Evolution in Introduction to Anthropology - Study Guide | ANTH 1001, Exams of Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

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Evolution  Carl von Linne (1707-1778) o Latinized his name to Carolus Linnaeus o Creationist (all species fashioned by god) o Promoted the Principle of Fixity of Species  Species can’t change after their creation  Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) o Invertebrate zoologist o Said species weren’t fixed. Proposed the first explanation for how the species could change. o His theory is called Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics o Four tenets of his theory: 1. All organisms have needs in order to survive 2. These needs are met by modification of organs or by the production of new organs 3. Continued use of organs will lead to increase in the organs’ size and functional capacity 4. These changes that occur during one’s lifetime become inheritable and can be transmitted to one’s offspring  Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) o Anatomist o Creationist – disagreed with Lamarck o Formed the Theory of Catastrophism – in the past, there were a series of sudden and violent geological and climatic changes that periodically led to extinctions of species in the affected region. After the cataclysmic event subsided, the area was repopulated by migration of similar looking but not identical species from neighboring areas  Charles Lyell (1797-1875) o Geologist o Disagreed with Cuvier’s Theory of Catastrophism o Formed the Theory of Uniformitarianism – forces acting today that shape the earth are the same forces that acted in the past  Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) o Cleric o Wrote an influential essay called Principle of Population – said population would outgrow food production  Charles Darwin (1809-1882) o Born on February 12th, 1809. o Theory of Natural Selection o Observations on the Galapagos Islands o Darwin published the first edition of his book, On the Origin of Species, in **1859** o Tenets of his theory of natural selection: 1. Reproductive potential of a population is high but actual population size remains stable 2. Resources in the environment are in limited supply and individuals within a population will compete with one another for those resources 3. Biological variation is normal in a population 4. Any hereditary variation that allows an organism even a slight advantage in competition for resources will be perpetuated. Those organisms with favorable traits will survive and produce more offspring than those without the favorable traits. Over time there will be a increase in frequency of the favorable traits  Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913) o Also proposed the idea of species change by natural selection o Sent out a 3 page paper about his ideas before Darwin, prompting Darwin to quickly come public about his observations to gain the credit  Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) o 1866- paper on study was published  Metaphase I  Homologous chromosomes remain paired independent of non homologous.  Anaphase I  Centromeres de not divide  Telophase I  Prophase II  Metaphase II  Nonhomologous chromosomes align independently from one another.  Anaphase  Centromeres divide  Telophase II  Results of meiosis  4 daughter cells are produced; each daughter cell has the haploid chromosome number.  Def: Haploid – one half of the chromosomes complement.  Each daughter cell is genetically different from the parent cell and from other daughter cells.  Ultimate function – production of genetically variable daughter cells (i.e. sex cells). o Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis # of daughter cells 2 4 # of chromo daughter cells Diploid # Haploid # Genetic structure of daughter cells compared to parent/other daughter cells Identical Different Functional result Exact duplication from parent to daughter cells (virtually) infinite genetic variability  Mitosis Meiosis Prophase:  Metaphase: homologous chromosomes align independently from one another.  Anaphase: centromeres divide Prophase I: synapsis; crossing over  Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes remain aligned with one another; and nonhomologous chromos align independently from one another.  Anaphase I: centromeres do not divide.  Metaphase II: Nonhomologous chromos align independently  Anaphase II: centromeres divide.