident yesterday. A. is hurt B. is hurted C. were hurt D. were hurted 11. South Florida and HawaiI _________ by a hurricane. A. is hit B. have been hit C. have are hit D. has been hit 12. The battles _________ for liberation. A. had be fought B. had been fighted C. had been fought D. has been fought 13. We can‘t go along here because the road........................ A. is repairing B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. repairs 14. The story I‘ve just read_________ Agatha Christie. A. was written B. was written by C. was written from D. wrote by 15. I‘m going to go out and_________ A. have cut my hair B. have my hair cut C. cut my hair D. my hair be cut 16. Something funny_________ in class yesterday. A. happened B. was happened C. happens D. is happened 17. Many US automobiles_________ in Detroit, Michigan A. manufacture B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing 18. A lot of pesticide residue can_________ unwashed produce. A. find B. found C. be finding D. be found 19. We_________ by a loud noise during the night. A. woke up B. are woken up C. were woken up D. were waking up 20. Some film stars_________ difficult to work with. A. are said be B. are said to be C. say to be D. said to be 21. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don‘t enjoy_________ at. A. be laughed B. to be laughed C. laughing D. being laughed 22. Today, many serious childhood diseases_________ by early immunization. [ sự miễn dịch] A. are preventing B. can prevent C. prevent D. can be prevented 23. Do you get your heating_________ every year? A. checking B. check C. be checked D. checked 24. Bicycles_________ in the driveway. A. must not leave B. must not be leaving C. must not be left D. must not have left 25. Beethoven‘s Fifth Symphony_________ next weekend. [ Symphony: khúc giao hưởng] A. is going to be performedB. has been performed C. will be performing D. will have perform 26. All bottles_________ before transportation. A. frozen B. were froze C. were frozen D. are froze 27. ___________________________. yet? A. Have the letters been typed B. Have been the letters typed VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C. Have the letters typed D. Had the letters typed 28. English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where `_________ for administration, broadcasting and education. A. is used B. it is used C. used D. being used 29. The telephones_________ by Alexander Graham Bell. A. is invented B. is inventing C. invented D. was invented 30. Lots of houses_________ by the earthquake. A. are destroying B. destroyed C. were destroyed D. is destroyed 31. Gold_________ in California in the 19 th century. A. was discovered B. has been discovered C. was discover D. they discover 32. The preparation_________ by the time the guest_________ A. had been finished- arrived B. have finished- arrived C. had finished-were arriving D. have been finished- were arrived 33. The boy_________ by the teacher yesterday. A. punish B. punished C. punishing D. was punished 34. ―Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon‖_ ―They‘ve already ______, sir. They‘re on your desk.‖ A. typed B. been being typed C. being typed D. been typed 35. Sarah is wearing a blouse. It___________ of cotton. A. be made B. are made C. is made D. made 36. They had a boy _________ that yesterday. A. done B. to do C. did D. do 37. We got our mail _________ yesterday. A. been delivered B. delivered C. delivering D. to deliver 38. James…….. the news as soon as possible. A. should tell B. should be told C. should told D. should be telled 39. My wedding ring _________ yellow and white gold. A. is made B. is making C. made D. make 40. Mr. Wilson is _________ as Willie to his friend. A. known B. knew C. is known D. know 41. References _________ in the examination room. A. not are used B. is not used C. didn‘t used D. are not used 42. Laura _________ in Boston. A. are born B. were born C. was born D. born 43. His car needs _________ A. be fixed B. fixing C. to be fixing D. fixed 44. Her watch needs _________. A. repairing B. to be repaired C. repaired D. A and B 45. My mother is going _________ this house. A. sold B. sell C. to be sold D. to sell 46. There‘s somebody behind us. I think we are _________. A. being followed B. are followed C. follow D. following 47. Have you _________ by a dog? A. bite B. bit C. ever been bitten D. ever been bit 48. The room is being _________ at the moment. A. was cleaned B. cleaned C. cleaning D. clean 49. It _________ that the strike will end soon. A. is expected B. expected C. are expected D. was expected 50. It is _________ that many people are homeless after the floods. A. was reported B. reports C. reported D. reporting 51. He was said _________ this building. A. designing B. to have designed C. to design D. designed VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 52. Ted _________ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden. A. got sting B. got stung C. get stung D. gets stung 53. These tennis courts don‘t _________ very often. Not many people want to play. A. got used B. used C. get used D. get use 54. I‘ll get Minh _________ this for you. A. do B. done C. did D. to do 55. Those letters _________ now. You can do the typing later. A. need typing B. needn't be typed C. need to type D. needn't typing 56. ―What a beautiful dress you are wearing‖- ―thanks, it_________ especially for me by a French tailor. ‖ A. is made B. has made C. made D. was made 57. Somebody cleans the room every day. A. The room everyday is cleaned. B. The room is every day cleaned. C. The room is cleaned every day. D. The room is cleaned by somebody every day. 58. People don‘t use this road very often. A. This road is not used very often. B. Not very often this road is not used. C. This road very often is not used. D. This road not very often is used. 59. How do people learn languages? A. How are languages learned? B. How are languages learned by people? C. How languages are learned? D. Languages are learned how? 60. Over 1500 new houses _________ each year. Last year, 1720 new houses _________. A. were built/ were built B. are built/ were built C. are building / were built D. were built/ were being built 61. Tom bought that book yesterday. A. That book was bought by Tom yesterday. B. That book was bought yesterday by Tom. C. That book yesterday was bought by Tom D. That book was bought yesterday. 62. The new computer system _________ next month. A. is be installed B. is being installed C. is been installed D. is being installed by people CHUYÊN ĐỀ 6 CÂU GIÁN TIẾP (REPORTED SPEECH) * PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT A. Câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp (Direct and Reported speech): Giống: Luôn có 2 phần: mệnh đề tường thuật và lời nói trực tiếp hay lời nói gián tiếp Eg: Tom says, ―I go to college next summer‖ MĐTT Lời nói trực tiếp Tom says (that) he goes to college next summer MĐTT Lời nói gián tiếp Khác: a. Direct speech: Là lời nói được thuật lại đúng nguyên văn của người nói. Được viết giữa dấu trích hay ngoặc kẫp và ngăn cách với mệnh đề tường thuật bởi dấu phẩy eg: John said, “I like reading science books” The teacher said, “I‟ll give you a test tomorrow” b. Reported speech / Indirect speech: Là lời nói được thuật lại với ý và từ của người thuật, nhưng vẫn giữ nguyên ý. Không bị ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy hay dấu ngoặc kẫp, và luôn tận cùng bằng dấu chấm câu. Eg: John said (that) he liked reading science books The teacher said (that) he would give us a test the next day VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí  My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world He said, ―health is more precious than gold‖  He said (that) health is more precious than gold - Được tường thuật ngay sau khi nói hay khi thuật lại sự kiện vẫn không đổi: Eg: (In class): A: What did the teacher say? B: He said (that) he wants us to do our homework - Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp là các động từ như: USED TO, hay các động từ khiếm khuyết: COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, MIGHT, OUGHT TO, HAD TO, HAD BETTER Eg: He said, ―They might win the game‖  He said to me that they might win the game. - Với MUST diễn tả lời khuyên: Eg: ―This book is very useful. You must read it‖, Tom said to me.  