English reviewer for grade 10, Exams of English

Download English reviewer for grade 10 and more Exams English in PDF only on Docsity! S. VGO ENGLISH 10 REVIEWER QUARTER 2 QUARTER 2 LESSONS: • Language Of Research, Campaigns, And Advocacies • Argumentation • Opinion And Assertion • Claim Of Fact, Policy, And Value • Exposition • Multimodal Element • Techniques In Public Speaking WEEK 1: Language of Research, Campaigns and Advocacies Research RESEARCH makes use of a formal, academic, and persuasive language to communicate discussions and present corresponding findings for variables studied. • Language greatly matters in research as it enables the researcher to effectively communicate valuable results to his or her target readers. • the language a researcher uses also adds up to how reliable and convincing the research findings can be. • understanding the language of research can also mean becoming familiar and acquainted with terminologies usually associated with conducting research studies. Campaign and advocacy are two closely related concepts usually seen in the form of speeches, print-based materials, songs, video clips, and informational advertisements, among others. CAMPAIGN usually social or political in nature, is technically defined as a planned set of activities that people carry out to attain a certain goal or objective. • A campaign speech, basically, is a well-planned speaking activity that aims to excite, persuade, and/or motivate listeners convincing them to adhere to the speaker’s ideas. • Convincing the listeners can be achieved by employing strong and emphasized persuasive language leaving them with good and impressive points that they can remember. ADVOCACY refers to activities that argue, plead, support, or favor a certain cause. • Various causes for advocacy usually aim to influence decision making especially with issues involving social, political, environmental and economic perspectives. • While advocacy may be similar to campaign in some points, advocacy speeches present strong points that may either support or contradict existing policies and legal mandates on specific topics or issues. LANGUAGE FEATURES/DEVICES IN PERSUASIVE WRITING • Emotive Language involves the use of word that evoke emotions and make people feel a certain way. • Modal Verbs. Use of words that express how likely something is going to happen. (may, might, will, must, shall, can, could, would, ought to) • Involving the Readers. Use of personal pronouns (you, your, we, our), and indicative words (together) • Rhetorical Questions are questions that are not supposed to be answer. Asked for effect, to illustrate a point, or let the reader think. • Using Evidence involves the use of facts, figures, or quotes from experts. Highlight the author’s authority and make the arguments more convincing. • Repetition involves repeating keywords, phrases, or ideas • Adjectives and Adverbs. Carefully selected adjectives and adverbs makes it possible for the writer to influence how the readers feel. • Association. Tries to link an object or an idea with something already liked or desired by the target audience. • Bandwagon. Commonly used in advertisements. Makes the audience believe the idea that “everyone is doing it” or that everyone likes something. • Expert. Relying on expert advice from trusted people like doctors, scientists, and other professionals that the audience do not know. S. VGO WEEK 2-3: Argumentation ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING is sometimes called persuasive writing because it seeks to convince readers to support a stand on a certain issue. • It also requires the writer to examine a topic or issue which involves the collection, generation and evaluation of exhibits and/or evidences. • It further emphasizes the writer’s agreement or disagreement on particular proposition. PROPOSITION is very essential in argumentative writing. It serves as the point of reference of the argumentative writer. It is where the writer decides whether to express his/her agreement or disagreement. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY. An argumentative essay is an essay that presents a stand or a rationale on a given proposition or issue. • In this essay, the main argument presented is elaborated and explained through the presentation of its pros and cons. • The main objective of an argumentative essay is to convince or persuade the reader into considering your stand or argument on an issue. KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING The basic components of an argument include: (a) a claim, (b) reasons behind this claim, and (c) evidences to support this specific claim. PATTERN A • Thesis Statement • First Pro • Second Pro • Con(s) + Refutation(s) • Conclusions PATTERN B • Thesis Statement • Con(s) + Refutation(s) • First Pro • Second Pro • Conclusions PATTERN C • Thesis Statement • First Con + Refutation • Second Con + Refutation • Third Con + Refutation • Conclusion LANGUAGE FEATURES OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT MODALS • Use of modal verbs like should and must to express suggestion and obligation • Use of adverbs contributes to the attainment of the author. It helps indicate the mood or attitude of the writer with respect to the ideas being presented. usually/probably/actually/ necessarily/ apparently/ certainly/ definitely/ in fact/ essentially/ possibly/ inarguably EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE • The use of evaluative language, usually in the form of adjectives, reflect the writers’ attitude towards a certain idea. • Express feelings, opinions, or judgements • Can have positive or negative effect on an idea. appalling/ awful/ disgusting/ dreadful/ horrendous/ incredible/ shocking/ terrible/ wonderful TRANSITIONS • The use of appropriate transitional devices helps maintaining the smooth flow of ideas. • These words also known as connectives; help achieve coherence. because/ therefore/ similarly/ as a result/ on the other hand/ in summary/ meanwhile/ in contrast/ furthermore The use of these linguistic elements, such as (1) declarative statements, (2) rhetorical questions, and (3) passive construction, may also help in writing compelling argumentative texts. ARGUMENTATION: RHETORICAL STRATEGIES CONCESSION. Recognizing the validity of the opponents’ argument, then destroying it by presenting your better case. REFRAMING. Changing the course of the debate by exploring the people involved in the issue and flipping the perspective about the issue APPEALS TO VALUE. Justifying arguments by highlighting the values and morale of the people involved in the issue. S. VGO LANGUAGE FEATURES OF EXPOSTION CAUSE AND EFFECT because, consequently, since therefore, as a result, thus for this reason, due to, this led to, COMPARE AND CONTRAST but, as well as, on the other hand similar to, different from, however in contrast, although, in the same way DESCRIPTION for example, for instance to illustrate, such as including, like PROBLEM AND SOLUTION since, consequently a solution, therefore so that, in order to SEQUENCE first, second, third before, after, finally then, next, previously WEEK 6.2: Multimodal Element MULTIMODAL TEXT. A text is considered multimodal when it combines two or more communication modes to present information. MODE refers to the method of communication being employed. It can be linguistic, visual, auditory, gestural, or spatial. 5 MODES OF COMMUNICATION a) Linguistic. Communicating through written or oral symbol. May refer to the organization of ideas and the use of words and sentences. b) Visual. Refers to the image and character composition of the material. c) Auditory. Communicating through sounds. Includes noises, tone of voice, silence, volume, emphasis, music, and sound effect. d) Gestural. Communicating through movements. Focuses on facial expressions, gestures, body language and interaction. e) Spatial. Communicating through the use of space and arrangement of elements. Generally, a multimodal text may be print-based (paper), digital, live, or transmedia (using multiple delivery channels). Multimodal texts can range from simple to complex ones with the level of complexity usually depending on what modes to combine, understanding the interconnections between these modes, and what platforms or technologies to use. SIMPLE COMPLEX newspaper, brochures, comics, graphic novels, pictures books, print advertisements, posters, storyboards, slide presentations, e- books, e-posters, social media animations, digital stories, web pages, documentaries, book trailers, live action films, video games In multimodal texts, information is presented and meaning is conveyed through combinations of different modes across written and spoken languages (linguistic), still and moving images (visual), sounds, gestures, and spatial semiotic resources. COMPOSING TEXTS WITH MULTIMODAL ELEMENTS 1. TEXTUAL KNOWLEDGE. A clear understanding of the information at hand or the specific subject from which the multimodal composition is based is essential. This will serve as the basis for determining how information will be conveyed and what modes may work best for the information available. 2. TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE. It is imperative to understand what technological tools and processes will best work for the kind of multimodal texts to be produced. 