EPI/ BIOSTATS: Final Exam: Module Exams Questions with Answers Latest Updated 2023, Exams of Nursing

Download EPI/ BIOSTATS: Final Exam: Module Exams Questions with Answers Latest Updated 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 [Date] 1 EPI/ BIOSTATS: Final Exam: Module Exams Questions with Answers Latest Updated 2023 1. Epidemiology - Correct answer the study of the occurrence and distribution of healthrelated events in specific populations and the application of this study to control health 2 [Date] 2 2. Epidemiological Triad or Triangle - Correct answer a model used to describe the etiology of disease/health events - agent, host and environment 3. Cause - Correct answer An act/event that alone, or together with other causes, allows a sequence of events to have an effect. True causes 5 [Date] 5 8. Association - Correct answer a linkage between or among variables 9. Correlation - Correct answer the extent to which variables are linked to each other 10. Population Health - Correct answer the process of improving health outcomes, cost effectiveness 6 [Date] 6 and efficiency of care by providing evidence-based care to groups of people with shared needs 11. Epidemiology - Correct answer the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related events 12. Count - Correct answer the number of cases of a 7 [Date] 7 disease or health issue being studied 13. Prevalence - Correct answer the number of cases of a disease in a population at some designated time 14. Incidence - Correct answer the number of instances of illness during a given period in a specified population 10 [Date] 10 describe disease spread in outbreak situations 19. Ratio - Correct answer the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another. Rate, proportion and percentage are examples 20. Population at risk - Correct answer the number of people in a population that might develop a disease 11 [Date] 11 21. Proportion - Correct answer a type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator 22. Mortality - Correct answer the occurrence of death in a population 23. Morbidity - Correct answer Mortality 12 [Date] 12 24. the occurrence of death in a population 25. Morbidity 26. the occurrence of disease or illness in a population 27. Crude Rates - Correct answer overall incidence, mortality or prevalence with no adjustment for age, gender, etc. 15 [Date] 15 measurement where the distance between attributes has meaning 32. Ratio - Correct answer a continuous level of measurement where the data is mutually exclusive, rank-ordered, equidistant and includes an absolute 0 16 [Date] 16 33. NOIR - Correct answer nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio 34. Continuous data - Correct answer data that can take any value or any value within a range, interval or ratio 35. Discreet data - Correct answer data that can take on only particular values, and there are clear boundaries 17 [Date] 17 between those values; nominal or ordinal 36. Case-Control Study - Correct answer a study that compares patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not have the disease or outcome, and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in 20 [Date] 20 39. Ecological Study - Correct answer a study design that uses data aggregated over groups rather than on individuals 40. Cohort Study - Correct answer a study design where one or more samples are followed prospectively and subsequent evaluations conducted to determine which initial participant's 21 [Date] 21 exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with an outcome. As the study is conducted, outcome from participants in each cohort is measured and relationships with specific characteristics determined 41. Randomized Clinical Trial - Correct answer a study design that randomly assigns participants into an 22 [Date] 22 experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups is the outcome variable being studied 42. odds ratio - Correct answer measure of association between frequency of exposure and frequency of 25 [Date] 25 47. sampling - Correct answer the method used to select a sample from a population 48. representative sample - Correct answer a sample that has the same characteristics as the population it derives from 26 [Date] 26 49. random sample - Correct answer a sample of a population where each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample 50. convenience sample - Correct answer an available sample that is not randomly chosen nor chosen to be representative of the 27 [Date] 27 population (opportunity sample) 51. clustered random sample - Correct answer the population is divided into separate groups and a simple random sample of clusters is selected from the population 52. stratified random sample - Correct answer the population is divided into 30 [Date] 30 points and dividing by the number of data points. 57. Median - Correct answer The middle number; found by ordering all data points and picking out the one in the middle (or if there are two middle numbers, taking the mean of those two numbers). 