Tom told me (that) the book was very useful and I must read it. - Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp ở các thì: Past Continuous, Past perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, (nếu thì Simple Past đi kèm một thời gian cụ thể có thể không thay đổi thì). Eg: He said, ―I was eating when he called me‖  He told me he was eating when she called him. - Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn (wish): theo sau động từ WISH, WOULD RATHER, IF ONLY Eg: He said, ―I wish I were richer‖  He told me he wished he were richer She said, ―I wish I had a good memory‖ She said she wished she had a good memory - Các câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 (câu điều kiện không thật) Eg: He said, ―If I had time, I would help you‖  He said to me if he had time, he would help me - Cấu trúc “It‟s (high) time…” Eg: He said, ―It‘s time we went‖  He said it was time they went. He said, ―It‘s time we changed our way of working‖  He said (that) it was time they changed their way of working. C/ Các loại câu gián tiếp 1. Tường thuật câu trần thuật (st tements) - Dùng say hoặc tell để tường thuật - Thường bắt đầu bằng: He said that…. / she said to me that…/ they told me that…., eg: She said, ―I‘m happy to see you again‖  She said that she was happy to see me again She said to me that she was happy to see me again She told me that she was happy to see me again - Chú ý đổi thì, các đại từ, các từ chỉ thời gian, địa điểm… 2. Tường thuật câu hỏi (questions) a. Đối với câu hỏi trực tiếp (Wh-question) - Thường bắt đầu bằng: He asked (me) …/ He wanted to know…/ She wondered…. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Eg: She asked, ―What is his job?‖  She asked what his job was. They asked me, ―Where did you have lunch?‖  They asked me where I had lunch. - Không đặt trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ như trong câu hỏi trực tiếp. - Không đặt dấu chấm hỏi cuối câu. - Thay đổi thì, đại từ, các từ chỉ thời gian, địa điểm… b. Đối với câu hỏi “Yes – No” hoặc câu hỏi lựa chọn “Or” - Phải thêm từ “if/whether” để mở đầu câu tường thuật eg: She asked, ―are you a teacher?‖  She asked him if/whether he was a teacher They asked me, ―Do you want to go or stay at home?‖  They asked me if/ whether I wanted to go or stay at home. - Câu hỏi đuôi được tường thuật giống câu hỏi Yes/No nhưng bỏ phần đuôi phí sau eg: She asked, ―You will stay here, won‘t you?‖  She asked me if/whether I would stay there. 3. Câu tường thuật với “infinitive”: a. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu (Imperatives / Commands or Requests) dùng cấu trúc: tell/ ask/ request/ order somebody (not) to do something Eg: ―Read carefully before signing the contract,‖ he said.  He told me to read carefully before signing the contract) ―The commander said to his soldier, "Shoot!"  The commander ordered his soldier to shoot. ―Please talk slightly,‖ they said.  They requested us to talk slightly. ―Listen to me, please‖  He asked me to listen to him. ―Will you help me, please?‖  He asked me to help him. ―Will you lend me your dictionary?‖  He asked me to lend him my dictionary. b. Tường thuật lời khuyên (Advice) dùng cấu trúc: advise somebody (not) to do something Lời khuyên: - Had better, ought to, should, must - Why don‘t you + V? - If I were you, I‘d (not) + V… Eg: ―Why don‘t you take a course in computer?‖ my teacher said to me.  My teacher advised me to take a course in computer. c. Tường thuật lời mời (Invitation) dùng cấu trúc: invite somebody to do something Eg: ―Would you like to have breakfast with me?‖ Tom said to me.  Tom invited me to have breakfast with him. d. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo (warn) dùng cấu trúc: warn somebody (not) to do something ―Don‘t touch the red buttons,‖ said the mom to the child.  The mom warns the child not to touch the red buttons VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí e. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở (reminders) dùng cấu trúc: remind somebody to do something ―Don‘t forget to turn off the lights before leaving,‖ Sue told me  Sue reminded me to turn off the lights before leaving f. Tường thuật lời động viên (encouragement) dùng cấu trúc: encourage / urge somebody to do something ―Go on, take part in the competition,‖ said my father  My father encouraged me to take part in the competition g. Tường thuật lời cấu khẩn dùng cấu trúc: beg/implore somebody to do something ―Do me a favor, please,‖ said the servant to his master  The servant begged/implored his master to do him a favor. h. Tường thuật lời đề nghị, tự nguyện (offers) dùng cấu trúc: offer to do something Lời đề nghị: - Shall I + V - Would you like me + to V - Let me + V Eg: Mary said to Ann, ―Shall I get you a glass of orange juice?‖  Mary offered to get Anna a glass of orange juice. ―Shall I bring you some tea?‖ He asked  He offered to bring me some tea i. Tường thuật lời hứa (Promises) dùng cấu trúc: promise (not) to do something Eg: ―I‘ll give the book back to you tomorrow,‖ he said  He promised to give the book back to me the next day. j. Tường thuật lời đe dọa (threat) dùng cấu trúc: threaten to do something. ―I‘ll shot if you move,‖ said the robber  The robber threatened to shoot if I moved 4. Câu tường thuật với “gerund” Các cấu trúc của câu tường thuật với danh động từ: S + V + V-ing: admit, deny, suggest… S + V + preposition + V-ing: apologize for, complain about, confess to, insist on, object to, dream of, think of… S + V + O + preposition + V-ing: accuse.. of, blame…for, congratulate…on, criticize…for, warn…about/against, praise…for, thank…for, prevent…from… Eg: ―I‘ve always wanted to study abroad,‖ he said.  He‘s dreaming of studying abroad. ―It‘s nice of you to give me some fruit. Thanks,‖ Ann said to Mary Ann thanked Mary for giving her some fruit ―I‘m sorry, I‘m late,‖ Tom said to the teacher.  Tom apologized to the teacher for being late ―Shall we meet at the theater?‖ he asked  He suggested meeting at the theater. 5. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp What a lovely dress!  She exclaimed that the dress was lovely. She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely one. She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 39. “I didn‟t bre k your w tch” the boy s id. A. The boy told the girl that he hadn‟t broken her watch. B. The boy asked the girl that he hadn‘t broken her watch. C. The boy told the girl that he didn‘t break her watch. D. The boy told the girl that he hadn‘t broken your watch. 40. “Don‟t m ke noise bec use I m listening music now” he s id to me . A. He asked me not to make noise because I am listening music now. B. He asked me not to make noise because I was listening music then. C. He asked me not to make noise because he was listening music then. D. He asked me to make noise because I was listening music then. 41. “I h ve just seen your mother this morning”. Laura said to Lewis. A. Laura told Lewis I have just seen your mother this morning. B. Laura told Lewis she had just seen his mother that morning. C. Laura told Lewis she has just seen his mother that morning. D. Laura told Lewis he had just seen her mother that morning. 42. “We re re dy to come with our friends” they s id. A. They told us they are ready to come with their friends. B. They told us they were ready to come with our friends. C. They told us we were ready to come with our friends. D. They told us they were ready to come with their friends. 43. “I w s intending to meet you tomorrow” she s id. A. She told me she was intending to meet me tomorrow. B. She told me she had intending to meet me the next day. C. She told me she had been intending to meet me tomorrow. D. She told me she had been intending to meet me the next day. 44. Mrs Smith: “ Don‟t pl y in front of my windows” A. Mrs Smith told us not to play in front of her windows. B. Mrs Smith told us not to play in front of my windows. C. Mrs Smith told us to not play in front of her windows. D. Mrs Smith said us not to play in front of her windows. 45. “I didn‟t witness th t ccident. ” A. He denied not having witnessed that accident. B. He denied having witnessed that accident. C. He denied not having witnessing that accident. D. He denied not had witnessed that accident. 46. “You che ted in the ex m. ” The te cher s id to his students A. The teacher insisted his students on cheating in the exam. B. The teacher prevented his students from cheating in the exam. C. The teacher advised his students to cheat in the exam. D. The teacher accused his students of cheating in the exam. 47. " Don't forget to give the book back to Mary," he said to me. A. He reminded me to give the book back to Mary. B. He reminded me to forget to give the book back to Mary. C. He advised me to give the book back to Mary. D. He advised me to forget to give the book back to Mary. 48. "Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?" he said. A. He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí B. He offered me to go to the cinema with him tonight. C. He asked me if I'd like to go to the cinema with him tonight. D. He would like me to go to the cinema with him this night. 