EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Why does EPS Offer this class? (3) - Correct Answer ✅1. fulfill undergraduate requirements in physical science 2. teach you the basics about earthquakes and tsunamis 3. want you to be prepared for earthquakes and their aftermaths Why does he teach this class? - Correct Answer ✅1. to help you lose your fear of earthquakes - but respect them as a major force of nature 2. to show that Earth Science is fun 3. to show that we are sitting on a tectonic timebomb What is the most dangerous fault in the bay area? - Correct Answer ✅The Hayward fault EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update When was the last big earthquake on the Hayward fault? - Correct Answer ✅1868 What was the magnitude of the 1868 EQ? - Correct Answer ✅6.8 - 7 How long has tectonic stress been accumulating for? - Correct Answer ✅147 years How far is Stanley Hall from Hayward Fault? - Correct Answer ✅200 meters = 220 yards Where was the focus of 1868 earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅Under Hayward Stanley Hall - Correct Answer ✅Built in 2007 to EQ resilient standards; concerned about the awnings outside main entrance and cafe In case of an EQ? - Correct Answer ✅1. Stay in your seat, brace position EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Earthquakes and volcanoes happen to occur in the same place but are generally not directly related with the exception of some instances. Ring of Fire? - Correct Answer ✅The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Roughly 90% of all earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, and the ring is dotted with 75% of all active volcanoes on Earth. Chile (1960) and Japan (2011) occurred here Where do earthquakes occur? - Correct Answer ✅Most occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates.... Ex: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. Or the deep sea trenches of the NE Pacific Lecture 2 Main Points? - Correct Answer ✅1. Earthquakes occur in a distinct pattern 2. Pattern is similar for EQ and Volcanoes EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update 3. EQ occur along major ocean features like ridges and trenches 4. EQ occur under some major mountain ranges, like Himalaya, Alps and Andes Who is the father of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Alfered Wegner (1880-1930) - Correct Answer ✅Father of continental drift and plate tectonics; German meteorologist and Polar researcher; Theory of Continental Drift (1912); continents in single giant landmass (pangaea); studied fossils and stratigraphy of mountains and rocks The Origin of Continents and Oceans - Correct Answer ✅Wegner's book (1912); theory of continental drift Earthquakes in the old world? - Correct Answer ✅1. In folklore EQ were associated with giant creatures that supported the Earth EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update 2. Japan: catfish 3. China: frog 4. Philippines: snake 5. Native Americans: turtle Ancient Greece EQ? - Correct Answer ✅Sparta 464 BCE Aristotle on EQ? - Correct Answer ✅Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Strong winds blew through caves inside the Earth, creating "effects similar to those of the wind in our bodies whose force when it is pent up inside us can cause tremors and throbbings. " Early Christian Europe? - Correct Answer ✅EQ were seen as the wrath of god. Mechanism by the Catholic Church to control the people; Rimini, Italy, 1308 EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Evidence for plate tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅shapes of continents (fit like a puzzle) and fossils shared between different continents More evidence for plate tectonics? - Correct Answer ✅A ridge in the center of most oceans; surprisingly small amount of sediment on the sea floor.... picture and evidence came from sonar after ww1... East pacific rise Midoceanic ridges? - Correct Answer ✅A major linear elevated land form of the ocean floor, may hundreds of kilometers in extent. Resembles a mountain range with a central rift valley Oceanic ridge names? - Correct Answer ✅SE indian ridge; Pacific antarctic ridge; East pacific rise; juan de fuca ridge; Mid-atlantic ridge; southwest indian ridge; central indian ridge Magnetic stripes? - Correct Answer ✅Explained by plate tectonics; the polarity in the seafloor rocks had reversed in a regular time sequence, causing a pattern of magnetic EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update "stripes" explainable if the rocks had flowed from a submarine ridge as magma, then solidified to form the oceanic crust which moved away from the ridge.; Periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are recorded as stripes; Vine and Matthews Is Continental or oceanic crust