31 [Date] 31 58. Mode - Correct answer The most frequent number— that is, the number that occurs the highest number of times 59. Effect size - Correct answer The size of the difference between the means of two populations, usually expressed in standard deviation units. A 32 [Date] 32 quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon 60. p value - Correct answer probability that a test statistic result occurred by chance alone 61. Confidence interval - Correct answer a range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that 35 [Date] 35 66. Variability - Correct answer how much scores differ from one another, the spread or dispersion in a set of scores 67. Range - Correct answer the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution 68. Standard deviation - Correct answer the average 36 [Date] 36 amount of variability in a set of score, the average deviation from the mean 69. Power - Correct answer the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false, sensitivity to sample size 70. Epidemiology is the backbone of public health because - Correct answer it 37 [Date] 37 attempts to measure distribution, causation and exposures of health outcomes. 71. The concept of distribution in epidemiology is concerned with - Correct answer demographic, geographic and temporal (person, place and time). 40 [Date] 40 76. Background: 77. In 2001, a group of scientists pooled the data from 12 of the best evidence case control studies available to evaluate the association of H. pylori and stomach cancer (Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group, 2001.) In all of studies, the authors reported an increased risk of stomach cancer associated 41 [Date] 41 with infection, which was statistically significant in 9 of the 12 studies. The combined data from all 12 studies indicated patients with H. pylori were 2.4 times more likely to develop stomach cancer when compared to those not infected. - Correct answer 78. Based on the statistical significance found in the 42 [Date] 42 studies (9 of 12) and the likelihood of developing cancer from an H. pylori infection (12 of 12), the association is strong and consistent across the studies. - Correct answer strong 79. consistent 80. In all studies, blood samples for testing H. pylori were collected before 45 [Date] 45 84. A bacterial infection directly affecting the stomach, where the cancer occurs, could add plausibility to the relationship of H. pylori and stomach cancer. - Correct answer plausibility 85. All factors considered, there is undeniable evidence that H. pylori is a cause of stomach cancer. - Correct answer undeniable 46 [Date] 46 86. Applying the Sufficient- Component Cause Model - Correct answer Background 87. The evidence for an association between leisure- time physical activity and prevalence of pain is insufficient. This study investigated associations between frequency, duration, and intensity of recreational exercise and 47 [Date] 47 chronic pain in a cross- sectional survey of the adult population of a Norwegian county (the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study; HUNT 3). Of the 94,194 invited to participate, complete data were obtained from 46,533 participants. Separate analyses were performed for the working-age population (20-64 years) and the older population (65 years or 50 [Date] 50 exercising. Similar, but somewhat weaker, associations were seen for older men. This study shows consistent and linear associations between frequency, duration, and intensity of recreational exercise and chronic pain for the older population, and associations without an apparent linear shape for the working-age population. 51 [Date] 51 88. What are the component causes in this study? Click all that apply. - Correct answer exercise frequency 89. exercise intensity 90. exercise duration 91. What does the sufficient cause model look like for this study? - Correct answer Frequency, duration, intensity 52 [Date] 52 92. Pain lasting longer that 6 months is a necessary cause in this study. - Correct answer False 93. For the next two questions, use this information: - Correct answer In a 12 month study of 500 patients about hypertension, 100 had high blood pressure at the start of 55 [Date] 55 98. Calculating Incidence Rate (IR) 99. Formula; count of new cases in a specified time period/total population at risk in the same time period x multiplier (eg 1000) 100. What is the incidence rate for new cases of hypertension in this study? - 56 [Date] 56 Correct answer 125 cases per 1000 people per year 101. 50 more people developed hypertension in 12 months. Since 100 people already had the disease, they must be deducted from the population. The population at risk is 500-100=400. 50/400 = 12.5 X 1,000 = 125. The incidence rate in this 57 [Date] 57 study is 125 cases per 1000 people per year. 102. Calculating Attack Rate (AR) 103. Formula= number of ill/ number of ill+ well x 100 104. Example: At a company retreat, 54 people became ill with an upper respiratory 60 [Date] 60 the incidence rate and the duration of a disease. 109. How would you answer this question? "If a new treatment were developed for a disease, what effect would this have on the prevalence and incidence of the disease?" - Correct answer If the treatment cured the disease, prevalence would go down. 61 [Date] 61 110. What is the difference between a measure of cumulative incidence and incidence rate? - Correct answer Cumulative incidence is used to track disease occurrence in a specific group of people, as in a study. 