3. SEMIOTIC KNOWLEDGE. This refers to understanding how each mode can work to convey meaning, where each mode or semiotic system has its own function. 4. ABILITY TO COMBINE VARIOUS MODES. When composing multimodal text, it is vital to understand what combinations will work best in conveying the meaning of a specific set of information. 5. UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT GENRES. Like in writing, it is also important in multimodal compositions to take into consideration the purpose, target audience, and text-type. S. VGO WEEK 7-8: Techniques in Public Speaking PUBLIC SPEAKING usually involves having to deliver or communicate information in front of a live audience. • Usually done in a formal setting or as part of a formal event, public speaking conveys purposeful information which aims to inform, influence or entertain a large group of audience. • People engaged in public speaking can get a lot of advantages like sharp critical thinking skills, confidence when dealing with people, and fluency in verbal and non-verbal communication. PREPARED SPEECH. In a prepared speech, the speaker is given the topic beforehand, has time to research about the topic, and is able to rehearse or practice prior to delivering the speech. Speaking before thousands of graduating students or addressing a crowd during a business conference usually falls under this category. A prepared speech does not necessarily equate to a memorized speech. Delivering a fully memorized speech is just one example. It may also include such forms as extemporaneous speech where the speaker is given some time to prepare before the delivery, and the use of a prepared copy which serves as reference for delivering the speech. IMPROMPTU SPEECH. An impromptu speech, is one where the speaker is given with little or no time to prepare. This type of speaking occurs during ambush interview and other gatherings where people are asked to deliver a speech on the spur of the moment. TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC SPEAKING • KNOW YOUR PURPOSE. Knowing where to focus your discussion. When you are certain about what you would want to speak about from the very beginning, you will most likely be able to avoid being sidetracked or confusing your audience with lengthy discussions that lead nowhere. • BE FAMILIAR WITH YOUR TOPIC. The best way to do this is to research. When you are sure of every piece of information you are presenting, you will be more confident. • CONSIDER YOUR AUDIENCE. It is essential to be sure of the kind of people you will be speaking to. Knowing your audience will help you plan the appropriate content, language, and techniques to use. • PLAN AHEAD OF TIME. Cramming will reflect in the way you speak and behave in front of an audience. This is something any speaker would not want to happen. That is why planning everything is a key to a successful speaking engagement. • USE OF NON-VERBAL CUES. The right amount of gestures at the right time are key elements of public speaking as these movements help convey ideas more clearly. There is, however, danger in overusing these gestures as they can become distracting. Establishing eye contact with the audience also works well in maintaining confidence and establishing sincerity. • REMAIN CALM. Whether you are delivering a prepared or an impromptu speech, maintaining composure can always be an issue. Taking deep breaths and having a focused mindset can do the magic of staying relaxed. • PRACTICE. Through constant practice, one may be able to identify areas that can be improved. Practice is a major component of planning. • WATCH YOUR WORDS. One’s choice of words greatly affects how the audience perceives the speech. One must be careful enough not to use words that might put his or her reliability and reputation into jeopardy. • SPEAK WITH CLARITY. One should observe proper pronunciation, stress, intonation, juncture, diction, tone, and pacing when delivering a speech. • KNOW THE ESSENTIAL ETIQUTTES. As a public speaker, one should know the different do’s and don’ts when speaking before an audience. • USE VISUALS WHEN NECESSARY. When possible and appropriate, visuals like PowerPoint slides can help support the speech being delivered. This should be done in a way that visual aids will not overpower the speech or distract the audience. • DRESS COMFORTABLY BUT APPROPRIATELY. Sometimes, speaking with ease comes with feeling comfortable with what you wear. A speaker, however, should dress in a way that exudes respect and formality. • BE OPEN TO QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS. These things can be used as considerations on how one can improve or continuously refine his/her style and craft. “IT’S AMAZING WHAT WE CAN DO IF WE SIMPLY REFUSE TO GIVE UP.” OCTAVIA E. BUTLER