older? - Correct Answer ✅Continental crust. It is because of subduction: oceanic crust tends to get colder and denser with age as it spreads off the mid-ocean ridges. It gets so dense, that it sinks in the upper mantle (subduction). Because continental crust is lighter than oceanic crust, continental crust cannot subduct. We therefore still have some very old continental rocks at the surface of the Earth. New oceanic crust is constantly being created at mid oceanic ridges Is oceanic crust or continental denser? - Correct Answer ✅Oceanic How can we see how the plates have been moving? - Correct Answer ✅Oceanic record; newer ocean floor around EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update midoceanic ridges in the middle as opposed to sides of continent where it is much older How many major plates? - Correct Answer ✅14 Names of 7 super major plates? - Correct Answer ✅North American, Eurasian, Pacific, antarctic, South American, African, Australian Why do plates collide? - Correct Answer ✅Rigid and moving Where is the tectonic action? - Correct Answer ✅Plate boundaries Divergent Plate Boundary? - Correct Answer ✅Established mid-ocean ridge; volcanic mountain chain; New rift valley zone, new ocean; A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth's surface between the two plates. MIDATLANTIC ridge and EAST AFRICAN RIFT and RED SEA EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update surface hotspots that generate volcanic island chains like Hawaii, Samoa and Iceland. Is the Earth always moving? - Correct Answer ✅Yes San Andreas Fault? - Correct Answer ✅Continental transform fault, mother of all earthquake faults, 810 miles long from Salton sea to cape Mendocino, named after lake south of SF, discovered in 1895 Where do the largest EQ occur? - Correct Answer ✅Where the plate speed is fastest Plate motion? - Correct Answer ✅10 cm/ year or 4 in / year.... growth speed of fingernails What happens when you constantly push or pull on an rock? - Correct Answer ✅Folded or contorted What happens when you constantly push or pull on an rock? part 2 - Correct Answer ✅It breaks or fractures.... EQ EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Earthquake breaks important point? - Correct Answer ✅breakage not random; along preexisting stress planes..... Faults - Correct Answer ✅Boundary line between 2 plates....Accumulates mechanical stress from tectonic movement..... releases stress in EQ.....Preexisting stress planes...... A fracture or zone of fractures in rock along which the two sides have been displaced relative to each other parallel to the fracture. Total fault offset may range from cm to km 4 types of faults? - Correct Answer ✅normal, reverse, strike- slip, oblique Dip-slip faults? - Correct Answer ✅Normal and reverse Mixed dip-slip and strike slip? - Correct Answer ✅Oblique Focus - Correct Answer ✅Hypocenter, the place at which rupture commences...below ground EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Epicenter - Correct Answer ✅The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus (or hypocenter) of an earthquake ... on the surface Accumulated slip =? - Correct Answer ✅Average tectonic movement; over thousands and millions of years Strike Line - Correct Answer ✅surface of the lake makes a horizontal line along the surface Strike angle - Correct Answer ✅the angle between the strike line and north is the strike angle (measured clockwise from north) Dip angle - Correct Answer ✅the angle between a vertical line down the face of the surface and horizontal Rake - Correct Answer ✅angle along which a fault slips: EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Fault mechanism - Correct Answer ✅strike, dip, rake; The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped and the slip vector and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Dip/ rakes of faults - Correct Answer ✅Dip = 90° Rake = 0° :: left-lateral strike-slip Dip = 90° Rake = 180° :: right lateral strike slip Dip = 45° Rake = 90° :: reverse fault Dip = 45° Rake = -90° :: normal fault How does accumulated stress at faults get released? - Correct Answer ✅Aseismic ( Flanks constantly move; Free Slipping) creep or coseismic (Earthquakes Stick-Slip) creep Steady creep speed - Correct Answer ✅Approx 1 in/year..... no earthquakes EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Does creep relieve strain? - Correct Answer ✅yes, makes EQ smaller; ..... longterm buildup (10) - steady slip (2.5) = 7.5 left for EQ Difference between Creep and an Earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅Aseismic Creep: Accumulated strain gets released continuously at low rate - no or very little seismic hazard; Earthquake: Sudden release of large amount of accumulated strain, large seismic hazard Elastic Rebound theory (how does an EQ work?) - Correct Answer ✅1. A Fault has to be locked 2. Stress builds up as tectonic plates move past one another 3. Friction along the fault prevents slip, Instead: elastic deformation 4. Stress exceeds rupture strength, fault slips ...earthquake! EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update What explains EQ cycles? - Correct Answer ✅Elastic rebound theory What happens to slip as EQ magnitude increases? - Correct Answer ✅Slip increases Gulf of CA? - Correct Answer ✅Opens like a tectonic zipper. 