49. 'Remember to pick me up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon," she said. A. She told me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon. B. She reminded me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the following afternoon. C. She reminded me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next afternoon. D. She told me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next day afternoon. 50. " Let's have a picnic next Saturday," Julia said. A. Julia said that let's have a picnic the next Saturday. B. Julia suggested having a picnic the following Saturday. C. Julia advised how about having a picnic the next Saturday. D. Julia told that why they didn't have a picnic next Saturday. 51. "If I were you, I'd tell him the truth," she said to me. A. She said to me that if I were you, I'd tell him the truth. B. She will tell him the truth if she is me. C. She suggested to tell him the truth if she were me. D. She advised me to tell him the truth. 52. “ Why don't you h ve your room rep inted?" s id Viet to N m. A. Viet suggested that Nam should have his room repainted. B. Viet suggested having Nam's room repainted. C. Viet asked Nam why you didn't have your room repainted. D. Viet wanted to know why Nam doesn't have his room repainted. 53. "If I were you. Bill, I'd buy the house, " Stephen said. A. Stephen suggested Bill to buy the house. B. Stephen advised Bill to buy the house. C. Stephen promised Bill that he would buy the house. D. Stephen forced Bill to buy the house. 54. “Don‟t forget to feed the chicken twice d y. ” A. He said don‘t forget to feed the chicken twice a day. B. He told not to forget to feed the chicken twice a day. C. He reminded me to feed the chicken twice a day. D. He suggested me to feed the chicken twice a day 55. “Never borrow money from friends,” my f ther s id. A. My father told me never to borrow money from friends. B. My father said to me never borrow money from friends. C. My father suggested me never borrowing money from friends. D. My father advised me not borrow money from friends 56. "Right. I'll take the brown pair, "Andrew said. A. Andrew promised to take the brown pair. B. Andrew wanted to take the brown pair. C. Andrew agreed to take the brown pair. D. Andrew asked to take the brown pair. 57. "I will ring you up after I get home. " Peter said to Mary. A. Peter promised to give Mary a wedding ring after he got home. B. Peter asked Mary to pay him a visit after he' got home. C. Peter promised to visit Mary after he got home. D. Peter promised to telephone Mary after he got home. 58. I suggested that he should paint the house light blue. A. "Shall we painted the house light blue?" I said to him. B. "How about to paint the house light blue?" I said to him. C. "Let's paint the house light blue," I said to him. D. "Why don't you paint the house light blue?" I said to him. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 59. He reminded me to buy him some stamps. A. "Don't forget to buy me some stamps," he said. B. "Remember buying me some stamps," said he. C. "Remind to buy me some stamps," said he. D. "Don't deny buying me some stamps.," he said. 60. "I'll definitely return it to you tomorrow, " John said. A. John said that he'll return it to me the next day. B. John promised to return it to me the next day. C. John told that he'll return it to me the next day. D. John decided to return it to me next day. 61. "You mustn't call the police," he said to his wife. A. He accused his wife of calling the police. B. He warned his wife calling the police. C. He stopped his wife from calling the police. D. He apologized his wife for calling the police. 32. "It's me. I made your dress dirty," Jane said to Ann. A. Jane accused Ann of making her dress dirty. B. Ann prevented Jane from making her dress dirty. C. Jane denied making Ann's dress dirty. D. Jane admitted making Ann's dress dirty. 63. "Don't go near that deserted house," Tuan said to me. A. Tuan advised me not going near that deserted house. B. Tuan insisted me going near that deserted house. C. Tuan warned me against going near that deserted house. D. Tuan suggested me not to going near that deserted house. 64. "How beautiful the dress you have just bought is!" Peter said to Mary. A. Peter promised to buy Mary a beautiful dress. B. Peter said thanks to Mary for her beautiful dress. C. Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress. D. Peter asked Mary how she had just bought her beautiful dress. C. Choose the word or phrase in each of the following sentences that needs correcting. 65. He said me if I had done my homework. A B C D 66. They wanted to know how much could you pay for it. A B C D 67. You promised you will go on a picnic with us the next Sunday A B C D 68. They asked me what did happen last night, but I was unable to tell them. A B C D 69. Ron said that he wasn‘t sure, but the storm may stop already. A B C D 70. I asked him how far was it to the station if I went there by taxi. A B C D 71. The shopkeeper warned the boys don‘t lean their bicycles against his windows. A B C D 72. They asked me that I could do the shopping for them. A B C D 73. Her mother ordered her do not go out with him the night before. A B C D 74. The traffic warden asked me why had I parked my car there. A B C D VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí - Sau giới từ. Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale. (sai) + Bắt buộc dùng THAT: - Sau cụm từ vừa chỉ người và vật, bắt buộc dùng “that”: Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London. We can see the farmers and their cattle that are going to the field. - Trong cấu trúc: It be ………. th t …………. (có thể dùng WHO khi chủ ngữ Hoặc tân ngữ đứng giữa ―It be N / O th t …. ‖ chỉ người 5. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho các danh từ có tính từ sở hữu đi kèm (his-, her-, its-, their-). Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.  John found a cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken. (Of which is informal) - This is the student. I borrowed his book. This is the student whose book I borrowed. *Các từ chỉ số lượng như (quantifiers): All of, None of, each of, most of, many of, neither of, the m jority of …=> có thể dùng với WHICH / WHOM/ WHOSE trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định: Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.  Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers. - He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn‘t answer most of them.  He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn‘t answer She has a teddy- bear. Both of its eyes are brown. => She has a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes are brown. *Lưu ý về mệnh đề qu n hệ: 1. Giới từ có thể đứng trước Whom và which. - in formal written style: prep + which/ whom Eg:The man about whom you are talking is my brother. - in informal style: giới từ thường đứng sau động từ:The man whom you are talking about is my brother. Chú ý: Khi ĐTQH làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và giới từ đứng sau động từ trong mệnh đề thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ. Eg: The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive. - Nhưng khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: Eg: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive. 2. Giới từ không dùng trước That và Who: 3. Khi động từ trong mệnh đề là Phrasal verbs: không được chuyển giới từ lên trước ĐTQH whom /which: Eg: Did you find the word which you were looking up? The child whom I have looked after for a year is very naughty. The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company. 4. Without luôn đứng trước whom/ which: Eg: The woman without whom I can‘t live is Jane. Fortunately we had a map without which we would have got lost. 5. Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ (mà trước chúng không có giới từ) trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đều có thể lược bỏ. Tuy nhiên trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thì không thể lược bỏ. Eg: That‟s the house (which) I have bought. The woman (whom) you met yesterday works in advertising. (làm nghề quảng cáo) Eg: Mr Tom, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent. II. Phó từ qu n hệ (Rel tive Adverbs) 1. WHERE: thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ n i chốn hoặc thay cho (in/ at / on... which), there / here. Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.  The movie theater is the place where we can see films. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí at which Eg: That is the house. We used to live in it. => That is the house where we used to live. (= in which) This is the table. My teacher put his book on it. => This is the table where my teacher put his book. (= on which) 2. WHEN:thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gi n hoặc thay cho (in/ on/at... which), then Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.  Do you remember the day when/on which we first met? Eg: That was the time when he managed the company. (= at which)  Spring is the season when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom. (= in which) 3. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do. Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.  Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad. *Note: - “Where” có thể được sử dụng mà không cần cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn. Eg: Put it where we all can see it. - Không sử dụng giới từ trước “Where, When, Why”. Eg: The building in where he lives/ where he lives in is very old. (sai) => The building in which he lives is very old. III. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (Defining & Non-Defining relative clauses) 1. Defining Relative Clauses: - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa. (modify the antecedent which is unclear in meaning) Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.  I saw the girl who/that helped us last week. • LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH hạn định. 2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses: - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa (modify the antecedent which is clear in meaning, so it‟s just an extra information). - Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (use commas to separate with main clause). Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi: + Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/th t/these/those/my/her/his/…+ N + Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, d nh từ riêng, vật duy nhất. Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.  My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. - Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.  Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. - The sun made the traveler thirsty. It was hot at midday.  The Sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveler thirsty. * LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định. + Không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề này. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí B. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES Điều kiện: Khi đại từ qu n hệ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề qu n hệ, trước ĐTQH không có giới từ . 1. Dùng phân từ: a. Dùng hiện tại phân từ (present participle): V-ing -> Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng chủ động Eg: + The man who is standing there is my brother. => The man standing there is my brother + Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house. => Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house. * Notes: Không nên dùng HTPT để diễn đạt hành động đơn trong quá khứ. Eg: + The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident. => The police wanted to interview the people seeing the accident. (không nên) But: + The people who saw the accident had to report it to the police. => The people seeing the accident had to report it to the police. b) Dùng quá khứ phân từ (Past participle): Ved/3 Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng bị động Eg: + The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. => The boy injured in the accident……………………………………. + Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported. => Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. + Some of the people who have been invited to the party can‘t come. => Some of the people invited to the party can‘t come. 2) Dùng cụm to inf: (To V/ For sb to V / to be + PII...) (2) -Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây: The ONLY, LAST, FIRST, NEXT, SECOND... Ex: + This is the only student who can solve the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động) => This is the only student to solve the problem. + She is the youngest player who won the game. => She is the youngest player to win the game. - ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề, khi muốn diễn đạt mục đích, sự cho phẫp. Ex: + The children need a big yard which they can play in. => The children need a big yard to play in. -Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE) Ex: + Here is the form that you must fill in. => Here is the form for you to fill in. + There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động) There are six letters to be written today. GHI NHỚ: Trong phần to-inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau: - Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì dùng for sb +to V. Ex: + We have some picture books that children can read. => We have some picture books for children to read. Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra. Ex: + Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. => Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about. - Nếu trước relative pronouns có giới từ thì phải đưa giới từ xuống cuối câu. Ex: + We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. => We have a peg to hang our coat on. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 15. The boy.......... eyes are brown is my son. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 16. The table.......... legs are broken should be repaired. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 17. The town.......... we are living is noisy and crowded A. where B. in where C. which D. at which 18. The year.......... we came to live here was 1997 A. when B. which C. that D. in the time 19. The worker.......... house is next to mine died this morning. A. whose B. whom C. which D. whose 20. The lady.......... son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school. A. who B. whom C. whose D. that 21. Take.......... measures you consider best. A. whatever B. however C. whenever D. wherever 22........... difficulties you may encounter, I'm sure you'll succeed. A. how B. whatever C. however D. how great 23. He is the only friend.......... I like. A. who B. whom C. that D. whose 24. I didn't get the job.......... which I applied. A. in B. on C. at D. for 25. The man.......... whom she is married has been married twice before. A. in B. on C. at D. to 26. I wasn't interested in the things.......... which they were talking. A. in B. on C. at D. about 27. The bed.......... which I slept was too soft. A. in B. on C. at D. for 28. The party.......... which we went wasn't very enjoyable. A. in B. on C. at D. to 29. The flight.......... which we wanted to travel was fully booked. A. in B. on C. at D. for 30. She is the most beautiful girl.......... ever lived. A. which B. whom C. whose D. that 31. The decision was postponed,.......... was exactly what he wanted. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 32. All the people.......... have gone into the room are still young. A. which B. whom C. whose D. that 33. Jack has three brothers, all of.......... are married. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 34. They gave us a lot of information, most of.......... was useless. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 35. There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of.......... I had met before. A. who B. whom C. them D. that 36.. I have sent him two letters, neither of.......... has arrived. A. who B. them C. which D. that 37. John won $,600, half of.......... he gave to his parents. A. whom B. which C. that D. it 38. Ten people applied for the job, none of.......... were suitable. A. who B. whom C. them D. that 39. Jill isn't on the phone,.......... makes it difficult to contact her. A. which B. that C. who D. it 40. Bob is the kind of person to.......... one can talk about anything. A. who B. whom C. that D. him VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 41. He is a person.......... friends trust him. A. who B. whose C. his D. that 42. Your career should focus on a field in................ you are genuinely interested. A. which B. what C. that D. why 43. People.......... outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people. A. whose B. whom C. that D. which 44. Anna‘s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man……………. A. that she hardly knows him B. whom she hardly knows him C. she hardly knows D. she hardly knows him 45. They said they didn't have any money,.......... was a pity. A. which B. that C. this D. it 46. I haven't got a passport........... means I can't leave my country. A. it B. that C. this D. which 47. The part of town where I live is very noisy at night,.......... makes it difficult to sleep. A. which B. where C. that D. this 48. That is the place.......... the accident occurred. A. where B. which C. on which D. that 49. The boys ……………. tennis over there are my new neighbor. A. who plays B. playing C. that playing D. are playing 50. He read the Old Man and The Sea, a novel …………. by Ernest Hemingway. A. writing B. which written C. written D. that wrote 51. No one present noticed anything strange. A. The people who were there didn‘t notice anything strange. B. The people who were there didn‘t notice anything usual. C. The people were there didn‘t notice anything strange. D. The people who were there didn‘t notice something strange. 