111. Welltown and Healthingdon are two 62 [Date] 62 different communities separated by a large mountain chain. Both communities have crude mortality rates for lung cancer of 4 per 1000 population per year. The age- adjusted mortality rate for Welltown is 5 per 1000 people, compared to 3 per 1000 people in Healthingdon. What can we infer from this information? - Correct 65 [Date] 65 direction. - Correct answer Cause 115. The extent to which there is an outcome between a cause and effect event - Correct answer causation 116. a set of events or conditions that eventually produce disease - Correct answer Sufficient cause 66 [Date] 66 117. a factor required for the disease/outcome to occur - Correct answer Necessary cause 118. a linkage between or among variables - Correct answer Association 119. the extent to which variables are linked to each 67 [Date] 67 other - Correct answer Correlation 120. the process of improving health outcomes, cost effectiveness and efficiency of care by providing evidence-based care to groups of people with shared needs - Correct answer Population health 70 [Date] 70 pneumonia in persons whose immune systems have been weakened by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 125. Continue to the questions below. - Correct answer 126. In this scenario, the presence of Pneumocystis carinii organisms is therefore 71 [Date] 71 considered a necessary cause of pneumocystis pneumonia. - Correct answer necessary cause 127. In this scenario, in order for pneumocystis carinii to cause pneumonia, at least one component cause would need to be present, including - Correct answer HIV infection 72 [Date] 72 128. A study was conducted to examine the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. This study used both males and females and utilized new study techniques compared to many other studies on lung cancer and smoking. This study found that smoking and lung cancer are associated, which is Consistence with other 75 [Date] 75 hours distributed over 25 weeks. However, the comparison between exercise dose measures in studies that reported positive and negative cognitive outcomes revealed that the most important correlate of improved cognition was the total intervention time. A cautious interpretation of this finding is that exercising for at least 52 total hours is 76 [Date] 76 likely to improve cognitive performance. While we found no relationships between cognitive improvements and session time, exercise frequency, intensity, and weekly minutes, we recommend that future studies examine these factors so that exercise guidelines for cognitive brain health can be developed. - Correct answer 77 [Date] 77 131. What are the component causes in this study? - Correct answer Exercise modes, dosages and regimens 132. What is the necessary cause for influencing cognitive performance in older adults? - Correct answer Total intervention time 80 [Date] 80 137. the number of people in a population that might develop a disease - Correct answer Population at risk 138. a type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator - Correct answer Proportion 81 [Date] 81 139. the occurrence of death in a population - Correct answer Mortality 140. the occurrence of disease or illness in a population - Correct answer Morbidity 141. overall incidence, mortality or prevalence with no adjustment for age, 82 [Date] 82 gender, etc. - Correct answer Crude Rates 142. measures that have been adjusted to account for differences in populations (age, gender, socioeconomic status, etc.) - Correct answer Adjusted Standard 143. A new treatment is developed that prevents death but does not produce 85 [Date] 85 assuming the population is in a steady state. - Correct answer 1500/100,000 person years 147. The following table shows data from an epidemiological study. What is the incidence rate among those who are exposed to the factor under study? 86 [Date] 86 148. Number of Episodes (TOP) 149. Person-years (py) at Risk (TOP) 150. Exposure Present (L SIDE) 151. Exposure Absent (L SIDE) 87 [Date] 87 152. 700, 300, 1000 153. 1950, 2250, 4200 154. (Question #5, 6) - Correct answer 35.9 per 100 py 155. What measure of disease frequency is each of the following? 90 [Date] 90 162. 3. Prevalence 163. 4. Incidence Rate 164. 5. Cumulative incidence 165. In 2015, there were 2,900 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed among women in Alabama and 200 new cases diagnosed among women in Alaska. 166. Based on this data, is it accurate to say that the 91 [Date] 91 incidence rate of breast cancer is higher in Alabama than in Alaska? - Correct answer No. It is also necessary to know the population of each state and the amount of follow-up time in each state. 167. a discreet level of measurement that classifies objects into mutually exclusive, non-overlapping 92 [Date] 92 categories based on some defined characteristic - Correct answer Nominal 168. a discreet level of measurement where the attributes can be rank- ordered; however, the distances between attributes do not have any meaning - Correct answer Ordinal 95 [Date] 95 between those values; nominal or ordinal - Correct answer Discreet data 174. A(n) study is a retrospective method that compares patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not have the disease or outcome to compare the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. 96 [Date] 96 175. A type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time is known as a(n) . 176. A(n) study design that uses data aggregated over populations and is 97 [Date] 97 complicated to apply at the individual level. 177. A(n) Cohort Study is a prospective method used to examine exposure/risk factors in groups where the outcome from participants in each group is measured and relationships with specific characteristics determined. - Correct answer 1. Case control study