Evolutionary Biology lecture 1-6, Study notes of Evolutionary biology

Download Evolutionary Biology lecture 1-6 and more Study notes Evolutionary biology in PDF only on Docsity! WHAT IS EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Evoluti on Diversi ty Ecolo gy Evolutio n Biogeography Ecology Physiolog y Anato my Geneti cs Morphology Cytolog y Developme nt What does evolution mean? Conservation Biology? Medici ne Extinction + EndangermentNegative species interaction (invasives) 1. Viruses 2. Vaccines 3. Sickle Cell Anemia How do we target viruses with vaccines that change? Agricult ure 1. Food production 2. Pesticide reductionHisory of the earth ? - formation of the earth - what happens next four major time periods - summary points in the history of time Origin of life - extra terrestrial origins - what is life - The earth before life originated - four steps LECTURE 2 - FORMATION OF EARTH AND ORGIGIN OF LIFE Formation of the earth Protoplanetary disk - rotating cloud of dust and rocks made in Big Bang 4.6 billion years ago it was destroyed in SUPER NOVAaccelerated and mass concentrated in middle and heated up - formed sunsmall colliding objects remained in disk - protoplanets formed Planets - smaller objects collide to form larger obj. n J r change through time " . . . ¥¥¥ 2. . ° Woolly Mammoth ~ * "¥%wy " I?ᵗ°osy?E8ˢ\ IF ↓:*: why doesnt it die out I - . Lecture 3 - the history of evolution Anaximand ertheorize that all life comes from preexisting life Common decent - all organisms came from common ancestor Transmutation Of species - ew species come from already existing species Carolus LinnaeusBinomial Nomenclature - common genus Hierarchy of organisms- organization of species into groups by relatedness and descent James HuttonFounder of modern geology Sedimentation - sediments deposited by water compressed to form stone “Great coupling of d struction” with erosion (renewal)Gradualism - profound change is the cumulating product of slow but continuous processFirst major contradiction to young earth hypothesis “We find no vestige of a beginning [of time], no prospect of an end” Adam Smith Chaos is covered by “ invisible hand”Benefit of competition Jean-Baptiste Lamark1st complete theory of evolution Acquired traits - use/disuse traits are passed down to offspring Environmental forces shape adaptation Thomas MalthusPopulations grow geometrically, while food supplies grow linearly;Disasters help to level population w/ food supply - Kingdomolesany species t The Great Geological Clock Population Food Supply George CuvierComparative anatomy and paleontology verifies that extinction occursCatastrophism - large, drastic change lead to change in earths geographic features (contradiction to gradualism/ uniformitarianism Charles LyellUniformitarianism - process that shapes ancient geology are same prices that shapes modern geologyChange occurs through accumulation of minute changesDarwin’s work on atolls confirms Charles DarwinCommon decent - species evolve from common ancestor Mechanism of evolution is natural selection Voyage of the Beagle - Transmutation of species - species come from already existing species Galapagos island Though they all appeared different, they were from the same species Ancestral r atures were altered to form new species on diff island Darwin’s Hypothesis .1. Individuals vary 2. Populations tend to over breed 3. Survival of the fittest 4. Survivors will reproduce 5. Traits leading to survival must be heritable Peter and Rosemary GrantEl Niño La Niña Wet Small seeds available Finches with smaller beaks survived Dry Large seeds available Finches with larger beaks survived Prov ed:1. Survival of the fittest 2. Survivors will reproduce 3. Traits leading to survival must be heritable Implication of theory 1. Earth must be old enough for evolution to occur 2. Fossils show evidence for change through time 3. Older rock strata should have fewer modern species 4. Gradual change indicates that there should be intermediate forms Hotton + Lyells work - proved Age ofEarth - Depth of canyon + thickness of strata Youngest fossils - took mil of years for them to form Oldest fossils ⑧ ⑧ & & ⑧ ⑧ Intermediate forms “ missing links” - Archaeopteryx - transition of reptile and bird - Tiktaalik - fish + amphibian Ambulocetus Natans - whales Horses - equidae - large lineage now 1Hyracotherium - first horse ~ tiny Problem with missing links?You can never really eliminate links, each link will create two new links Alfred Russell WallaceCo-discoverer of natural selection Work in Lombok and Bali - prompts Darwin’s publication of Origin of Species Wallace’s Line explained force/ mechanism in creating new species from already exisiting species Western islands were once connected to Asia New Guinea was once connected to Australia Lecture 5 - Mendel and Basic Genetics GREGOR MENDELWorked with sweet peas bc small size, and short generation time TRUE BREEDING To see blending inheritance - parents traits blended to for, intermediate form Problem - ganisms would begin to look alike All offspring look like parents - t - EPIST ASISMany genes affect 1 trait Ex. Coat color Non- additive Not continuous Fewer genes involved than in poly genetic inheritance Can’t know phe otype of trait unless you know all of genotypes PLEIOT ROPYWhen a single copy of a gene has multiple outcomes- can be protective Ex. Single cell anemia - advantage against malaria INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE V. CODOMINANCEIncomplete dominance Parental phenotypes blend in the heterozygoteF1 is an intermediate between the two parentsEnds in the F1 generation Codomin ance Heterozygotes show some aspect of both homozygous phenotypesS ow both parental phenotypes unblended eebb or ecBb Eebl 22BB (brown <black nose ( nose) #gene-whether dark pigment is in hair shaft Bgene-how dark the pigment is 08() - A RR Br Genotype 8 p ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS The environment effects how genes are expressed Ex. Temp sensitive expression in Siamese cats Melanin - temp sensitive enzyme that’s inactive at warmer temp lLettfLECTURE 6 - WHAT MENDEL DIDN’T KNOW ' CHROMO SOMES Chromosomal theory of inheritance Chromosomes carry genetic material 46 chromosom es Karyotypes - photograph individual chromosomes homologous chromosomes centrom ere sister chromatids MITO SIS2N - 4N - 2N (diploid)Cell - DNA replication - cell division - 2 daughter cells outcome -identical copy of chromosomes in parent cell MEIOSI S2N - 4N - 2N - 1N (haploid)Half as much DNA as startDNA doesn’t replicateOnly in gonads Homologous pairs join + cross over - daughter cells re-condense - chromatids pull apart + cell divides - daughter cell - more mel, warmer *** - 23 mon 23 cac Sotton-Dover theory PastPartoftidalattra single)-chromaticanosomes replicate - - -Genetically Di Finct PLOI DYthe number of copies of chromosomes A cell with one copy - HAPLOID (1N) A cell with two copies - DIPLOID (2N) more than two copies - POLYPLOIDY (xN)CROSSING OVER - GENETIC RECOMBINATION DNA from non-sister chromatids are exchanged begins at meiosis - prophaseleads to genetic variation GENE LINKAGE Genes that are very close together on the chromosomes the closer the more likely to stay during cross over DN A Double helix structure 4 nucleotide Adenine - A Guanine - G Thymine - T Cytosine - C DNA replication is semiconversiveeach molecule contains one complete old strand one complete new DNA Polymeras e matches existing nucleotides on parental strand with complementary basesForms bins b tween new pairs R N A always single strandedNo thiamine - T instead Uracil - U - Realto Eti...Even almostoughtitcareofinteriorationina sensitorsintooneitcare.ItistheMeganostirina i single chain from parental strand - is combined w/ new chain to form I mixed chains - form genetic code fixed into place along backbone of repeating sugars + phosphates