52. Jane refused to attend his birthday party, which made him feel sad. A. Jane‘s refusal to attend his birthday party made him feel sad. B. He felt sad not to be able to attend his birthday party. C. Jane made him sad despite her refusal to attend his birthday party. D. Jane refused to attend his birthday party because it made him feel sad. 53. The plants may develop differently. They grow on that island. A. The plants which grows on that island may develop differently. B. The plants which grow on that island may develop differently. C. The plants grow on that island may develop differently. D. The plants which grow that island may develop differently. 54. John Smith is a farmer. I bought his land. A. John Smith, whose land I bought, is a farmer. B. John Smith, who is a farmer, whose land I bought. C. John Smith, whom I bought his land, is a farmer. D. John Smith, a farmer, bought his land. 55. The first man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable. A. The first man interviewing was entirely unsuitable. B. The first man to interview was entirely unsuitable. C. The first man was interviewed was entirely unsuitable. D. The first man to be interviewed was entirely unsuitable. 56. Astronomy is the study of planets and stars. It is one of the world‘s oldest sciences A. Astronomy which is the study of planets and stars is one of the world‘s oldest sciences VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí B. Astronomy, who is the study of planets and stars, is one of the world‘s oldest sciences C. Astronomy is the study of planets and stars which are one of the world‘s oldest sciences D. Astronomy, the study of planets and stars, is one of the world‘s oldest sciences 57. Our solar system is in a galaxy. It is called the Milky Way. A. Our solar system is in a galaxy where is called the Milky Way. B. Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way. C. Our solar system is in a galaxy, that is called the Milky Way. D. Our solar system is in a galaxy calling the Milky Way. 58. I saw men, women, cats and dogs. They moved round and round. A. I saw men, women, cats and dogs that moved round and round. B. I saw men, women, cats and dogs which moved round and round. C. I saw men, women, cats and dogs moved round and round. D. I saw men, women, cats and dogs when moved round and round. 59. One evening, he and the writer went to a restaurant. They had a wonderful meal in it. A. One evening, he and the writer went to a restaurant which they had a wonderful meal. B. One evening, he and the writer went to a restaurant where they had a wonderful meal in. C. One evening, he and the writer went to a restaurant where they had a wonderful meal. D. One evening, he and the writer went to a restaurant they had a wonderful meal. 60. A number of suggestions were made at the meeting, but most of them were not very practical. A. A number of suggestions were made at the meeting, most of them were not very practical B. A number of suggestions were made at the meeting, most of which were not very practical C. A number of suggestions were made at the meeting, but most of which were not very practical D. Most of the suggestions which were made at the meeting were not very practical. 61. ________ in 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge spans the channel at the entrance to San Francisco Bay. A. Completed B. Having completed C. Completing D. To be completed 62. After seeing the movie Centennial, __________. A. the book made many people want to read it B. many people want to read the book C. the reading of the book interested many people D. the book was read by many people 63. _____ of the shop, my friend came in. A. Coming out B. On coming out C. When coming out D. As I came out 64. _________ two hours over lunch, they left the restaurant,. A. Spending B. Having spent C. After spend D. Spent 65. I notice the lorry _________ down the hill. A. having come B. coming C. to come D. came 66. _____________, I decided to stop trading with them. A. Despite of the fact that they were the biggest dealer B. Though being the biggest dealer C. Being the biggest dealer D. Even though they were the biggest dealers 67. She told a very funny story, ____________everyone to burst into a laugh. A. allowing B. making C. taking D. causing 68. I wasn't properly dressed for the party and felt ____________about my appearance. A. embarrass B. embarrassment C. embarrassing D. embarrassed 69. Young people _____________to succeed in life should work hard. A. who wanting B. want C. wanting D. wanted 70. _______________is known to be good for digestion. A. Eating yoghurt B. Having eaten yoghurt C. Yoghurt eaten D. Yoghurts 71. ________ over the exam results,she rushed home to tell her family the good news. A. Excited B. Excitement C. To excite D. Exciting VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí - wide, narrow  width - deep, shallow  depth - long, short  length - big, small  size - old  age - Danh từ cũng được dùng để so sánh, nhưng trước khi so sánh thì cần xác định danh từ đó là đếm được hay là không đếm được và sử dụng công thức so sánh sau: N đếm được: Ex: book, pen, table....... N không đếm được: money. water, salt...... m ny/ few N đếm được số nhiều S + V + as + + + as + noun/pronoun much/little N không đếm được Ex: David earns as much money as his wife * Ý “bằng nhau, như nhau” có thể được diễn đạt cách khác: S+ V + the same + (N) + as + N (pronoun). Ex. - My house is as high as his.  My house is the same height as his. -Tom is as old as Mary.  Tom and Mary are the same age. Note: -Đối nghĩa của the same..... as là difference ............ from Ex: My teacher is different from yours. -Chúng ta dùng “ the same as” chứ không dùng “ the same like” B. So sánh h n. (Comparative) 1. So sánh h n (Comparative) S + be/ Vnối short Adj +er + than + N (pronoun) more + long Adj Ex. -Today is hotter than yesterday. -This chair is more comfortable than the other. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí S + V + short Adv +er + than + N (pronoun) more + long Adv Ex. - He speaks English better than me. - My father sings more beautifully than my brother. * Để nhấn mạnh so sánh, có thể thêm much/far trước so sánh, công thức: S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv +er + than + noun/pronoun S + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun Eg: Harry‟s watch is far more expensive than mine He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish. Note: - Adj ngắn 1 âm tiết + er/ est: Ex. Thick  thicker / thickest, cold  colder/ coldest …. + Với những tính từ 1 âm tiết có câu tạo: phụ âm + nguyên âm + phụ âm thì ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm er/ est: Ex. Hot  hotter/ hottest, big  bigger// biggest + Với những tính từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + y ta giữ nguyên và thêm er / est Ex: gay  gayer / gayest gray  grayer / grayset + Với những tính từ 2 âm tiết có tận cùng là đuôi: –y, -er, -ow,-le: thì ta thêm đuôi er / est: Ex. dirty  Dirtier simple  simpler clever  cleverer narrow  narrower + Với những tính từ tận cùng là phụ âm + y, ta đổi y = i + er /est Eg: happy  happier easy  easier + Còn lại những tính từ 2 âm tiết khác ta thêm more đằng trước tính từ. - Với những tính từ 3 âm tiết trở lên ta thêm more đằng trước: Ex. beautiful  more beautiful intelligent  more intelligent interesting more interesting VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C. So sánh nhất (Superlative) So sánh nhất bắt buộc phải có từ 3 đối tượng trở lên. (thường là N tập hợp) S + V + the + short adj/ adv +est +(N)+ (in/ of) + N most + long adj/ adv Ex: Lan is the most beautiful in my class Note: -Dùng in với danh từ số ít. Dùng of với danh từ số nhiều Ex. This dress is the most beautiful of the dresses. -Các quy tắc khác cũng giống như dạng so sánh hơn. Ex. Hottest, biggest Ex. John is the tallest boy in my class. -Các trường hợp adj/ adv biến đổi đặc biệt. +Một số adj cũng đồng thời là adv: Early, hard, fast, long -Nếu dùng mệnh đề quan hệ thường ta dùng với thì hoàn thành Ex. It/This is the best beer (that) I have ever drunk. It/This was the worst film (that) he had ever seen. He is the kindest man (that) I have ever met. It was the most worrying day (that) he had ever spent. D. So sánh kém 1. So sánh kém h n: S + V + less + adj/adv + than + noun/ pronoun Ex. - Nga is less young than I. - My brother runs less fast than I. 2. So sánh kém h n nhất: S + V + the + least + adj/ adv +(N) + (in/ of) + N Ex. - These shoes are the least expensive of all. 3. So sánh lũy tiến càng ngày càng kém S+ V+ less and less + long/short adj/ adv She becomes less and less beautiful. