English or 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Exercises of English

Download English or 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World and more Exercises English in PDF only on Docsity! 11 21st Century Literature from the Philippines Quarter 3- Module 1- Lesson 1: Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary History from Pre-colonial to the Contemporary 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World – Grade 11 Quarter 3 – Module 1- Lesson 1: Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary History from Pre-colonial to the Contemporary First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region XI – TAGUM CITY Office Address: Energy Park, Apokon, Tagum City, 8100 Development Team of the Module Writer: DOROTHY Z. JACINTO Editor: BELEN D. TADO, PhD Reviewers: MAY ANN GO, PhD CRISPINA S. EBDAO, PhD Layout Artist: JESSON A. LECHIDO Management Team: Josephine L. Fadul – Schools Division Superintendent Melanie P. Estacio – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Christine C. Bagacay – Chief Curriculum Implementation Division Darwin F. Suyat – Education Progress Supervisor – English Lorna C. Ragos – Education Progress Supervisor Learning Resources Management Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. iii Let Us Learn! Welcome! This module is prepared to help you achieve the required learning outcome on Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary history from Pre-colonial to the Contemporary and representative texts and authors from the region. This will be the source of information that will enable you to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitudes in this particular trade independently at your own pace or with minimum supervision or help from your instructor. 1. Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete this module. 2. Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress. 3. When you have completed this module (or several modules) and feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with you to assess you. The result of your assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record. This module contains the following Lesson: 4. Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary history from Pre-colonial to the Contemporary. 5. Representative Texts and Authors from the Region. MELCs anchored for the Module:  Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing an adaptation of these require from the learner the ability to identify: a. the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary b. representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral history research with focus on key personalities from the iv students’ region/province/town). (EN12Lit-Ia-21/22) Learning Objectives: After reading this Self-Learning Module, you are expected to: 1. Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary and representative texts used by authors from the regions. 2. Write a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts from pre- colonial to the contemporary. 3. Value, appreciate and show a sense of adaptability of the Philippine Literary History written by different Filipino authors from pre-colonial to the contemporary. Let Us Try! Multiple Choice. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. The word literature is derived from the Latin term __________which means letter. a. Litera c. Lera b. Letera d. Literatura 2. Which of the statement below best describes the literary works during the pre-colonial period? a. It has religious tone. b. It is based on oral traditions. c. The literary pieces were merely focused on wise sayings. d. It has only one define goal which is to entertain 3. It is a type of folk speech that showcases the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation. a. Proverbs c. Riddle b. Tanaga d. Epic 4. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and novels. a. American Period c. Pre-colonial Period b. Japanese Regime d. Spanish Colonial Pre-colonial Period A. Characteristics 1. (--BC to 1564) 2. Based on oral traditions B. Literary Forms 1. Oral Literature a. Riddles (bugtong) – battle of wits among participants b. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise sayings c. Tanaga - expresses insights and lessons in life 2. Folk Songs - is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people's lifestyles, as well as their loved ones. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve. 3. Folk Tales a. Myths – explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora, and fauna b. Legends – explain the origin of things. Example: “The Legend of Maria Makiling” c. Fables – used animal characters d. Fantastic stories – deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak”, “aswang”, “kapre”, etc. 4. Epics - are “narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds”. Spanish Colonization (1565-1898) A. Characteristics 1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular. 2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication. B. Literary Forms 1. Religious Literature a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon. 2. Secular (non-religious) Literature a. Awit – colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting. (Eg. Ibong Adarna) 3 b. Korido – metrical tale. (Eg. Florante at Laura) c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum. Historical Background It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized. Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses made of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains, and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope, and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture, and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their schooling already had been established. Books published during the Spanish Colonial Period 1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Our Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Catechism. 2. Urbana at Felisa - a book by Modesto de Castro, the so-called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior. 3. Ang Barlaan at Josephat - is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong influence on our literature. 1. The first Filipino alphabet called BAYBAYIN was replaced by the Roman alphabet. 4 2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. 3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language. 4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Many grammar books were printed in Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan. 7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle- class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following: 1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law. 2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain. 3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. To Filipinize the parishes. 5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of grievances. Books and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal 1. NOLI ME TANGERE - This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. 2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO - This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics. 3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell) - This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the best in the world. B. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898) Historical Background The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way except to revolt. 5  Famous names in this field include Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa, Angela Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa.  