Lead Inspection Exam 2024: Questions and Answers, Exams of Chemistry

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EPA Lead Inspector exam test 2024 with 100% correct questions and answers  Lead-based paint (LBP) - answers>Any varnish, shallac, or coating that contains either- 1.0 mg/cm2 - 0.5 % by weight - 5000 ppm - Older instruments could not read accurately at 0.7, so the lead standard was updated to 1.0  Dust sample clearance values - answers>- Floors: 40 μg/ft2 > 10 μg/ft2 (10 μg/ft2 in NY) - Windows: 250 μg/ft2 > 100 μg/ft2 (50 μg/ft2 in NY) - Window wells (troughs): 400 μg/ft2 (100 μg/ft2 in NY) - Samples must be at 1 sq ft > 2 sq ft (can be reduced to 1 sq ft if within 10 μg)  EPA Soil Regulations - answers>- 400 ppm for playgrounds/children's areas - 1200 ppm for rest of yard - There must be 9 sq ft of soil to classify with soil testing - At 5000 ppm, MUST remediate/abate (remove & replace, paving, or bioremediation)  Lab sampling technique - answers>- AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) - Sample is placed into a furnace and vaporized ... light is shone through to give a quantitative result  XRF - answers>- X-ray fluorescence - Utilizes radioactive isotopes (unstable material trying to reach stability) - Cobalt-57 (half-life of 9 months) and cadmium- 109 (half-life of 15 months) are the two sources (where radiation originates) - Emits gamma rays but will read X-rays (backscatters) - Ionizing radiation from the removal of electrons due to interactions with radiation  LBP Hazard - answers>ANY condition that causes exposure to lead  LBP inspection - answers>a surface-by-surface investigation to determine the presence of lead  CPSC - answers>- Consumer Product Safety Commission - Set a lead paint standard: cannot contain 0.06% lead by weight ... updated to 0.009% - The commission banned lead-based paint in 1978  True/False: Dust sampling only done for hazard assessments - answers>True; only risk assessors take samples to determine likelihood of coming into contact with contaminants  What kind of sampling must be done for inspections? - answers>Random ... repeats must be annotated then you move onto the next  HUD Guidelines for abatement - answers>Must last 20 years. Includes the following procedures: - Removal - Enclosure - Replacement - Encapsulation Painting over is a temporary fix!  Water standards for lead - answers>- 15 ppb under the Clean Water Act (CWA) - 5 ppb under the FDA standard (bottled water) *These are the ONLY instances where ppb is used  Why was lead used so much? - answers>- Durable - Colorful - Anti-corrosive - Anti-fungal - Drying agent  What does RRP do? - answers>- Renovation, Repairing, and Painting program - Provided enforcement to Title X in 2010 ... $37,500 fines for violation - Dust sampling technicians can only sample for RRP projects  What must you do if a pre-1978 site is not tested? - answers>Presume lead- based paint.  Where is LBP still allowed? - answers>Commercial purposes/boats  What are the major industrial uses of lead? - answers>Present - Electrical batteries - Chemical additives Past - Paint additive - Gasoline additive (now in soil ... doesn't permeate quickly, so sample TOP portions (12 in)) - Solder/pipes  What are the common pathways of contamination? - answers>- For children under 6, hand-to-mouth contact from DUST ... lead tastes sweet (pica is the term for consumption of non-food items) - For adults, occupational exposure (take- home lead ... pets can contribute too)  Chronic vs. acute exposure - answers>- Chronic: low dose, long period - Acute: high dose, short period  How do you treat lead poisoning? - answers>- Chelation therapy - Binding agents attach to lead in the blood, allowing it to be excreted - Chelating agents cannot distinguish lead from minerals, so the therapy causes demineralization - Done at a blood lead of 45 μg/dL  Where does lead contamination in water come from? - answers>Solder, brass fittings and fixtures, and service lines  How much lead is present in homes? - answers>- 87% of homes pre-1940 - 69% of homes pre-1960 - 24% of homes pre-1978  What are the possible XRF readings? - answers>- Positive: at or greater than 1.0 mg/cm2 - Negative: less than 1.0 mg/cm2 - Inconclusive: must take a paint chip sample or presume lead-based paint - Some analyzers do not give inconclusive readings because they operate with readings around a threshold level ... check PCS to know for sure!  Substrate Correction Values - answers>Old way CLC (corrected lead concentrations) = ALC (average of 3 shots of apparent lead concentration) - SEL (average of 3 shots of substrate lead equivalent) New way - Take 3 readings on bare substrate in one spot - Take another 3 readings on bare substrate in a new spot - Compute the correction value = Average of the 6 readings minus the NIST SRM (1.02 mg/cm2) - Subtract this value from the XRF readings to correct for substrate bias  How do you evaluate the quality of XRF testing? - answers>Compute Retest Tolerance Limit ... very complicated, so skip this question if on test  Precision, Bias, and Accuracy - answers>XRF readings must be - precise (close to each other in value) - accurate (close to the true values) - unbiased (there must be some outliers)  Administrative sanctions - answers>Result from violations of administrative code (state laws ... punishments are limited to taking away license/fines)  Statutes - answers>Federal laws ... violations result in loss of license plus penalties ... jail time  Civil lawsuits - answers>- Civil liability is non-criminal (involves non-governmental entities) - Contract liability arises from breach of contract  Types of insurance - answers>- General liability covers general damages - Lead inspectors are held to a higher standard than contractors ... they are consultants because they are giving their professional, expert advice. As such, they are covered by errors/omissions insurance (covers mistakes/forgetting information) - Claims made: insured while policy is active - Occurence: the above and beyond  What is required for tort? - answers>1) Court must establish duty or rule of conduct based on what most individuals would do to prevent harm 2) Breach of duty 3) Someone is harmed/damaged by the breach When these 3 requirements are met, negligence becomes a factor  Who is ultimately responsible for the results of an inspection? - answers>The property owner  Vicarious liability - answers>Guilt by association (e.g. an employer is responsible for the actions of its employees)  How long should an inspector retain records? - answers>20 years  XRF protocol for risk assessors vs. lead inspectors - answers>- Risk assessors only check non-intact surfaces (logic is that intact surfaces are not hazardous) - Inspectors check EVERYTHING  What is the ultimate goal of clearing a project? - answers>Ensure safety with respect to occupancy  What are the steps to cleaning for visual inspections? - answers>- HEPA (High Effienciency Particulate Air) vacuum - Wash with TSP (trisodium phosphate) - HEPA vacuum again - If the preliminary inspection fails, cleaning must resume in accordance to the steps above. Final cleaning means the inspection passed.  How long after the final cleaning can you collect dust samples? - answers>1 hour  True/False: There is a safe lead level - answers>False; there is no safe lead level. The standard for blood lead concentration keeps dropping because it should be ZERO.  LBPPPA - answers>- Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act - Enacted in 1971 - Amended in 1973 to lower lead content by 0.5% then 0.6% - In 1976, limit was lowered to 0.06% unless CPSC determined 0.5% was safe - In 1977, 0.06% went into effect because CPSC didn't make the finding. - Dropped to 0.009% in 2008.  Title X - answers>"- Enacted in 1992 by George Bush - Significantly amended LBPPPA - Established standards for three areas: 1) Inspection 2) Education 3) Disclosure ... involves giving a ""Protect Your Family from Lead"" pamphlet for target housing ... MUST obtain form acknowledgment. For purchases, the buyer has to get an inspection within 10 days - Inspectors must know ALL regulations and apply the most stringent one"  What is the OSHA regulation for lead in construction? - answers>29 CFR 1926.62 - CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) - 29 = Agency (Department of Labor - OSHA) - 1926 = Industry (Construction) - 62 = Material (Lead)  What are the OSHA lead levels? - answers>- Action level = 30 μg/m3 ... triggers HAZCOM (hazardous communication) and training - PEL (Permissable Exposure Level) = 50 μg/m3 ... triggers above PLUS PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) - 50 μg/dL triggers medical removal and salary retention - If you're at child- bearing age, the limit is technically 25 μg/dL since you qualify for fertility testing ($20,000 a pop!)  What is the OSHA general industry regulation for respirators? - answers>29 CFR 1910.134 - 29 = Agency (OSHA) - 1910 = Industry (General) - 134 = Material (Respiratory protection)  What must be done to keep track of occupational exposures? - answers>- Baseline exam - Authorization to wear a respirator - FEP (free erythrocyte protoporforin) / ZPP (zinc protoporforin) to determine past/chronic exposures  RCRA - answers>- Resource Conservation Recovery Act of 1976 - Classifies hazardous waste  TCLP - answers>- Toxic Characteristics Leachate Procedure - At 5 ppm, a substance being tested is classified as hazardous waste  What must be done to wastewater? - answers>- Captured, filtered, and checked to see if it is suitable for flushing - If not suitable, solidify and send to hazardous waste facility  How to prevent lead from getting into tap water? - answers>Flush until water is cold  Pipe standards for lead - answers>- Less than 0.2 % for solder and flux - Less than 8% for other plumbing materials  What is a composite sample? - answers>Combined sample made up of various individual samples from the SAME type of component  What is OSHA's general industry regulation for lead? - answers>29 CFR 1910.1025 - 29 = Agency (Department of Labor - OSHA) - 1910 = Industry (General) - 1025 = Material (Lead)  Target housing - answers>- Pre-1978 housing - Presumed to have lead - EXCEPT for elderly/disabled housing - EXCEPT it is a child-occupied facility (child under 6 resides for at least 2 days/wk and each visit is 3 hrs/day, resulting in a combined total of 6 hrs/wk AND 60 hrs/year)  NYC Local Law I - answers>Apartments prior to being rented have to be evaluated for peeling paint and corrected  Prohibited methods - answers>- Methylene chloride ... toxic and carcinogenic - Heat gun at or 1,100 °F or open-flame burning ... can cause lead to vaporize - Use of abrasive/grinding sanders without a HEPA attachment - Dry scraping EXCEPT for electrical outlets