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 14. Of three shirts, this one is the…………. A. prettier B. more prettiest C. prettiest D. most pretty 15. The baby‘s illness is……….. than we thought at first. A. bad B. worst C. worse D. badly 16. Today is the……… day of the month. A. hot B. hotter C. hottest than D. hottest 17. He works more ……….. than I. A. slow B. slowly C. most slowly D. slowest 18. My book is as………. as yours. A. good B. well C. better D. the best 19. I love you………. than I can say. A. much B. many C. more D. the most 20. It‘s…………. to go by bus than by car. A. cheaper B. cheapest C. more cheap D. more cheaper 21. That house is ………one on the street. A. oldest B. the oldest C. old D. older 22. This hotel must be……….. than the small one next door. A. expensive B. more expensive C. the most expensive D. the more expensive 23. An orange is ……… than a plum. A. more large B. more larger C. larger D. the largest 24. What is the………. thing you have done ever done? A. more difficult B. most difficult C. difficulty D. difficult than 25. This river is……… than that river. A. narrow B. narrowest C. narrower D. most narrow 26. The test is not………difficult………. it was last month. A. as/ as B. so/ as C. more/ as D. A and B 27. Peter usually drives……….. Mary. A. more fast B. more fast than C. faster than D. B and C 28. My brother sang…. of all the pupils of the group. A. more beautifully B. the most beautifully C. less beautifully D. most beautifully 29. At 3,810 meters above sea level in Bolivia stands Lake Titica, ………in the world. A. the highest large lake B. largest high lake VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C. high largest D. the high largest lake 30. The hotel was……. any one we had stayed at before. A. more expensive than B. more expensive as C. most expensive than D. better expensive than 31. A: It‘s a long way from Britian, isn‘t it? B: Yes, but it isn‘t as………. as Hong Kong. A. far B. farther C. farthest D. further 32. Of the four dresses, which is ……………….. expensive? A. the best B. the most C. the more D. the greater 33. The larger the apartment, the................... the rent. A. expensive B. more expensive C. expensively D. most expensive 34. The faster we walk,………….. we will get there. A. the soonest B. the soon C. the more soon D. the sooner 36. ― Why did you buy these oranges? ‖ ―They were ………. ….. I could find. ‖ A. cheapest B. cheapest ones C. the cheapest ones D. the most cheapest 37. She plays the piano …………… as she sings. A. as beautifully B. more beautifully C. as beautiful D. the most beautifully 38. The streets are getting more and …………… these days. A. crowded B. less crowded C. more crowded D. most crowded 39. The larger the city, …………… the crime rate. A. highest B. higher C. the highest D. the higher 40. You must explain your problems ………….... A. as clear as you can B. as clearly as you can C. as clear than you are D. as clearly as you are 41. Pil is ……………… person we know. A. the happier B. the happiest C. happier D. happiest 42. Which woman are you going to vote for? –I ‘m not sure. Everyone says that Joan is…………. A. smarter B. the smarter C. more smarter D. more smart 43. Bill is ……………… A. lazier and lazier B. more and more lazy VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C. lazier and more lazy D. more lazy and lazier 44. It‘s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere …………………? A. noisier B. more quie C. more noisy D. quieter 45. ……………….. the time passes, ……………. I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it. A. The faster / the nervous B. The more fast / the nervous C. The fast / the more nervous D. The faster / the more nervous 46. China is the country with………………….. population. A. the larger B. the more large C. the largest D. the most large 47. She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting……………. Finally she exploded. A. more and more angry D. the most angry B. the more angry C. angrier and angrier 48. For ……………….., it is certain that in the future some things will be very different. A. the better or the worse B. the good or the bad C. good or bad D. better or worse 49. Her grandfather‘s illness was………………….. we thought at first. A. more seriously as B. as seriously as C. more serious than D. as serious than 50. My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed………….. usual. A. more early than B. as early as C more earlier as D. earlier than 51. _______ you study for these exams, _______ you will do. A. The harder / the better B. The more / the much C. The hardest / the best D. The more hard / the more good 52. His house is _______ mine. A. twice as big as B. as twice big as C. as two times big as D. as big as twice 53. A: It‘s hot there, isn‘t it? B: It‘s very……….. during the day. A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. hotter than 54. ………. apples are grown in Washington State. A. Best B. The most good C. The best D. The better 55. The test becomes………. and………… A. hard/ hard B. difficult/ difficult C. harder/ harder D. difficulty/ difficulty 56. His health is getting………. and……………. A. good/ good B. better/ better VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 4. The Caspian Sea, a salt lake, is the largest than any other lakes in the world. A B C D 5. He drives the car more dangerous than his brother does. A B C D 6. It was the most biggest building that I had ever seen. A B C D 7. I wish my house were so large as Jone‘s. A B C D 8. The Mekong is one of the longer river in the world. A B C D 9. She can play the piano more good than her sister. A B C D 10. Many people believe that New York is the most great city in America. A B C D 11. Jessica is only an amateur, but she sings well than most professionals. A B C D 12. This house is more spacious as that white house I bought in Rapid City, South Dakota last year. A B C D 13. Lan is the more capable of the three girls who have tried out for the part in the play. A B C D 14. This telephone isn‘t as cheap the other one, but it work much better. A B C D 15. Stories are the most good way of teaching moral lessons to young people. A B C D 16. The fastest you drive, the greater you get. A B C D 17. This exercise is much more easier than the others. A B C D 18. London is much more exciting as I expected. A B C D 19. The large the room is, more people can sit in it. A B C D 20. The suitcase seemed to get heavy and heavier as I carried it along the road. A B C D VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí III. Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given: 1. They understand more than we do. A. We don‟t underst nd s much s they do. B. We don‘t understand anything at all. C. They understand everything inside out. D. They are very intelligent. 2. It is much more difficult to speak English than to speak French. A. To speak French is more difficult than to speak English. B. To speak English is more difficult than to speak French. C. Speaking English is more difficult than to speak French. D. Speaking French is not as difficult as to speaking English. 3. My interview lasted longer than yours. A. Your interview wasn‘t as short as mine. B. Your interview was shorter than mine. C. Your interview was as long as mine. D. Your interview was longer than mine. 4. When I was younger, I used to go climbing more than I do now. A. Now I don‘t go climbing anymore. B. I used to go climbing when I younger. C. Now I don‟t go climbing s much s I did. D. I don‘t like going climbing any more. 5. Your coffee is not as good as mine. A. Mine is better than yours. B. My coffee is better than your. C. My coffee is better than yours. D. My coffee is more good than yours. 6. I can‟t cook as well as my mother does. A. My mother can cook better than I can. B. My mother can‘t cook better than I can. C. My mother can cook well than I can. D. I can cook better than my mother can. 7. Murder is the most serious of all crimes. A. Murder is very serious. B. No crime is more serious than murder. C. Everyone is very afraid of murder. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí D. Murder is the dangerous crime. 8. No one in this class as tall as peter. A. Peter is taller than in this class. B. Peter is the tallest in this class. C. Peter is the most tall in this class. D. Peter is more tall than in this class. 9. This is the best music I have ever heard. A. I‟ve never he rd better music th n this. B. I‗ve ever heard such a good music as this. C. I‗ve ever heard so good music as this. D. This is the first time I‗ve heard this good music. 10. This is the most interesting novel I‟ve ever read. A. Knowing that the novel will be interesting, I read it. B. If only I had known the novel was so interesting, I‘d have read it earlier. C. I don‘t think it is the most interesting novel. D. I have never read a more interesting novel than this. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí they work together (co-) and relate one sentence element to another. Correlative conjunctions include pairs like ―both/and,‖ ―whether/or,‖ ―either/or,‖ ―neither/nor,‖ ―not/but‖ and ―not only/but also. ‖  I want either the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate.  I‘ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate.  I didn‘t know whether you‘d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both .  Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No problem.  I‘ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate.  I see you‘re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers. I‘ll help you with those too. Here are some more pairs of correlative conjunctions:  as/as - Bowling isn‘t as fun as skeet shooting.  such/that - Such was the nature of their relationship that they never would have made it even if they‘d wanted to.  scarcely/when - I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run right back out again.  as many/as - There are as many curtains as there are windows.  no sooner/than - I‘d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy.  rather/than - She‘d rather play the drums than sing. III. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses, which are clauses that cannot stand by themselves as a complete thought. The subordinate conjunction connects a subordinate clause to an independent clause, which can stand by itself. Ex. We will go whale watching if we have time *List of Subordinating Conjunctions time Purpose Manner Cause Comparison After As As long as As soon as Before Since Until When Whenever While In order that So that That As As if As though because As than Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition Although Even though Though As long as If Unless Even if Provided that While VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí The most common subordinating conjunctions are: After – later than the time that: later than when. Example: ―Call me after you arrive at work‖ Although – despite the fact that: used to introduce a fact that makes another fact unusual or surprising. Example: ―Although she was tired, she couldn‘t sleep‖ As – used to introduce a statement which indicates that something being mentioned was known, expected, etc. Example: ―As we explained last class, coordinating conjunctions are sentence connectors‖ Because – for the reason that. Example: ―I painted the house because it was a horrible colour‖ Before – earlier than the time that: earlier than when. Example: ―Come and visit me before you leave‖ How – in what manner or way. Example: ―Let me show you how to knit‖ If -used to talk about the result or effect of something that may happen or be true. Example: ―It would be fantastic if you could come to the party‖ Once – at the moment when: as soon as. Example: ―Once you‘ve learnt how to cycle, it‘s very easy‖ Since – used to introduce a statement that explains the reason for another statement. Example: ―Since you‘ve studied so well, you can go outside and play‖ Than – used to introduce the second or last of two or more things or people that are being compared — used with the comparative form of an adjective or adverb. Example: ―My sister is older than I am‖ That – used to introduce a clause that states a reason or purpose. Example: ―Olivia is so happy that it‘s summer again‖ When – at or during the time that something happened. Example: ―A teacher is good when he inspires his students‖ Where – at or in the place that something happened. Example: ―We went to the bar where there most shade‖ Whether -used to indicate choices or possibilities. Example: ―Bruno wasn‘t sure whether to go to India or Thailand‖ While – during the time that something happened‖ Example: ―While we were in Paris, it snowed‖ Until – up to the time or point that something happened‖ Example: ―We stayed up talking until the sun came up‖ IV. Conjunctive Adverbs *A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that functions somewhat like a coordinating conjunction. *Conjunctive adverbs usually connect independent clauses. A semicolon precedes the conjunctive adverb, and a comma usually follows it. Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs in Sentences  You must do your homework; otherwise, you might get a bad grade.  I will not be attending the show. Therefore, I have extra tickets for anyone that can use them.  Amy practiced the piano; meanwhile, her brother practiced the violin.  Marion needed to be home early. Consequently, she left work at 3 p. m. VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí List of Conjunctive Adverbs Instead Later Moreover Nevertheless Otherwise Still Therefore Thus Accordingly Also Besides Consequently Finally Furthermore However Indeed * PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG Exercise 1. Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the given words. Some can be used more than once. and, but also, nor, or, than, when, 1. I have both respect _________ admiration for them. 2. It will rain either today _________ tomorrow. 3. He could not decide whether to tell the truth _________ keep silent. 4. It was not only a beautiful day, ___________ the first day of Spring. 5. He is neither proud _________ condescending. 6. No sooner had I opened my eyes _________ I remembered where I was. 7. Scarcely had I heard the news _________ my friend arrived. 8. I do not know whether he has seen the movie before ________ not. 9. She could find the book neither at the Library _________ at the bookstore. 10. The crowd was both large _________ enthusiastic. Answers: 1. and 2. or 3. or 4. but also 5. nor 6. than 7. when 8. or 9. nor 10. and Exercise 2. Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. 1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet) 2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor) 3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet) 4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or) 5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and, nor) 6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or) 7. We searched diligently, ________ found nothing. (or, yet) 8. I invited him _________ his friends. (and, but) 9. Our washing machine hasn‘t been working properly recently, and _______has our dishwasher. (neither, so) 10. ____the book _____the magazine is necessary for me. I will buy one of them. (Both-and, Either-or) Answers: 1. and 2. nor 3. yet 4. or 5. nor 6. but 7. yet 8. and 9. neither 10. Either-or VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 7. Dùng với ‗so‘: …so + adj. + a/ an + singular countable noun Ví dụ: He is so good a player. 8. Dùng với ‗too‘:.. too+ adj. + a/ an + singular countable noun. Ví dụ: This is too difficult a lesson for them. 9. Được dùng trong các thành ngữ chỉ số lượng nhất định Ví dụ: a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many+ plural noun, a great deal of + uncountable noun, many a+ singular noun, a large/ small amount of +uncountable noun, a good many of/ a good number of + plural noun, a few, a little, only a few, only a little. 9. Dùng trước những số đếm nhất định, đặc biệt là chỉ hàng trăm, hàng ngàn Ví dụ: a hundred, a thousand, a million, a billion. 