Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy, Environmental Science, Global Issues, Exams of Sociology

Download Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy, Environmental Science, Global Issues and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Environment 111 renewable energy - A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. Non-renewable energy - Energy that cannot be replaced once it is used or energy that is not being replaced as fast as it is being used. sources of renewable energy - 1) Solar 2) Tidal and wave power 3) Wind power 4) Hydropower 5) Geothermal 6) Raw biomass and biofuel 7) Nuclear fusion sources of non-renewable energy - Coal Natural gas Nuclear energy Fossil fuel/ oil Environmental Science - The field of study that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature highly developed countries - countries with complex industrial bases, low rates of population growth, and high per capita incomes moderately developed countries - developing countries with a medium level of industrialization and average per capita incomes that are lower than those of highly developed countries less developed countries - a developing country with a low level of industrialization very high fertility rate, very high infant mortality rate and a very low per capita income Rachel Carson - United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) Franklin D. Roosevelt environmentalist - Established the civilian conservation corps, which employed young men to plant trees, making paths and roads in national parks an forests, build dam to control flooding and helped to protest natural resources. environmentalist view - Environmentalists believe that personality is determined by socialization practices, such as parenting style and other agents of society. Earth Day (1970) - International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970 endocrine disruptors - chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal's body water cycle steps - Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration (plants sweat), infiltration (water that goes deep into the soil. which then creates aquifers over 100's of years) keystone species - A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem EIS (Environmental Impact Statement) - Details a projects impact on energy use, sewage systems, drainage, water facilities, schools and other environmental, economic and social areas. NEPA applies to all federal development project and private projects that require a license. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) - Federal agency created in 1970 to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs NIMBY - Not In My Backyard attitude. People don't want things like landfills to be put where they live. External Cost - Cost of waste product which isn't covered in producers budgets. Natural Capital - Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies. Green Revolution - a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. cross breading of crop also happens to increase faster crop yields. environment justice - considers the pollution of their neighborhood by, for example, factories and hazardous-waste dumps to be the result of a structured and institutionalized inequality that is pervasive in both the capitalist core and the periphery. Believe their struggles are rooted in the economic status. minimal space requirement for large-scale use Solar thermal energy system are inherently more efficient than photovoltaic solar cell system because solar thermal systems - concentrate the sun's energy what is the fuel that is used to power a fuel cell? - Hydrogen The major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that - Fuel cells produce power as long as they are supplied with fuel whereas batteries store a fixed amount of energy. Biomass is composed of - organic material from plants and animals Geothermal energy - Capitalizes on Earth's internal temperature. Volcanoes Geysers Hotsprings Deep ocean hydrothermal vents The national appliance energy conservation act - sets national energy efficiency standards for refrigerators, washing machines, ovens and other appliances. Which of the following is the most promising solution to our current future energy need? - Conservation and increased efficeincy the main cause of undernutrition is - Poverty undernutition - Too little food energy or too few nutrients to prevent disease or to promote growth; a form of malnutrition Overnutrition - Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the degree of causing disease or increasing risk of disease; a form of malnutrition An individual who is overnourished - has an increase likelihood of obesity, diabetes and heart disease Chronic and serve protein deficiency is most likely associated with which of the following conditions? - Kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor - A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza. the condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition is _____. - Food Insecurity Food insecurity - a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food Industrialized agriculture in highly developed countries require - Large capital inputs, small tract of land, and less manual labor. Challenges facing U.S. agriculture includes all - a decline in prime farmland a decline in numbers of domesticated varieties addressing habitat fragmentation improving crop and livestock yields What is the Green Revolution? - development of high-yield crops that require intensive industrial cultivation methods industrialized agriculture's increased use of pesticides over the past years is resulting in - More insects and weeds developing resistance to pesticides Which of the following methods are currently being used to increase livestock yields? - administering antibiotics and hormones An example of a genetically modified crop? - Tomatoes contain a soybean's gene for disease resistance. Associations between children, adults and pesticides is: - Children often face greater exposure form playing in contaminated areas and putting their hands and other objects in their mouth. An infectious disease-causing agent? - Pathogen A toxicology is most likely to study which of the following? - DDT exposure in golf course workers DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) - A colorless odorless water-insoluble crystalline insecticide C14H9Cl5 that tends to accumulate in ecosystems and has toxic effects on many vertebrates; became the most widely used pesticide from WWII to the 1950's; implicated in illnesses and environmental problem; now banned in US. What is a pandemic? - global disease outbreak Disease transmitted by mosquitoes? - malaria unintentionally contribute to outbreaks and rapid spread of infectious disease? - Global travel Social and economic factors Disruption of natural environments The study of the effects of chemical, biological, and physical agents on the health of human population is called: - Epidemiology Epidemiology - Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. Characteristics caused DDt to have such a devastating impact on birds of prey like eagles? - Persistence bioaccumulation biomagnification Effect of pesticides like DDt on birds? - 1. DDt bioaccumulates causes females to lay eggs with very thin shells that break. 