EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Class Goals - Correct Answer ✅- Make you more aware of earthquakes - Make you more knowledgeable about earthquakes - Make you prepared about the next big earthquake Puerto Rico is near the _____ plate. - Correct Answer ✅Caribbean Plate Earthquakes are ___. - Correct Answer ✅Unpredictable What does building earthquake resilience require? - Correct Answer ✅- Time - Money What bridge collapsed during the Loma Prieta Earthquake (1989)? - Correct Answer ✅SF-Oakland Bay Bridge How long did it take to fix the SF-Oakland Bay bridge after Loma Prieta Earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅24 years EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Ridgecrest Sequence - Correct Answer ✅- July 4: 6.4 Magnitude - July 5: 7.1 Magnitude - Around 1000 aftershocks Earthquake Drill - Correct Answer ✅Drop, cover, hold Foreshock - Correct Answer ✅A small earthquake that often precedes a major earthquake What is 1 degree equivalent to (latitude and longitude)? - Correct Answer ✅100 km How many decimal places are needed for accuracy (latitude and longitude)? - Correct Answer ✅5 MyShake and MyQuake - Correct Answer ✅Earthquake tracker apps developed by UC Berkeley Seismology Lab EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Aristotle (384-322 BCE) - Correct Answer ✅Said earthquakes were caused by strong winds that blew through caves inside earth (similar to winds in our bodies that cause throbbing) Lucretius (99-55 BC) and Seneca (4 BC- 65 AD) - Correct Answer ✅Said earthquakes were caused by underground rock falls Early Origin of Earthquakes: Christian Europe - Correct Answer ✅- Earthquakes meant god's angry response to human sins - Earthquakes seen as "kismet" or "acts of god" All Saint's Day (1755) - Correct Answer ✅- Earthquake near offshore Portugal - One of the biggest earthquakes that struck the Earth - M > 8; 60k causalities - Happened during period of Enlightenment What did Voltaire argue about regarding All Saint's Day - Correct Answer ✅Natural causes, not god's doing. EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) - Correct Answer ✅Gave first rational, enlightened explanation of the catastrophic quake 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (April 18) - Correct Answer ✅- Turning point for modern earthquake science - Started in water - Caused slight tsunami San Andreas Fault - Correct Answer ✅- Largest fault in CA - Earthquake M>9 not possible - Named after San Andreas Valley - Right lateral - Moves 5 cm/year The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake: The Lawson Report - Correct Answer ✅- Led by Professor Andrew Lawson (UC Berkeley) - Cataloged descriptions of earthquake effect - Identified San Andreas Fault EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Maps of fault location and ground shaking distribution (showed intensity of shaking) - Developed elastic rebound theory w/ Reid Fire - Correct Answer ✅A secondary hazard we need to worry about Seismograph - Correct Answer ✅A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth What process allowed maps of CA to be more accurate? - Correct Answer ✅Triangulation bc it showed how ground moves Elastic Rebound Theory - Correct Answer ✅- Developed by Andrew Lawson and Reid - Continuing stress along a fault results in a buildup of elastic energy in the rocks, which is abruptly released when an earthquake occurs. - Earthquake is due to slip on a rupture in Earth's crust EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Breakdown of Economic Loss: Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅- $48 billion from shaking damage - $65 billion due to fire - $96 billion due to business interruption - $4 billion due to traffic delays Triggered Hazards: Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅- Landslides - Utility disruption caused by fault offsets - Fire 5 Major Areas of Loss: Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅1. Older buildings built to early standards 2. Nonstructural elements and content 3. Infrastructure across the San Andreas Fault 4. Business Interruption due to damaged infrastructure (including telecommunications and water) 5. Fire following earthquakes EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Limited Water Supply: Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅- Can last for a year - 88% of water comes from outside the region - Much of water crossed fualt lines, travels in very old pipes General Improvements of LA: Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅1. Fortify water system 2. Strengthen buildings Fortify the Water System (Recommendations): Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅- Develop alternative water system for firefighting - Fortify aqueducts (particularly where faults cross) - Fortify water storage (ex. dams) - Increase local sources of water: capture and clean up - Create seismic resilient pipe network Why do we need to strengthen buildings in LA? - Correct Answer ✅- Current building codes protect life, not financial loss EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Must build to a higher standards for continuing operation, not more expensive - Many older buildings are known to be more dangerous and require mandatory retrofit Strengthening Buildings in LA (Recommendations): Shakeout Scenario of Los Angeles - Correct Answer ✅- Mandatory retrofit of soft-first story buildings - Mandatory retrofit of concrete buildings - Back to business program; more inspectors to open buildings - Rating system for buildings Soft Story Buildings - Correct Answer ✅Buildings with weak first floors that are not strong enough to support heavier second floors Critical Areas that Could Be Addressed by LA City Policy - Correct Answer ✅1. Pre-1980 soft first story buildings 2. PRe-1980 non-ductile reinforced concrete building 3. Water infrastructure (including firefighting) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Public transportation (bus, BART, ferries, airports) may experience closure or interruption in service. - Commute times may drastically increase. Consider: Where will your family/friends be? (Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- Pets aren't allowed in most emergency shelters. - Friends could be anywhere across campus or away. - Pets may run away or be scared. - Family members could be at work, school, etc. Consider: Will you have medical services? (Earthquake Preparedness) - Correct Answer ✅- All emergency systems may be overloaded. - Hospitals and other medical facilities may be damaged. - Emergency rooms and trauma centers may be overwhelmed. - Assisted living, critical care, and other health services (ex. dialysis) may not be operational. EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What happened to the hospital in Sylmar, CA after the 1971 6.7M San Fernando earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅It had to be demolished. Consider: Will you be able to stay in your dorm, apartment, or home? (Earthquake Preparedness) - Correct Answer ✅- Where you live may have been destroyed - Alternate rental housing may be limited or not available Red Tag - Correct Answer ✅Put on homes to indicate that the property is unsafe and must not be entered/occupied after an earthquake Consider: Could you live without the services you rely on? What services will you mostly miss? (Earthquake Preparedness) - Correct Answer ✅- Water may be in short supply. - Natural gas and electric power may be out for days/weeks. - Garbage and sewage may be interrupted - Telephone, internet, cell phone, wireless communication may be overloaded/unavailable. EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Mail service may be disrupted. - Gas may be in short supply; rationing maybe necessary. - Bank operations may be disrupted, limiting access to cash, ATMs, or online banking. - Grocery, drug, and other retail stores may be closed or unable to restock shelves. 7 Steps to Earthquake Safety - Correct Answer ✅1. Identify potential hazards in your room and home and begin to fix them. 2. Create a disaster preparedness plan. 3. Prepare disaster kits. 4. Identify your buildings potential weaknesses and begin to fix them. 5. Protect yourself during an earthquake. 6. Check for injuries and damages after the quake. 7. When safe, continue following disaster plan. EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Dealing w/ Water and Gas Pipes: Step 1 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- Brace water heaters and other gas appliances - Replace rigid gas connections to water heaters and other gas appliances w/ flexible (corrugated) stainless-steel gas connectors Step 2: Create a Disaster Preparedness Plan (7 Steps to Earthquake Safety) - Correct Answer ✅Consider: - Places to meet after a disaster - What to do after determining meeting places - Learn lifesaving actions - Staying informed What two types of places should you choose when creating a disaster preparedness plan? - Correct Answer ✅1. Safe place to meet near your home after shaking stops 2. A place outside your neighborhood (in case you have to evacuate neighborhood or cannot return home) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 After Determining Meeting Places: Step 2 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- Identify safe spots in home to go when shaking stops - Determine best escape routes from home and each room - Determine 2 best escape routes out of your neighborhood - Designate a neighbor or local friend's house as a safe place for your kids to meet if you're away from home - Install smoke alarms and test them monthly - Ask out-of-town friends to be your family disaster contact so your family can call them for emergencies Learn Lifesaving Actions: Step 2 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- Learn first aid and CPR from a class by Red Cross - Know where fire extinguisher is located - Learn how and when to turn off utilities (electricity, water, gas) - See if there's a community emergency response team (CERT) in your area EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Stay Informed: Step 2 