4cm / year.... Baja CA moves away from Mexico Is the Pacific or NA plate moving up? - Correct Answer ✅Pacific plate is moving North, NA plate moves south Strong Alaskan EQ? - Correct Answer ✅Prince William Sound (#2) @9.2........Rat Islands (8) @ 8.7.........Andreanof Islands (12) @ 8.6 Aleutian volcanic arc? - Correct Answer ✅Alaska's concentration of EQs ...... Earthquakes of large magnitude occur at depth along the Aleutian Megathrust; the fault surface on which the Pacific Plate slides beneath Alaska as it is subducted into the earth's mantle. EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Shield Volcanoes - Correct Answer ✅The Hawaiian shield volcanoes and the Galápagos islands are unique[clarification needed] in that they are not located near any plate boundaries; instead, the two chains are fed by the movement of oceanic plates over an upwelling of magma known as a hotspot. When is an increase in EQ in Olahoma noted? - Correct Answer ✅2008 Why has there been an increase in EQ in Oklahoma? - Correct Answer ✅Fracking 45%A Fracking and Earthquakes? - Correct Answer ✅Hydraulic fracking does create slight fissures and cracks in rocks but the real problem comes from the waste water injection which is supposedly the safest and cheapest way to get rid of it....... Fracking generates only micro earthquakes magnitudes < 2 EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update What does wastewater injection do? - Correct Answer ✅Reactivates dormant faults What is the largest EQ that has been generated so far by Hydraulic fracking in Oklahoma? - Correct Answer ✅5.7 What about fracking in CA? - Correct Answer ✅No connection between Wastewater Injection and Earthquakes found Alaska basically sucks why....? - Correct Answer ✅Highest seismicity in the US Strongest EQ in the US Subduction zone Strike slip faults in the interior Largest EQ ever recorded in US and 2nd in the world: M=9.2, 27 Mar 1964, Prince William Sound EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Subduction Zone? - Correct Answer ✅A dipping ocean plate descending into the Earth beneath another plate. Ocean plate = denser but newer What is the main cause of EQ along the East Coast? - Correct Answer ✅Glacial rebound..... ice sheet results in subsidence and loading; when gone at a later point in time it upifts South Flank of Big Island? - Correct Answer ✅Volcanic EQ South Flank of Big Island is slowly falling into the sea....Loihi seamount earthquake swarm What ring is the West Coast a part of ? - Correct Answer ✅Pacific rim of fire Why is west coast part of ring so complicated? - Correct Answer ✅We have all three types of plate interaction...... 1. Subduction (convergent margins in the northern regions by Oregon) EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update WHAT IS THE STRIKE OF SAN ANDREAS FAULT? - Correct Answer ✅310 degrees! Northwest-Southeast ON average when do large earthquakes recur on the SA fault? - Correct Answer ✅Every 150 years How thick are plates? - Correct Answer ✅100 km Interplate earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅earthquake with its focus on a plate boundary Intraplate earthquake? - Correct Answer ✅earthquake with its focus well within a plate How old is the San Andreas Fault? - Correct Answer ✅28 million years old but 40 million years in the making (when the Pacific and North American plate 1st met) the Farallon plate, was disappearing beneath North America at a subduction zone, another type of plate boundary. The new configuration meant the two plates slid past one another instead of EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update crashing into each other, a boundary called a strike-slip fault...... The fault What's wrong with the San Andreas film depiction of the fault....? - Correct Answer ✅San Andreas is a transform, right lateral strike-slip fault and not a divergent fault Earthquake epicenter trends in the Bay Area? - Correct Answer ✅Same trend. Northwest-southeast direction or strike What faults does the San Andreas fault spit into? (5) - Correct Answer ✅Calaveras, Hayward, San Gregorio, Rodgers Creek, Concord-Green Valley Is it unusual for the plate boundary to be split up into so man branches? - Correct Answer ✅No Geodesy? - Correct Answer ✅Science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field. EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Theodolite v Geodetic GPS? - Correct Answer ✅Theodolite is a surveying instrument with a rotating telescope for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Geodetic GPS can be used to show and record movement between plates.....much more specific and used today. Global positioning system a way to measure the slow, relentless motion of earth's crustal plates. Loma Prieta EQ.... measure distances within a few milimeters What faults split the tectonic movement between Pacific and North American plates? - Correct Answer ✅The San Andreas Fault and the Rodgers Creek Fault What determines the geomorphology and geology of our landscape? - Correct Answer ✅Faults What determines our local geology? - Correct Answer ✅Faults..... Liquefaction - Correct Answer ✅Many bay area regions susceptible (San Francisco, Oakland, Alameda Island)..... A process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Shake Map? - Correct Answer ✅Shows the distribution of ground shaking 2014 South Napa EQ? - Correct Answer ✅M = 6 Coseismic slip 1m at depth a few cm on surface INSAR? - Correct Answer ✅Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar..... measured from space..... uses two or more images to generate maps of surface deformation or digital elevation, using differences in the phase of the waves returning to the satelite.. Measures whole area and not just pinpoints like GPS Shows subsidence and uplift Increase in the range of colors = SUBSIDENCE Decrease in the range of colors = UPLIFT EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update What is the probability for at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater quake 2003-2032? - Correct Answer ✅62% probability 1 in 3 probability that such an earthquake will occur on Hayward fault in next 30 years What EQ damaged the Bay Bridge? Has it been replaced? - Correct Answer ✅1989 Loma Pietra.... yes, the new one is fine HAYWARD FAULT? - Correct Answer ✅75 km long along the foot of the East Bay Hills From Point Pinole to Warm Springs near Fremont Motion? right lateral strike slip fault (mostly).... know this because of creeps and cracks Hybrid (creeps and slips) What is a possible extension of the Hayward fault? - Correct Answer ✅Rodgers creek across San Pablo Bay EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Examples of surface expression of Aseismic creep? - Correct Answer ✅1. KK Section and cracks on walls of memorial stadium 2. Fremont curbs 3. Hayward cracks in the roads Seismic Hazard? - Correct Answer ✅Dangerous physical effects of earthquakes, such as landslides, ground shaking, tsunamis. Hayward Fault 1868 - Correct Answer ✅Oct. 21, 1868 • 1-2 m slip • Surface rupture 20 mi from San Leandro to Warm Springs • Focus under Hayward • M ≈ 6.8 - 7 • 30 people killed Population at the time was 260,000; no bridges; no public transportation; no freeways Now Population is 7.15 million; 7 major road bridges EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update What are waves? - Correct Answer ✅means to transport information / energy from a source to a receiver Wavelength? - Correct Answer ✅Distance between successive crests of a wave Amplitude? A - Correct Answer ✅Height of a particular wave above its zero position.... size of wiggles on earthquake recording Period? T - Correct Answer ✅The period is the time interval required for one full cycle of a wave. Frequency? f - Correct Answer ✅The frequency is the number of times something happens in a certain period of time, such as the ground shaking up and down or back and forth during an earthquake. f=2π/T [Hz=1/sec] EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Velocity? v - Correct Answer ✅Velocity is how fast a point on the ground is shaking as a result of an earthquake. v= λ(also known as wavelength) ∗ f [m/sec] Where do sound waves travel? - Correct Answer ✅Air, water (fast), and solids (as density increases speed decreases) How many classes and how many types of seismic waves are there? - Correct Answer ✅2 classes and 4 types What are the 2 classes of waves? - Correct Answer ✅Body waves (p and s) and surface (rayleigh and love)........... surface waves cause the most damage P wave? - Correct Answer ✅A P wave, or COMPRESSIONAL WAVE, is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth in the same direction and the opposite direction as the direction the wave is moving.... same mech as sound waves in air EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update SPEED: 4-13 km/sec S wave? - Correct Answer ✅An S wave, or shear wave, is a seismic body wave that SHAKES THE GROUND PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION WAVE IS GOING ........ snakey like..... ground movement up/down right/left SPEED: 3-7 km/sec.... faster than p-wave DOES NOT TRAVEL THROUGH LIQUIDS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Rayleigh wave? - Correct Answer ✅A Rayleigh wave is a seismic surface wave causing the ground to shake in an RETROGRADE ELLIPTICAL motion..... aka rotate in the opposite direction that the wave is moving, with no transverse, or perpendicular, motion. 3km/sec Love Wave? - Correct Answer ✅A Love wave is a surface wave having a horizontal motion that is transverse (or EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update What is the equatorial diameter and polar diameter of Earth? - Correct Answer ✅Equatorial: 12,756 km Polar: 12,714 km Average: 12,735 Circumference of Earth? - Correct Answer ✅40,000 km Chem comp of lava = ? - Correct Answer ✅Window into interior of Earth Seismic waves are subject to what 3 things? - Correct Answer ✅reflection, refraction, scattering If Earth had no internal structure.... what would happen to seismic waves? - Correct Answer ✅They would go straight through EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update As pressure and temp increase with depth what happens to seismic waves? - Correct Answer ✅Seismic waves are refracted (bent) Moho - Correct Answer ✅Boundary between the crust and the mantle in the Earth... seismic waves change velocity and change in chemical composition Where is moho thin and thicker? - Correct Answer ✅Thin under oceans (5-8 km below ocean) and 25-60 km below continents Shadow Zones? - Correct Answer ✅Observation of shadow zones reveals liquid outer core.... S-wave has a much larger shadow zone than P-waves because it cannot travel through liquid P-wave shadow zone? - Correct Answer ✅where P waves can't travel through liquid normally, but we get refraction, so we have a shadow on part of the Earth's surface EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update S-wave shadow zone? - Correct Answer ✅S waves can't go through liquid (outer core is liquid, inner core and mantle are solid), much larger shadow What is necessary for seismic tomography? - Correct Answer ✅1. Dense network of seismic stations 2. Preliminary model of the Earth's interior (EX: - in our Earth model, P waves travel at 5 km/s If our station is 100 km away, we would predict P-waves to arrive after 20 sec. ) 3. Precise clocks... standarization What 2 things affect wave speeds? - Correct Answer ✅1..Chemistry: Chemical composition and mineralogy affects seismic properties Example: Enrichment in iron can reduce shear-wave speed 2...Temperature: Increasing temp decreases velocity because softens materials too much EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update terms of their original energy, independently of the effects which may be produced at any particular point of observation Richter Magnitude? - Correct Answer ✅magnitude is log base 10 (Aka little 10 if you remember what the heck math is) of the maximum amplitude (in mm) recorded on a Wood-Anderson seismometer at 100 km from the epicenter Torsion seismometer? - Correct Answer ✅1. Frame twists around inertial mass (C) 2. Light beam reflected off mirror "writes" on photographic paper Coda or duration magnitude....? - Correct Answer ✅1. On old (analog or digital) records, recordings were often clipped EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update 2. Coda or duration magnitude was developed to relate the "length" of a record to the local magnitude (measured at standard stations equipped with Wood Anderson seismographs) 3. FULL RANGE OF GROUND MOTION Moment Magnitude - Correct Answer ✅measure the size of earthquakes in terms of the energy released.....moment magnitude describes something physical about an earthquake..... Moment Magnitude is calculated in part by multiplying the area of the fault's rupture surface by the distance the earth moves along the fault. Do density and elastic properties affect the actual speeds of P and S waves? - Correct Answer ✅Yes Every how many years do earthquakes occur on Hayward fault? - Correct Answer ✅About every 140 years.... 7 years overdue EPS C20 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 2024 Update Dangerous Buildings in EQ? - Correct Answer ✅Masonry buildings, soft story buildings, note tags BART warning system - Correct Answer ✅- Issues an alert once the EQ starts (stops carts outside of tunnels and speeds up ones inside) - Warning ranges from 0 seconds to a full minute - Started to retrofit tunnels What 3 factors determine strength of shaking? - Correct Answer ✅1. Magnitude 2. How far from earthquake 3. Type of ground Ground shaking? - Correct Answer ✅scale (0-1), g is unit, more than 1 will lead to being thrown in the air, side to side motion Acceleration formula - Correct Answer ✅log(A) = (x/3) - 0.5