Rafael Zulueta da Costa and Jose Garcia Villa wrote not only love poems but patriotic, religious, descriptive and reflective poems as well. They wrote in free verse, in odes (a poem expressing a strong feeling of love/respect) and sonnets (poem with 14 lines that rhyme in a fixed pattern) and in other types. Poetry was original, spontaneous, competently written and later, incorporated social consciousness. The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Historical Background Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period. Filipino Poetry During This Period The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts. The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers. Those who won were: 1. LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafael Zulueta da Costa (Poetry) 2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A WIFE – by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story) 3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by Salvador P. Lopez (Essay) 4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya (Novel) Three types of poems emerged during this period a. Haiku, a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines and b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but it had measure and rhyme. c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) 8 Historical Background The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. Some notable works of the period include the following: 1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) – a collection of poems by Manuel Viray 2. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) – by T.D. Agcaoili 3. PHILIPPINE HARVEST – by Amador Daguio The New Filipino Literature During This Period  Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits. The Literary Revolution  The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).  Many books were published during this time, among which were: 1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by Alejandro Abadilla 2. Ang Maikling KuwentongTagalog (1886-1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo Period of Activism (1970-1972)  Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government. In the expression of this desire for change, keen were the writings of some youth who were fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of their petitions. The Literary Revolution  The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). Period of The New Society (1972- 1980) The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Poems dealt with 9 patience, regard for native culture, customs, and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos before were hooked in reading magazines and comics. Period of The Third Republic (1981-1985) After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino, which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981. The Philippines became a new nation, and this, former President Marcos called “The New Republic of the Philippines.” Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and fellowmen. POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1995) History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their independence, which they lost twenty years ago. In four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. In the short span of the existence of the real Republic of the Philippines, several changes already became evident. It was noticed in the new Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and even in the television programs. The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL. 21st CENTURY PERIOD The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the needs and tastes of the new generation. 21st Century learners are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete with the style and format of writing as well. New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays. Let Us Practice Matching Type Directions: Match the Literary Period in column A to the corresponding year in column B. Write the letter only. Use separate sheet of paper to write your answer. Column A Column B 10 _______________ 6. Several changes became evident as manifested in the new Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and even in the television programs. _______________ 7. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and novels. _______________ 8. Fable is one of the folk tales during this period wherein it used animal characters. _______________ 9. During this period, the first book called Doctrina Cristiana was printed in the Philippines. _______________ 10. Two books were written and published by Dr. Jose Rizal entitled “Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo during this period. Let Us Assess Directions: Choose the correct answer from the choices given in each item below. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper. 1. It deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of people, and can be said to be the story of a human person. A. 21st Century Literature C. Literature B. Culture D. Novel 2. Which of the statement below best describes the literary works during the pre-colonial period? A. It has religious tone. C. It is based on oral traditions. B. It has only one define goal D. The literary pieces were merely which is to entertain. focused on wise sayings. 6. The word literature is derived from the Latin term__________which means letter. A. Letira C. Litera B. Letra D. Litra 7. Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing and went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama. A. Period of Enlightenment C. Period of Self-Discovery B. Period of Re-orientation D. The Period of Imitation 8. It is a type of folk speech that showcases the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation. A. Epic C. Riddle B. Proverbs D. Tanaga 13 9. It refers to the literature written from roughly the year 2001 to the present. A. 21st Century Literature C. Modern Literature B. Contemporary Period D. Period of the New Society 10. Below are the changes that occurred in the lives of the Filipinos during the Spanish Period except: A. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated during the Spanish Period. B. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. C. The Spanish language lent many of its words to our language. D. The economy of the Philippines flourished due to the different businesses brought about by Spanish investors. 8. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and novels. A. American Period C. Pre-colonial B. Japanese Regime D. Spanish Colonial 9. Many young people became activists, and the writings were fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of their petitions. A. Period of Active Revolution C. Period of Re-orientation B. Period of Activism D. The Rebirth of Freedom 10. This literary period witnessed newspapers, which were once branded crony newspapers, become instant opposition papers. A. American Period C. Japanese Period B. Edsa I Period D. Pre-Spanish Period For Item# 11-15, Identify the author of the literary piece mention in each item. Choose your answer from the choices provided in the box. 11. Sa Mga Pilipino 12. Mi Ultimo Adios 13. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog 14. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa 15. El Filibusterismo 14 A. Andres Bonifacio C. Jose Rizal B. Graciano Lopez Jaena D. Marcelo H. Del Pilar Let Us Enhance (Additional Activities) Directions: Answer the following questions based on what you have learned and on your own perspective: 1. What are the various Literary Periods in the Philippine Literature? 2. Why is there a need for us to study our literary history? 3. As a grade 11 Filipino learner, in what way you can show a sense of adaptability to the diverse Philippine Literary History? State your answer in a 3 -5 paragraph essay. Let Us Reflect Directions: Reflect on the learning that you gained after taking up this lesson by stating your misconception and your realizations about Philippine Literature. State your answer in a 2 -3 paragraph essay. What were your misconceptions about the topic prior to taking up this lesson? What new or additional learning have you had after taking up this lesson in terms of skills, content, and attitude? I thought… I learned that… 15 15