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- Learn disaster plans at workplace, child's school, daycare center, other places where family spends time - Give family members "Emergency Contact" card to carry w/ them. Include out-of-town contact, important contact phone numbers, and meeting locations. Step 3: Prepare Disaster Kits (7 Steps to Earthquake Safety) - Correct Answer ✅Prepare: - Household disaster kit - Personal go kits What should you put in a household disaster kit? - Correct Answer ✅These are recommendations: - Water (at least 1 gallon) - First aid kit - Medicine - Hygiene items (soap, toothpaste, toilet paper) - Emergency lighting (light sticks, flashlight) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Step 4: Identify Building's Potential Weaknesses and Fix Them (7 Steps to Earthquake Safety) - Correct Answer ✅Applicable for: - If you live in condos or apartment - If you're a renter Relationship Between Building Age and Building Codes - Correct Answer ✅The older the building, the less strict the building codes. Living in Condo or Apartment: Step 4 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- May have weak or "soft" first stories - Buildings built before 1972 w/ concrete or brick is inadequately reinforced - Less likely to be killed in retrofitted building but may not be able to recover after quake EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Questions to Ask as a Renter: Step 4 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅- What measures have been taken to ensure building safety? - Have water heaters been strapped to wall stud? - Can I secure bookshelves and furniture to walls Step 5: Protect Yourself During an Earthquake (7 Steps to Earthquake Safety) - Correct Answer ✅Consider: - What are the hazards indoors? - What are the hazards outdoors? - When driving, what are the hazards? During an earthquake, head for the doorway. (T/F) - Correct Answer ✅False Indoor Hazards: Step 5 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅Things to Follow: - Don't stand in doorways - Don't run outside EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Move away from exterior walls and windows, tall furniture, hanging pictures, and mirrors - Drop to the floor next to interior wall and cover head w/ arms if there's no table - Turn off stove if cooking - Stay put if in bed. Cover head w/ pillow. - If in high rise, stay away from windows. - Don't use elevators. Outdoor Hazards: Step 5 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅Things to Follow: - Move away from buildings, power lines, trees - Be alert for falling debris - Move to higher ground to avoid tsunami (if you're at the coast) Driving Hazards: Step 5 of 7 Steps to Earthquake Preparedness - Correct Answer ✅Things to Follow: - Don't stop on or under overpasses, bridges or tunnels. EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Step 7: When Safe, Continue Following Disaster Plan (7 Steps to Earthquake Safety) - Correct Answer ✅Consider: - Days following earthquake - Taking action to recover What should you do in days following earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅- Make sure home is structurally safe - Unplug damaged electrical appliances, fixture, etc. - Stay informed w/ radio - Call out-of-town contact then stay off the phone Why/how should you take action to recover? - Correct Answer ✅- The government won't save you. - Relief efforts intended to help w/ immediate needs and won't replace lost items - Take out loans (max. $40k per home) Loans - Correct Answer ✅The most common form of assistance after an earthquake disaster; max $40k per home EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Plate Tectonics - Correct Answer ✅Rigid plates moving across the surface of the Earth When was the idea of plate tectonics finally accepted? - Correct Answer ✅Mid to late 1960s, early 1970s What mostly occurs at plate boundaries? - Correct Answer ✅- Deformation - Earthquakes Francis Bacon (1620) - Correct Answer ✅- Discovered that Africa and S. America's coastal outline fit together like a puzzle - "Not an accidental coincidence" Antonio Snider-Pellegrini - Correct Answer ✅- Religious - Published sketches of continent separation (showing before and after) - Thought expansion explained features of Earth (ex. rocks) - Through Earth expanded during genesis EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Thought separation of land meant expansion of Earth Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) - Correct Answer ✅Proposed idea of continental drift Continental Drift - Correct Answer ✅- Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener - Said there used to be a super continent (Pangaea) and continents drifted apart since age of dinosaurs Evidence of Continental Drift - Correct Answer ✅1. Similar fossils 2. Similar rock formations across boundaries What was Wegener's theory of continental drift (how the continents spread apart)? - Correct Answer ✅- Continents broke through crust that's underlying the ocean - Like an icebreaker plowing through weak crust under oceans - Theory