Bacteria: Early Life, Groups & Evolutionary Relationships, Study notes of Biology

Download Bacteria: Early Life, Groups & Evolutionary Relationships and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Evolution, classification, and identification of bacteria l ti , classificati , a i e tificati f acteria Early life on Earth Naming microorganisms Classifying and identifying microorganisms Major groups of bacteria Early life on Eartharl life art Time before present (billions of years) 0 1 2 3 4 Formation of the earthFormation of the earth Origin of LifeOrigin of Life Origin of oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Origin of oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Origin of modern eukaryotesOrigin of modern eukaryotes Origin of metazoansOrigin of metazoans Age of dinosaursAge of dinosaurs __________ ___________ Early life on Eartharl life art Time before present (billions of years) 0 1 2 3 4 O2 (% in atmosphere) 20% 10% 1% 0.1% Anoxic Formation of the earthFormation of the earth Origin of LifeOrigin of Life Origin of oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Origin of oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Origin of modern eukaryotesOrigin of modern eukaryotes Origin of metazoansOrigin of metazoans Age of dinosaurs Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis -- the theory that __________________ and __________________ are the descendants of ancient prokaryotes from the Domain “Bacteria” Giemsa stain showing the occurrence of bacteria in vacuoles of an amoeba after 24 and 48 h of incubation at 25°C. Characteristic morphological features of the amoeba host cell, such as the nucleus (arrowhead), were intact. Bar, 20 µm. Giemsa stain showing the occurrence of bacteria in vacuoles of an amoeba after 24 and 48 h of incubation at 25°C. Characteristic morphological features of the amoeba host cell, such as the nucleus (arrowhead), were intact. Bar, 20 µm. Newsome et al. Appl Environ Microbiol, May 1998, p. 1688- 1693, Vol. 64, No. 5 Legionella bacteria An example of a new, developing endosymbiosis? Kathleen Park Talaro and Arthur Talaro, Foundations in Microbiology, 3e Copyright © 1999 The McGraw-Hill Compal Levels of | classification —Order: Primates Family: Hominoidea Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Text, Fig. 1.13 Classifying and identifying microorganismslassifying and identifying icroorganis s Taxonomy - study of the classification, organization, and naming of living things. One’s goal may be simply to organize and group by _____________________ with no concern for natural evolutionary relationships. Often referred to (confusingly) as simply “taxonomy”. Alternatively, one’s goal may be to reconstruct natural, ________________ relationships between organisms. Known as “phylogeny”. Classification can be based on phenotypic or genotypic characteristics or both • phenotype -- observable _____________________ of an organism: shape, size, metabolism, etc. • genotype -- the precise ________________ constitution of an organism Example of methods to be used for identification of a newly isolated enteric bacterium xa ple of ethods to be used for identification of aE ne ly isolated enteric bacteriuw Isolation of bacterium from intestine of warm-blooded animal Obtain pure culture Gram Reaction Gram positiveGram negative rod-shaped not rod-shaped facultative aerobe obligately anaerobic ferments lactose, producing acids and gas does not ferment lactose confirmatory tests: (positive: indole, methyl red, etc. (negative: citrate, Voges-Proskaur, H2S Escherichia coli Phylogeneticsl e eticsPhy og n Phylogeny -- The ordering of species into higher ___________ (classification categories) and the construction of evolutionary trees, all based on evolutionary (natural) relationships. http://heg-school.awl.com/bc/companion/cmr2e/activity/AL/AL09b.htm Felig Mephilig Luira Cans Canis Lirsus Ursus = LI lS cate mephilis —_lutra Familaris lupus americanus arcios marl (domestic (striped (European (domestic fwoll) (American (grzzly (pola cal) skunk} otter} dog) back bear) bear} ! mee mg | —* (eh Be 4 1 KK Ws Felis Memphitis | Lutra Canis Ursus ALY Felidae | |Mustelidae | Canidae| Lirsicae DER [Carnivora Constructing a phylogenetic tree from evolutionary distances onstructing a phylogenetic tree fro evolutionary distances The 16S rRNA gene: a most useful molecule for determining evolutionary relationships he 16S r gene: a ost useful olecule for deter ining evolutionary relationships Advantages • Every organism has it (eukaryotes have 18S rRNA, which is related) • It’s “highly conserved” (i.e. it doesn’t ________________ quickly) • There are, however, regions which evolve more _________________ than others • It doesn’t get transferred horizontally (or at least transfer is very rare) Overall, not only is the primary sequence of 16S rRNA molecules highly conserved, but the secondary structure is, as well 0.1 Boletus satanas str. TDB-1000 (mushroom) [100] Scypha ciliata (sponge) [120] Tripedalia cystophora (jellyfish) [124] Styela plicata (sea squirt) [158] Alligator mississippiensis [143] Gallus gallus (chicken) [145] Mus musculus (common or house mouse) [150] Homo sapiens (human) [149] Rhinobatos lentiginosus (lesser sand shark) [135] Bufo valliceps (African toad) [142] Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) [161] Crassostrea virginica (oyster) [176] Gyliauchen sp. (flatworm) [192] Glycine max var. Wayne (soybean) [261] Paramecium tetraurelia (ciliate) [321] Evolutionary relationships of representative Eukaryotes based on the sequences of their 16S rRNA genes 0.1 Anabaena cylindrica (Cyanobacteria) Arthrobacter globiformis (Gram-positive) Rhodococcus rhodochrous (Gram-positive) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (∂-Proteobacteria) Rhodospirillum rubrum ( α-Proteobact.) Sphingomonas paucimobilis ( α-Proteobact.) Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( α-Proteobact.) Rhodoplanes roseus ( α-Proteobact.) GJ10 Aquabacter spiritensis ( α-Proteobact.) Azorhizobium caulinodans ( α-Proteobact.) Ancylobacter aquaticus ( α-Proteobact.) WDD1 Thiobacillus novellus ( α-Proteobact.) Burkholderia cepacia ( β-Proteobact.) Escherichia coli K12 ( γ-Proteobact.) Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ( γ-Proteobact.) Pseudomonas putida ( γ-Proteobact.) Pseudomonas stutzeri ( γ-Proteobact.) "Flavobacterium" lutescens ( γ-Proteobact.) Pseudomonas balearicus ( γ-Proteobact.) WDHI Ps.stutzeri ( γ-Proteobact.) 0.1 Boletus satanas str. TDB-1000 (mushroom) [100] Scypha ciliata (sponge) [120] Tripedalia cystophora (jellyfish) [124] Styela plicata (sea squirt) [158] Alligator mississippiensis [143] Gallus gallus (chicken) [145] Mus musculus (common or house mouse) [150] Homo sapiens (human) [149] Rhinobatos lentiginosus (lesser sand shark) [135] Bufo valliceps (African toad) [142] Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) [161] Crassostrea virginica (oyster) [176] Gyliauchen sp. (flatworm) [192] Glycine max var. Wayne (soybean) [261] Paramecium tetraurelia (ciliate) [321] GJ10 WDH1 Early life on Eartharl life art Time before present (billions of years) 0 1 2 3 4 O2 (% in atmosphere) 20% 10% 1% 0.1% Anoxic Formation of the earthFormation of the earth Origin of LifeOrigin of Life Origin of oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Origin of oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Origin of modern eukaryotesOrigin of modern eukaryotes Origin of metazoansOrigin of metazoans Age of dinosaurs Chemical evolution Endosymbiosis ? Bacteria Archaea Nuclear line (Eucarya)