11. Với từ ‗half‘: - trước half khi nó theo sau 1 đơn vị nguyên vẹn. Ví dụ: a kilo and a half và cũng có thể là one and a half kilos. Chú ý:: 1/2 kg = half a kilo (kh«ng cã a Trước half). - dùng trước half khi nó đi với 1 danh từ khác tạo thành từ ghép. Ví dụ: a half-holiday nửa kì nghỉ, a half-share: nửa cổ phần. - half a dozen; half an hour 12. Dùng trước các phân số như 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth. 13. Dùng trong các thành ngữ chỉ giá cả, tốc độ, tỉ lệ Ví dụ: five dolars a kilo; four times a day; once a week; 60km an hour.. 14. There + (be) + (N) is + a/an + singular noun is + uncountable noun are+ plural noun 15. Từ ‗time‘ trong các cụm từ: Have a good time Have a hard time Have a difficult time 16. Thường được dùng sau hệ từ (động từ nối) hoặc sau ‗as‘ để phân loại người hay vật đó thuộc loại nào, nhóm nào, kiểu nào Ví dụ: He is a liar VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí The play was a comedy He remained a bachelor all his life. Don‘t use your plate as an astray. II. Mạo từ xác định: The 1. Được sử dụng khi danh từ được xác định cụ thể về tính chất, đặc điểm, vị trí hoặc được nhắc đến lần thứ 2 trong câu. 2. The + noun + preposition + noun. Ví dụ: the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America. - The + (n) + of the + (n). Ví dụ: The leg of the table; The back of the house - Most + plural noun: Ví dụ: Most women want to be beautiful (phụ nữ nói chung) Most of the + plural noun: Ví dụ: Most of the women in my school want to be beautiful (không phải phụ nữ nói chung mà là phụ nữ ở trường tôi) All + plural noun vs all of the + plural noun Some + plural noun vs some of the + plural noun 3. The + danh từ + mệnh đề quan hỆ Ví dụ: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him. 4. Trước 1 danh từ được nhắc đến lần đầu nhưng được ngầm hiểu giữa người nói và người nghe. Ví dụ: Jane‟s teacher asked her a question but she doesn‟t know the answer. 5. The + tính từ so sánh bậc nhất, số thứ tự hoặc only, next, last. Ví dụ: The first week; the only way, the next day, the last person Note: - khi nói về trình tự của 1 quy trình nào đó „the‟ không được dùng: First,.. Second,… Third,…….. Next,……… …….. Lastly,………. - ‗next‘ và ‗last‘ không được sử dụng trong các cụm trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian: next Tuesday, last week VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 6. The + danh từ số ít tượng trưng cho một nhóm thú vật hoặc đồ vật thì có thể bỏ the vµ ®æi danh từ sang số nhiều. Ví dụ: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes. Nhưng đối với danh từ man (chỉ loài người) thì không có quán từ (a, the) đứng trước. Ví dụ: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. 7. The + adj: đại diện cho 1 lớp người, nó không có hình thái số nhiều nhưng được coi là 1 danh từ số nhiều và động từ sau nó phải được chia ở số nhiều. Ví dụ: the old = người già nói chung; The disabled = những người tàn tật; The unemployed = những người thất nghiệp. The homeless, the wounded, the injured, the sick, the unlucky, the needy, the strong, the weak, The English, the American… 8. Dùng trước tên các khu vực, vùng đã nổi tiếng về mặt địa lý hoặc lịch sử Ví dụ: The Shahara. The Netherlands. 9. The + phương hướng Ví dụ: He lives in the North (of Viet Nam) - The + East / West/ South/ North + noun. Ví dụ: the East/ West end. The North / South Pole. - Giới từ (to, in, on, at, from) + the + phương hướng: to the North - Nhưng không được dùng the trước các từ chỉ phương hướng này, nếu nó đi kèm với tên của một châu lục hoặc 1 quốc gia. Ví dụ: South Africa, North America, West Germany. - Không được dùng ‗the‘ trước các từ chỉ phương hướng khi nó đi với các động từ như: go, travel, turn, look, sail, fly, walk, move Ví dụ: go north/ south 10. The + các ban nhạc phổ thông. Ví dụ: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles. 8. The + tên các tờ báo lớn/các con tầu biển Ví dụ: the Times, the Titanic 9. The + tên họ ở số nhiều có nghĩa là gia đình họ nhà… Ví dụ: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí in bed at church We can be in court in hospital at school/ college/ university We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university. leave school We can leave hospital be released from prison. Với mục đích khác thì phải dùng the. Ví dụ: I went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures. Student go to the university for a class party. 3. Sea Go to sea (thủy thủ ra biển) to be at the sea (hành khách/thủy thủy đi trên biển) Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside: đi tắm biển, nghỉ mát We can live by / near the sea. 4. Work and office. Work (nơi làm việc) Go to work. nhưng office lại phải có the. Go to the office. Ví dụ: He is at / in the office. Nếu to be in office (không có the) nghĩa là đang giữ chức To be out of office – thôi giữ chức 5. Town The có thể bỏ đi khi nói về thị trấn hoặc chủ thể Ví dụ: We sometimes go to town to buy clothes. We were in town last Monday. Go to town / to be in town – Với mục đích chính là đi mua hàng VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 6. Không dùng trước tên đường phố khi nó có tên cụ thể: street, avenue, road, lane, Ví dụ: She lives on Ly Thai To street. But: I can‘t remember the name of the street (the + n of the + n) There is a road. (cấu trúc „there‟) 7. Không dùng mạo từ với tên nước, tên tiểu bang, thành phố Ví dụ: Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, California (trừ 1 số trường hợp đã đề cập ở trên) 8. Không dùng mạo từ với sân vận động, công viên, trung tâm thương mại, quảng trường, nhà ga, sân bay Ví dụ: My Đinh Stadium, Thong Nhat Park, Trang Tien Plaza, Crescent Mall ; Times Square, Kenedy Airport; Victoria Station (but: the Mall of America) 9. Không dùng mạo từ với tên ngôn ngữ Ví dụ: English is difficult 10. Không dùng mạo từ với các bữa ăn: breakfast, lunch, dinner/ supper Ví dụ: I often have breakfast at 6. 30 (nhưng a/ an có thể được dùng khi có tính từ đứng trước: I had a very nice breakfast with my mother) 11. Không dùng mạo từ với các môn học nói chung: Maths Nhưng lại dùng ‗the‘ với môn học cụ thể: the applied Maths 12. Không dùng mạo từ trước các môn thể thao: Ví dụ: He is playing golf/ tennis. 13. Không dùng mạo từ trước các danh từ trừu tượng: Ví dụ: Life is complicated Nhưng: He is studying the life of Beethoven. (vì có cụm giới từ bổ nghĩa) 14. Không dùng mạo từ với danh từ chỉ bệnh tật: cancer, heart disease, high blood, measles, mumps,.. 15. Không dùng mạo từ với các phương tiện đi lại: by car, by bus, by plane.. 16. Không dùng mạo từ với ‗television‘/ TV: watch TV Nhưng: Can you turn off the television? (ở đây ‗television‘ không mang nghĩa truyền hình mà là 1 cái TV cụ thể được ngầm hiểu giữa người nói và người nghe) 17. Không dùng mạo từ với tính từ chỉ định, đại từ chỉ định, tính từ sở hữu, tính từ bất định, đại từ quan hệ, và các từ như: enough, another, either, neither, much, every, some, any, no 18. Không dùng mạo từ với các hành tinh: Venus, Mars, Jupiter 19. Không dùng mạo từ trước tên riêng ở dạng sở hữu cách Ví dụ: Tim‘s house VnDoc – Tải tài liệu, văn bản pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Nhưng: the boss‘s house 20. Không dùng mạo từ trước tên của các đảo, hồ, núi, đồi Ví dụ: Phu Quoc, Lake Michigan, Lake Babe, Everest, North Hill Nhưng dùng mạo từ ‗the‘ nếu chúng ở dạng số nhiều: the Canary Islands, the British Isles, the Philippines; the Great Lakes, the Alps.. 21. Không dùng mạo từ trước các từ chỉ ngày tháng hoặc ngày lễ Ví dụ: on Monday, in June, at Christmas.. Nhưng với các mùa có thể dùng ‗the‘ hoặc không dùng ‗the‘ Ví dụ: in (the) summer ‗the‘ luôn được dùng trong cụm từ ‗in the fall‘ Bảng dùng the và không dùng the trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt Dùng the Không dùng the  Trước các đại dương, sông ngòi, biển, vịnh và các hồ ở số nhiều Ví dụ: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes.  Trước tên các dãy núi. Ví dụ: The Rockey Moutains  Trước tên 1 vật thể duy nhất trên thế giới hoặc vũ trụ. Ví dụ: the earth, the moon, the Great Wall  Trước School/college/university + of + noun Ví dụ: The University of Florida. The college of Arts and Sciences.  Trước các số thø tù + noun. Ví dụ: The first world war. The third chapter.  Trước tên các n­íc cã từ 2 từ trë lên. Ngoại trõ Great Britain. Ví dụ: The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic.  Trước tên các n­íc ®­îc coi là 1 quÇn ®¶o. Ví dụ: The Philippines.  Trước tên các nhạc cô. Ví dụ: To play the piano.  Trước tên 1 hồ (hay các hồ ở số Ít). Ví dụ: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie  Trước tên 1 ngọn núi Ví dụ: Mount Mckinley  Trước tên các hành tinh hoặc các chòm sao Ví dụ: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion  Trước tên các trường nµy khi Trước đã là 1 tên riêng. Ví dụ: Cooper‘s Art school, Stetson University.  Trước các danh từ mµ sau nã là 1 số ®Õm. Ví dụ: World war one chapter three  Trước tên các n­íc cã 1 từ nh­: Sweden, Venezuela vµ các n­íc ®­îc ®øng Trước bëi new hoÆc tÝnh từ chØ ph­¬ng h­íng. Ví dụ: New Zealand, South Africa.  Trước tên các lôc ®Ịa, tiÓu bang, tỉnh, thành phố, quận, huyện Ví dụ: Europe, California.