2. Birds like the bald eagle have the highest concentration of DDT because they are at the top of the food chain. How does bioaccumulation occur? - Organisms are exposed t low doses of toxins over several years. Not a component of the hydrosphere? - Soil what layer of our planet is made of rock and soil? - Lithosphere An abiotic factor of the environment? - Living space Stated by the first law of thermodynamics? - energy cannot be created or destroyed According to the laws of thermodynamics which of the following can be recycled? - Matter, but not energy true statement about energy - It flows in only one direction through a ecosystem Photosynthesis is - The biological process that captures light energy and transforms it into the chemical energy of organic molecules, which are manufactured for carbon dioxide and water. 1. high 2. low 3. stronger How do primary air pollutants differ from secondary air pollutants? - Primary air pollutants are released directly into the atmosphere. While secondary air pollutants are formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere. BEST illustrates a primary air pollutant? - Carbon dioxide released from burning coal. Fine solids or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere are known as: - Particulate matter Ozone in the ________ is essential as it protects the earth's surface from UV radiation but ozone in the ______ is a human- made pollutant contributes to global warming. - 1. Stratosphere 2. Troposphere Why is industrial smog usually worse in the winter? - Combustion of household fuel is higher _______ refers to conditions in the atmosphere at a given place time. - Weather True for solar radiation? - 1. It powers the hydrologic and other biogeochemical cycles. 2. It comes in as solar radiation light energy but leaves as infrared radiation heat energy. 3. It is captured by plants during photosynthesis and may eventually become the energy available from fossil fuel What is the fate of solar radiation that reaches the Earth? - Most solar radiation is absorbed by the land and ocean Statement about precipitation is true? - Precipitation has a profound effect on the distribution of organism. Besides temperature records, evidence that points to an increase in global temperatures is - 1. Rise in sea levels 2. retreating of the world's glaciers 3. In the northern hemisphere, spring now arrives a little early and autumn, a little late Not a greenhouse gas - sulfur dioxide and oxygen which of the following activities is responsible for the largest percentage of human made carbon dioxide emissions? - Burning of fossil fuel Which of the the following greenhouse gases is released from the intestinal tracts of cattle? - Methane Group of air pollutants tend to cool the atmosphere because they reflect more sunlight back to space thus reducing incoming solar radiation? - Atmospheric aerosols Atmospheric aerosols - Both human and natural sources Tiny particles (or sulfur) that remain in troposphere for weeks or months Sulfur-laden layer in the atmosphere reduces the amount of sunlight reaching earth Moderation or postponement of global climate change through measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions is called: - Mitigation Activities will not mitigate global climate: - Eating More beef Why is the layer of stratospheric ozone so important? - It shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation. Statement s associated with poverty is: - 1. Poverty is defined as having a per person income of less than $2.00 per day. 2. Poverty is a condition in which people are unable to meet their basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, education or health. Poverty is associated with: - 1. Low life expectancy 2. Inadequate access to health care 3. Illiteracy Describes a highly developed country: - Low rates of population growth and high per- person income. Highly developed countries made up what percentage of the worlds population - 20% People overpopulation is a situation - in which there are too many people in a given geographical area Non-renewable resources - a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily. they are gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels renewable resource - A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed. They are water, soil, forests. Non-sustainable human activities or behaviors includes: - Use of non-renewable fossil fuels I=PxAxT - Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology, is human impact on the environment. When you complain to a friend from India about India's high population he/she responded by suggesting that the US is also over populated. What do you think he/ she meant? - The US is 5% of the world's population and consumes 25% of the world's resources. most likely to happen if everyone in the world used resources at the same rate that people in the US do? - Our current resources would run out quickly. What does an ecological footprint measure? - Natural resources used by each person in a given area If everyone in the world lived the same level of consumption as the average American, approximately how many Planet Earths would we need according the ecological footprint analysis? - Four or more planets earths What percentage of the global water is available as freshwater use by terrestrial organism? - Less 3% The human body is made up of approximately percent water by weight. - 60 The process in the water cycle that moves water from the land and ocean to the atmosphere is called: - Evaporation What is the basis for water's high melting/ freezing point? - It forms hydrogen bonds between adjacent molecules The region with highest demand for additional water to support human activities and habitation is/ are: - Arid and semiarid areas How does saltwater intrusion occur? - Ocean water moves into freshwater aquifers before they can recharge What is the largest groundwater deposit in the world called? - the Ogallala aquifer Ogallala Aquifer - World's largest aquifer; under parts of Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas, the Midwest.. Holds enough water to cover the U.S. with 1.5 feet of water. Being depleted for agricultural and urban use. What typically happens to estuaries when surface water are overdrawn? - Increase habitat quality for native fishes