later proven WRONG EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Bathymetry showed no evidence of ____. - Correct Answer ✅Land bridges How many stations were set up by WWSSN by the 1920s? - Correct Answer ✅More than 100 Relationship Between Trenches and Earthquakes - Correct Answer ✅Deepest trenches relate to the biggest earthquakes. Maps in the 1960s - Correct Answer ✅- Showed Ring of Fire - Mapped more earthquakes (topographic features Magnetic Stripes - Correct Answer ✅- Provide evidence of sea floor spreading when they show the reversal of magnetic fields - Measured strength of magnetic field as ships moved around ocean - Strength and orientation of field varied as ships moved around - Systematic patterns of strong, weak, strong EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What did magnetic stripes reveal? - Correct Answer ✅Plate age Why are magnetic fields measured as stripes? - Correct Answer ✅to show periodic reversals of Earth's magnetic field Rocks on the ocean sea floor are ___. - Correct Answer ✅Magnetic Process of Creating Magnetic Field - Correct Answer ✅- Mid- ocean mountain belts and ridges are areas where new magmatic rock and lava intrudes, solidifies, cools, and imprints whatever the magnetic field was at the time that rock cooled down. - After rock cools, it gets pushed to side. - Earth's magnetic field flipped 10 million years later. (Ex. North became south). Normal Magnetic Polarity - Correct Answer ✅N S EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Reversed Magnetic Polarity - Correct Answer ✅Ƨ И Why do the magnetic fields flip? - Correct Answer ✅- Due to the dynamics in the core What was the result of magnetic fields flipping? - Correct Answer ✅Left North, South, East, West imprints Age of Oceanic Plates - Correct Answer ✅0 to 280 million years Continents are younger than the ocean. (T/F) - Correct Answer ✅False Age of Continents - Correct Answer ✅Up to 4 billion years old EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Example of Divergent Plate Boundary - Correct Answer ✅Mid-ocean ridges Example of Convergent Plate Boundary - Correct Answer ✅Subduction zones Example of Transform Plate Boundary - Correct Answer ✅Strike-slip faults How many plates are there on Earth? - Correct Answer ✅15, but this is debatable. There could be smaller plates, so there's no fixed number (15+). When the plates are ____, the deformation occurs ____. - Correct Answer ✅Rigid; at the edges The Largest Plates - Correct Answer ✅- North American - Eurasian - Pacific - Antarctic EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - South American - African - Australian Earthquake Death Toll from Last Century - Correct Answer ✅- > 2 million total Which regions contributed to the earthquake death toll from the last century - Correct Answer ✅- SF - Pero: 66k - Messina, Italy: 85k - Turkmenistan: 110k - Gansu & Xining, China: 200k - Tangshan, China: 250-500k - Tokyo, Japan: 143k Aesthenosphere - Correct Answer ✅Consists of rock that can flow slowly; not magma EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Mid-Oceanic Ridges: Divergent - Correct Answer ✅- Mountain chains that spread apart where the magnetic radiation are being formed (refer to drawing in notebook) - Had volcanic eruptions - New oceanic plate - Youngest in the middle; gets older as it spreads apart What do the crosses on the map mean (mid-oceanic ridges)? - Correct Answer ✅Oceanic crust is being created and moving away from ridge. What resources are found in mid-oceanic ridges? - Correct Answer ✅- Black smokers producing rich mineral deposits at 2.5 km depth - Black water heated by magma - Wildlife - Energy in Earth's interior Ocean Transforms - Correct Answer ✅- Displacement side by side (refer to drawing in notebook) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 2. New rift zone, new ocean - East African Rift Transform Summary - Correct Answer ✅1. Along mid-ocean ridges - Fracture zones (ex. S. Pacific) 2. Across continents - San Andreas Fault Convergent Summary - Correct Answer ✅1. Ocean-continent - Off West Coast of S. America 2. Ocean-ocean - Japan trench 3. Continent-continent - W. Pacific Himalaya Rate of Plate Tectonics - Correct Answer ✅- As fast as a growing finger nail (mm/year to 10s of cm/year) - A foot per year in some places EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What can we find out if we knew accurate rates of plate tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅Age of magnetic lineations North America and Europe Separation - Correct Answer ✅Separated by 2 meters in a lifetime Hot Spots - Correct Answer ✅Volcanic regions fed by underlying mantle (refer to diagram in notebook) Example of a Hot Spot - Correct Answer ✅Hawaii's chain of islands Wilson's Theory on Hotspots - Correct Answer ✅Hot spot, oceanic islands sets over plume of rising mantle, making magma, and building up an island Volcanoes ____ from the hotspot are ____. - Correct Answer ✅Farther away; older EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What do hotspots reveal? - Correct Answer ✅- Plate movement - Upwelling mantle plumes What are common at hotspots? - Correct Answer ✅A volcanic island at the end of a chain of islands (not a subduction) Subduction - Correct Answer ✅The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary Plate velocities are ____. - Correct Answer ✅Relative and absolute What drives plate tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅Convection Convection - Correct Answer ✅- The transfer of heat from deep in the earth to the surface - Hot (buoyant) upwellings, cold (dense) downwelling EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Ridge Push - Correct Answer ✅When magma rises at mid- ocean ridge and pushes oceanic plate in 2 different directions away from the ridge Bottom Drag - Correct Answer ✅Plate dragged by convection in mantle When did plate tectonics begin? - Correct Answer ✅2.5 billion years ago Latest Events Involving Plate Tectonics - Correct Answer ✅- Break-up of Pangea - North America and Europe 1) split apart from each other for thousands of kilometers 2) subduction formed 3) moved towards each other again 4) collided in continental collision; split up EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 How many satellites are continually orbiting earth? - Correct Answer ✅24 How to Measure Plate Tectonics w/ a GPS - Correct Answer ✅1. Take an antennae and set up over benchmark 2. Center antennae above cross on benchmark 3. Measure longitude elevation 4. Repeat process after certain amount of years to see changes How does a GPS obtain your location? - Correct Answer ✅Ranging 3 satellite signals _____. - Correct Answer ✅Provide longitude and latitude 4 satellite signals _____. - Correct Answer ✅Provide latitude, longitude, and elevation EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What can also be used to find changes in plate tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅Handheld devices (accurate of several meters) How accurate are handheld devices when measuring plate tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅Can measure precision to within a few mm In which direction is the Pacific Plate moving? - Correct Answer ✅North relative to North American plate What can a GPS calculate? - Correct Answer ✅Each station's velocities Benefits of GPS in Plate Tectonics - Correct Answer ✅- Allows determination of motions of globally distributed points at mm/year precision What plate is moving slowly than before over time and why? - Correct Answer ✅The Indian plate because of continental collision EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Correct Answer ✅- Has shallow earthquakes - Straightest plate boundary (from North America to Antarctica) - Has thousands of earthquakes - Moderate seismic activity Why does the mid-atlantic ridge have shallow earthquakes? - Correct Answer ✅It is where things are the hottest. Iceland - Correct Answer ✅- Has a hot spot - Very active because it's above mid-atlantic ridge Caribbean Plate - Correct Answer ✅- Between North and South American plate - Small plate - Has 2 subduction sones - Has transform boundaries on North and South EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What 2 subduction zones are within the Caribbean Plate? - Correct Answer ✅1. West (where Cocos plate is subjecting to West) 2. East (where N. American plate under Atlantic is subducting) What does orange circles mean on the Google Earth file? - Correct Answer ✅Earthquakes are within upper 30 or 50 km (~20 miles) in upper most crust What does green circles mean on the Google Earth file? - Correct Answer ✅70-150 km What do blue and red circles mean on the Google Earth file? - Correct Answer ✅300-700 km Jamaica Earthquake (January 28, 2020) - Correct Answer ✅- M 7.7 - Created seismic gap - 20x stronger than Puerto Rico earthquake (amplitude) and 39x stronger (shaking) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Which two earthquakes occurred at the Caribbean Plate? - Correct Answer ✅1. Jamaica Earthquake (M 7.7) 2. Puerto Rico Earthquake (M. 6.4) Why do plates that get pulled down into subduction can still make plates? - Correct Answer ✅Plates are very cold. What's significant about the earthquake in Puerto Rico? - Correct Answer ✅Didn't happen on plate boundary fault but convergence occurs Western Pacific Plate - Correct Answer ✅- Plates are subjecting to the west - Subduction zones - Vigorous seismicity - Shallow too deep What type of zone is the Ring of Fire? - Correct Answer ✅Subduction zones EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Examples of Gap Filling Earthquakes - Correct Answer ✅- Turkey - Jamaica Transform Zones - Correct Answer ✅- No plate creation or destruction - No volcanic activity - Shallow, moderate seismicity Subduction Zone - Correct Answer ✅- Oceanic plate destroyed - Explosive volcanic eruptions - Shallow to deep, vigorous seismicity Turkey Earthquake (January 24, 2020) - Correct Answer ✅- M 6.7 - Had many aftershocks - Occurred on East Anatolian fault - Transform fault EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 You can't tell if an earthquake is a _____ until there's a ______. - Correct Answer ✅Foreshock; main shock INSTAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry) - Correct Answer ✅- Interferes images - Has satellites in space to analyze Earth's surface - Electromagnetic wave reflected to create images - Can see every little fault move Last Earthquake in Turkey - Correct Answer ✅1999 Izmit Earthquake Plate Tectonic vs. Fault vs. Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅Plate tectonics make faults, faults create earthquakes. Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅The release of built-up stress along faults EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 The Elastic Rebound Theory: The Steps - Correct Answer ✅1. Stress builds up due to tectonic plates moving past one another 2. Friction along fault prevents slip, elastic deformation instead 3. Stress exceeds fault strength, fault slips earthquake Strike Line - Correct Answer ✅- Surface of a lake makes horizontal line along surface - Intersection of plane w/ horizontal line Strike Angle (Azimuth) - Correct Answer ✅- Measured clockwise from North - Angle in compass between strike line and North Dip Angle - Correct Answer ✅Angle between a vertical line down the face of surface and horizontal Anak Krakatau - Correct Answer ✅- Erupted in Indonesia in December 2018 EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 [see notes for beachball diagram] How did the normal fault get its name? - Correct Answer ✅It was the most common fault movement to occur during period of experimentation. Reverse and Thrust Fault - Correct Answer ✅- Caused by compressional tectonic environments - Strike and dip - Has dip slip - Hanging wall goes up, foot wall goes down [see notes for beachball diagram] When is a fault considered a thrust fault? - Correct Answer ✅If it's shallower than 45 degrees Result of Compressional Tectonic Environments (Reverse and Thrust Faults) - Correct Answer ✅- Shortening - Mountain building EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Result of Extensional Tectonic Environments (Subsidence and Basin Formation) - Correct Answer ✅- Subsidence - Basin formation Example of Normal Fault - Correct Answer ✅Moab Fault in Utah Example of Reverse and Thrust Fault - Correct Answer ✅1999 Chi Chi Earthquake in Taiwan Strike Slip Fault - Correct Answer ✅- Caused by translational tectonic movements - Goes in 2 directions - Strike and dip - Has dip slip - Motion across fault is horizontal - No hanging/foot wall [see notes for beachball diagram] EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 In what directions do strike slip faults move in? - Correct Answer ✅- Right lateral - Left lateral Examples of Right Lateral Faults - Correct Answer ✅- San Andreas - Christchurch, New Zealand Example of Strike Slip Faults - Correct Answer ✅- Wallace Creek - San Andreas - Carrizo Plain, CA Oblique Fault - Correct Answer ✅- Motion is diagonal. - A combo of vertical and strike-slip movement - Right lateral strike slip fault + compression Two Types of Complex Movements in Fault - Correct Answer ✅- Oblique fault EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 West Coast Plate Motion Faulting - Correct Answer ✅- Juan de Fuca subduction - San Andreas Translation Bay Area Faults - Correct Answer ✅- San Andreas translation - Right lateral - Moves 5 cm/year (even beyond Bay Area) Juan de Fuca Subduction - Correct Answer ✅- Caused by compression and convergence - Moves 4 cm/year San Andreas: West Coast Plate Motion Faulting - Correct Answer ✅- Right lateral strike slip - Caused by translation/transform - Moves 4 cm.year (rate of deformation) What is the Elastic Rebound Theory also known as? - Correct Answer ✅The Earthquake Cycle EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Farallon Plate - Correct Answer ✅The oceanic plate that was subducting beneath western North America Events After Farallon Plate - Correct Answer ✅- Pacific Plate started to converge and connect w/ North America plate (its motion is parallel to the plate boundary rather than perpendicular - Switched from subduction faulting to strike slip faulting The Pacific Northwest is prone to earthquakes. (T/F) - Correct Answer ✅True What clues indicate that the Pacific Northwest is prone to earthquakes? - Correct Answer ✅1. Ring of Fire 2. Cascadia Mountains 3. Ghost forest along coast 4. Sudden land subsidence 5. Tsunami records in Japan EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Clue #1: Ring of Fire (Pacific Northwest) - Correct Answer ✅Long recognized that earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur around Pacific Rim Why are there so many earthquakes and volcanoes on the Ring of Fire? - Correct Answer ✅There's a ring of subduction zones. Clue #2: Cascadia Mountain Range (Pacific Northwest) - Correct Answer ✅- Has many active volcanoes (active subduction zones) Volcanoes on Cascadia Mountain Range - Correct Answer ✅- Mt. Rainer (Seattle) - Mt. Hood (Portland) - Mt. St. Helens (1985) How often do the volcanoes on Cascadia Mountain Range erupt? - Correct Answer ✅~100 years EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What is Chris Goldfinger known for? - Correct Answer ✅- Collecting sediment up and down coast - Drilling into the sediment and carbon dating the sediment Chris Goldfinger's Turbidite Record - Correct Answer ✅- Layers of sand and mud corresponding to earthquake triggered turbidity currents - Full margin ruptures (~1000 km length meaning M9) - More frequent M9 at Southern end (every 220-240) What did the full margin ruptures reveal from Chris Goldfinger's Turbidite Record? - Correct Answer ✅- Occurred every 500-530 years on average - Minimum recurrence has been 110 years, max 1150 years What did Chris Goldfinger's Turbidite record reveal overall? - Correct Answer ✅The last Cascadia earthquake was in 1700. Tohoku-Oki Earthquake (March 11) - Correct Answer ✅- M9 - One of the 20 biggest earthquakes recorded EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - Created tsunami in West Coast California - 40-50 meter slip - Caused Fukushima power plant to explode (radiation spread east) What earthquake is a preview of things to come? - Correct Answer ✅Tohoku-Oki Earthquake (2011) Chilean Earthquake (1960) - Correct Answer ✅- One of the 20 biggest earthquakes recorded - M 9.5 Prince William (Alaska) Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅- One of the 20 biggest earthquakes recorded - M. 9.2 Rats Island, Alaska Earthquake (1965) - Correct Answer ✅- One of the 20 biggest earthquakes recorded - M 8.7 EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Unimak Islands, Alaska Earthquake (1946) - Correct Answer ✅- One of the 20 biggest earthquakes recorded - M 8.7 Andrean of Islands, Alaska (1957) - Correct Answer ✅- One of the 20 biggest earthquakes recorded - M 8.6 Which part of the U.S. is at the greatest risk? - Correct Answer ✅West Coast Most of the U.S. is at risk of earthquakes. (T/F) - Correct Answer ✅True What is observed along faults? - Correct Answer ✅Repeating earthquake cycles What repeating cycle does the Cascadia subduction zone have? - Correct Answer ✅M8 and M9 earthquakes EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What happens if Cascadia (The Big One) occurs? - Correct Answer ✅- Oceanic plate falls under continental plate - Elastic rebound will occur Plate Boundaries - Correct Answer ✅- The whole interface and zones that can be 100 km wide between 2 plates - Area below 2 plates Faults - Correct Answer ✅- Any fracture in Earth separating 2 pieces of rock sliding against each other so each individual fault can slip and make earthquake - Can occur within a plate boundary - Fracture in rock with movement across from it - Plate boundary itself is a fault Which country has the best GPS network in the world? - Correct Answer ✅Japan EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Formation of Ghost Forest in Subduction Zone - Correct Answer ✅1. Continental plate is locked by friction to diving oceanic plate (oceanic plate is going below continental plate) 2. Stress builds as leading edge of plate is shoved back 3. Potential energy is stored as land rises 4. Friction is overcome in elastic rebound and overlying plate rebounds, producing a great earthquake 5. Leading edge jumps out and up beneath sea 6. Tsunami forms 7. Forest dropped below sea level and dies 8. Tree roots die in salty marsh 9. Process begins anew and ghost forest is raised above sea level What evidence proved ghost forest, Cascadia earthquake, and tsunami? - Correct Answer ✅Native American ancestral stories What happens to the tsunami deposit? - Correct Answer ✅Buried beneath young soil and tidal mud flat EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 In what regions do San Andreas stretch between? - Correct Answer ✅Cascadia to Gulf of California 1857 Parkfield Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅- M 7.9 - Biggest earthquake in Southern California Parkfield City - Correct Answer ✅Aka Earthquake capital of the world The Parkfield Prediction Experiment - Correct Answer ✅In 1984, USGS and Berkeley researchers predicted an earthquake at Parkfield in January 1988 +/- 5 years What did the Parkfield Prediction Experiment reveal? - Correct Answer ✅- Series of "repeating" earthquakes recognized that helped predict next earthquake How was the Parkfield Prediction Experiment conducted? - Correct Answer ✅The site was heavily instrumented to EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Hayward faults accounts for _____ of total plate motion. - Correct Answer ✅20% Slip Length from Hayward Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅~2 m The Number of Earthquakes to Offset Strawberry Creek - Correct Answer ✅~170 Hayward Earthquake Rate - Correct Answer ✅1 every ~190 years 1868 Hayward Earthquake (October 21) - Correct Answer ✅- M 6.7-7 - Damages evident in San Leandro and Hayward - Caused by Hayward fault - Surface rupture from Fremont to Oakland EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What city did the 1868 Hayward Earthquake hit besides Hayward? - Correct Answer ✅San Francisco What was the 1868 Hayward