English Language Roots and Word Formations: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of English Literature

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Examination test for 2024 candidates and best marking scheme provided  (Latin Roots) Aqua - answers>means water  (Greek Roots) Bio - answers>means life  (Greek Roots) Chron. - answers>means time  (Latin Roots) Dic. - answers>means speak  (Greek Roots) Graph. - answers>means write  (Prefixes) "un" - answers>means not  (Prefixes) "re" - answers>means again or reverse  (Prefixes) "il, im, in, and ir," - answers>means -- not or in opposition"  (Prefixes) "dis" - answers>means "not or in opposition"  (Prefixes) "em, en" - answers>means "cause to"  inflexion Suffixes - answers>indicates the forms of words, such as:  -case  -tense  -part of speech  -number  Derivational Suffixes - answers>create new words, may change the meaning of base words  (Suffixes) "es, s" - answers>indicates plurality  (Suffixes) "ed) - answers>indicates past tense  (Suffixes) "ing" - answers>Indicates the present participle verb form  Synonyms - answers>words with similar meaning  Anytonyms - answers>words with opposite meaning (contrast)  Adopted Words - answers>words adopted from other languages  -cafeteria (Spanish)  -chipmunk (North American Indians)  -cola (Africa)  -tycoon (Japanese)  -typhoons (Chinese)  Multiple Meaning words - answers>words used for more than one part-of-speech  Noun - answers>names a person, place, thing, or idea  Common noun - answers>A general name for a person, place, or thing  auxiliary or helping verb - answers>appears before a main verb to express tense or mood  linking verb - answers>demonstrates the state of being  phrasal verb - answers>a two-word verb takes on its own meaning that may be separate from the meaning of the individual words  adverb - answers>describes a verb; answers "how, when, where"  Infinitive - answers>a verbal that can function as an adverb  Conjunctions - answers>joins or links parts of a sentence  Coordinating Conjuctions - answers>joins words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance  Correlative Conjucnction - answers>a pair of words that link words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance  Subordinating Conjunction - answers>causes one clause to be dependent on another  (Tom and his brother won the tournament BECAUSE THEY HAD PRACTICED HARD.)  Conjunctive Adverb - answers>joins main clauses; always preceded by a semi colon and followed by a comma  Preposition - answers>a word that conveys a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word  Prepositional phrase - answers>preposition + object + any modifier, functions as an adverb or adjective  article - answers>a word that precedes a noun and conveys specificity, either indefinite or definite  Interjections - answers>a word or phrase that functions alone to convey intense emotion  Subject - answers>tells who or what a clause or sentence is about  Complement - answers>a noun, adjective, or phrase that appears after a linking verb for the purpose of restating or telling about the subject  Gerund - answers>a verbal that functions as a noun  (WALKING is a healthy exercise)  Infinitve - answers>to + verb  Noun Clause - answers>may function as the subject of a sentence  predicate - answers>indicates the verb  Objective - answers>receives the action of the verb  direct object - answers>a noun or pronoun that receives an action from the verb of the sentence  indirect object - answers>is a noun, pronoun, or nominates element for whom, to whom, or to what the action of the verb is done  Prepositional object - answers>answers the question (whom,, what, or where)after the preposition  (Sentence Types) Declarative sentence - answers>makes a statement and ends with a period  (Sentence Type) Imperative Sentence - answers>Gives a command and ends witha period  (Sentence Type) Interrogative sentence - answers>asks a question and neds with a question mark  (Sentence Type) Exclamatory sentence - answers>Expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point  (Sentence Forms) Simple sentence - answers>contains a subject and verb expressing one complete thought  (Sentence Forms) Independent Clause - answers>another reference for a simple sentence  (Sentence Forms) Compound Sentence - answers>contains two or more independent clauses (joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction) and expresses more than one complete thought  Complex Sentence - answers>contains an independent clause and dependent clause  Dependent Clause - answers>contains a noun and a verb, but cannot stand alone; relies on an independent clause to complete an idea  Mood - answers>expresses the writer's attitude toward the action  Indicative mood - answers>makes a statement or asks a question  Imperative mood - answers>Expresses a command, request, suggestion, or entreaty where the subject is understood  Subjunctive mood - answers>the statement is contrary to reality  Pronoun case - answers>This is the form of a pronoun which changes to show the relationship to other words in the sentence.  Reference - answers>the action of mentioning or alluding to something.  Antecendents - answers>the noun to which a pronoun refers to  Modifier - answers>adverb or adjective  Paralellism - answers>to convey comparison or contrast, effctive writers use the same form for words, phrases, clauses or sentences.  Transitional words/phrases - answers>help writers to convey connections between ideas to readers  Word Choice - answers>identifies the type of writing, purpose and audience  Action verbs - answers>verbs that favor action over state of being  Apostrophes - answers>show poession plurailty and contracted word forms  Brackets - answers>enclose editorial comments inserted within quoted material  Colons - answers>introduce additions, modification, and basic examples  Commas - answers>-separates main clauses (MARY COUNSELS STUDENTS and SHE VOLUNTEERS at the local hospital)  -separates elements that introduce and modify sentences  -indicates dates  -used with large numbers  -used with quotations  -used with parenthetical words and phrases  -sued with direct address  -used with interjections  -used with coordinating adjectives that modify nouns separately  -used with nonrestrictive elements  -used with parallel words, phrases, and lists or series  -used to prevent misreading and to indicate omissions  Dashes - answers>emphasizes material in a sentence (more than commas)  Ellipses - answers>points indicate an omission from a direct quotation (...)  Parentheses - answers>Enclose supplemental information that is not necessary to the meaning of sentences  Semicolons - answers>join related main clauses when there are no coordinating conjunctions  separate items in a series  Slashes - answers>indicate options and unindented lines of poetry  Mechanics - answers>Abbreviations  Capitalization  Italics  Numbers  Paragraphing  Spelling