Earthquake called before the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅The Great San Francisco Earthquake The Great San Francisco Earthquake (1868) is the ___ most deadly Calfornia earthquake. - Correct Answer ✅7th Death Toll of 1868 Hayward Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅30 deaths, 5 in SF Damages from Hayward Earthquake - Correct Answer ✅- Heavy damage in San Leandro, Hayward, and Fremont - Old mission church destroyed How big is the population of the Bay Area in 1868 vs present day? - Correct Answer ✅- 1868: ~260,000 - Present: ~8 million (30 times larger) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Paleoseismology - Correct Answer ✅The study of prehistoric earthquakes How soon should we expect the next big earthquake on the Hayward Fault? - Correct Answer ✅Difficult to determine How many big earthquakes have been caused by the Hayward earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅11 (all estimated to be equal or greater than M 6.3) There have been no big earthquakes since ____ in Hayward, ___ years in counting. - Correct Answer ✅1868; 152 Northern Hayward Fault: Earthquake Ruptrues and Creep - Correct Answer ✅- Most recent earthquake occurred between 1165-1776 (300 years ago) - At least 4 earthquakes occurred during ~2000 year interval - Average recurrence could be <270 years EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Calculating Earthquake Slip Accumulation Rate - Correct Answer ✅- (Long term - creep rate) x (time) - ex. (10 mm/year - 0.0 mm/year) x (2020-1868) = 1.5 meters What do locked faults only do? - Correct Answer ✅Release strain in earthquakes Faults can be ___ and/or ____. - Correct Answer ✅Locked; creeping What do creeping faults do? - Correct Answer ✅Release plate tectonic strains w/out need for earthquakes The Hayward fault is partially ____ and _____. - Correct Answer ✅Locked; creeping Memorial Stadium is creeping at _____. - Correct Answer ✅4 mm/year EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Which region has intense earthquake activity? - Correct Answer ✅The Pacific Rim What type of experiments are used to understand earthquake cycles? - Correct Answer ✅Lab experiments What do we want lab experiments to be when understanding earthquake cycles? - Correct Answer ✅Controllable Earthquake Machine Experiment (Shown in Class) - Correct Answer ✅- Sound represent shaking - Cube attached to string - Putting rock on cube represents stronger earthquake Earthquake Rupture Source - Correct Answer ✅- Has finite dimensions - Strike and dip (fault plate geometry) - Slip on fault - Surface varies - Rupture area: L x W EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 - The steeper the dip, the more vertical The ____ the dip, the more ____. - Correct Answer ✅Steeper; vertical Earthquake Rupture Effects - Correct Answer ✅- Surface rupture - Ground shaking - Secondary processes What are secondary processes in earthquake rupture effects? - Correct Answer ✅- Landslides - Liquefaction - Tsunami Energy radiates from _____ as _____. - Correct Answer ✅Rupture surface; seismic waves What does a sharp jolt mean in terms of frequency? - Correct Answer ✅High frequency EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 The 2 Ideas from the Earthquake Quartet - Correct Answer ✅1. Earthquake cycle 2. Ignoring cycle will have consequences Initial Section of Earthquake Quartet - Correct Answer ✅Embodied earthquake cycle Latter Part of Earthquake Quartet - Correct Answer ✅Based on idea that society and culture, including music, takes place w/ the earthquakes as an often ignored backdrop What earthquakes are in the Earthquake Quartet piece? - Correct Answer ✅1992 M 7.3 Landers Earthquake (Parkfield, CA) What do waves lose as they travel? - Correct Answer ✅Energy Epicenter - Correct Answer ✅- The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake - Where an earthquake OCCURS EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 Hypocenter - Correct Answer ✅- The underground focus point of an earthquake - Where an earthquake STARTS What are aftershocks a good indicator of? - Correct Answer ✅The length of fault that ruptured Where do earthquakes rupture? - Correct Answer ✅Along a fault What does GPS measure? - Correct Answer ✅- Changes in position - Displacement of Earth's surface What does INSAR measure? - Correct Answer ✅The difference in satellite ground distance between a before and after image (teleseismic shaking) EPS C20 Final Study Guide (Verified Answers) Latest Update 2024 What type of observations are available in Japan and around the world? - Correct Answer ✅Seismic observations How many stations are across Japan? - Correct Answer ✅100+ Geodetic Model - Correct Answer ✅Shows displacement Seismic Model - Correct Answer ✅Shows seismic shaking Joint Model - Correct Answer ✅Includes a geodetic and seismic model (displacement and shaking) What two models joined together give you a better model? - Correct Answer ✅- Geodetic - Joint Why do we use an array of seismometers? - Correct Answer ✅To map some energy in space and time