Exam 1 | ARCH 3115 - History of Architecture, Quizzes of History of Architecture

Download Exam 1 | ARCH 3115 - History of Architecture and more Quizzes History of Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 DEFINITION 1 atal Hyk, Anatolia, c. 6000 BCE page 10Present day turkeycontinuous grouping of buildings w/ occasional courtyards. accessed from the rooftops.Unfortified. no streets. mud brick walls- post and linteltimberframework.one of the earliest known urban communities.suggests agricultural surplus & specialized roles (priest).Shrines suggest hunting still very important. TERM 2 DEFINITION 2 Newgrange Passage Tomb, Ireland, c. 3100 BCE page 11Megalith tomb stabilized by a covering of earth. Earthen mound 300 feet in diameter and 36ft high. Decorated boulders surround perimeter.South facing entry. 62 ft long passage. stone lintel ending in an cruciform chamber covered by a beehive corbeled ceiling 20ft high.stone in doorway acts as a "transom light" providing the path for sunlight on the winter solstice.significant spot-alignedwith cosmic events-involves a path (profane to sacred space) & includes ornament. TERM 3 Megalith DEFINITION 3 great stone.Things to consider when analyzing a site: demarkation (significant spot)orientation (n or s? cosmic events?)sequential movement- (profane to sacred space)surface articulation- ornament. TERM 4 post and Lintel DEFINITION 4 Post and lintel, or in contemporary usage Post and beam, is a simple construction method using a lintel, header, or architrave as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns TERM 5 cruciform DEFINITION 5 Cruciform means having the shape of a cross or Christian cross. TERM 6 transom DEFINITION 6 opening above a door for light and/or ventilation TERM 7 DEFINITION 7 12 Stonehenge, Salisbury, England, c. 2900 1400 BCE page 12Megalith construction. 3 distinct building phases. 1st phase 2900 BCE excavation of 2 circular ditches. inside the perimeter 56 evenly spaced holes (aubrey holes) dug and filled with chalk. 2nd phase 2400 BCE 82 coffin sized stones of gray-blue dolerite weighting 2 tons each erected in double ring of 38 pairs w/ 6 extra defining northeast axis. Stones removed (q & r holes). 3rd phase -35 lintels and 47 sarcen stones up to 20 tons each. erected in circle of 30 uprights enclosing 5 trilithons arranged in a U shape leading northeast. observatory. TERM 8 DEFINITION 8 trilithons -two uprights capped by a single lintel. TERM 9 DEFINITION 9 White Temple, Uruk, c. 3500 3000 BCE page 1640 ft high base of rubble from earlier buildings. protective coat of whitewash covered insun-driedbrick. Entrance to the temple was made through a chamber in one long side, so that a bent axis led from the outside into the hall and sanctuary. TERM 10 buttress DEFINITION 10 A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall. TERM 21 DEFINITION 21 39-42 Palace at Knossos, Crete, c. 1700 1400 BCETHE MINOANS Unified scheme. multiple levels. Courtyard primary element in composition. Frescoes depicting priestesses suggest religious practice. function of complex still debated.Lower floors built with ashlar masonry, upper floors walls of rubble with wooden columns/beams.Minoan column- downward tapering shaft with bulbus torus ring and block capital. "labyrinth" not axial at all(contrast egypt)undefended TERM 22 DEFINITION 22 44 Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300 BCE THE MYCENAEANSPrincipal entrance to Mycenae (strongly defended city)approaching visitor had to pass along an increasingly narrow passageway for defense.single upright stones support a 14ton lintel across the opening. above is corbeled arch. arch is filled with triangular stone with relief sculpture of two lions with their forefeet on an altar w/ column of the tree cult. heads are missing now(were separate and attached with dowels)Minoanconstruction-same columns as in Knossos. Use of guardian beasts links toHittiteand Egyptian traditions. TERM 23 DEFINITION 23 44-45 Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1330 BCEMYCENAEANS- corbeled stone chamber. 44' tall. 48' in diameter. small chamber to right of entrance. everything except entrance is covered in earthen mound. weight adds stability to dry masonry. same corbeled technique as northern europe and egyptian masons.doorway was elaborately decorated- bronze plates interior.Triangle corbel above lintel diverts weight. Large dark interior- only light from door. even stones in comparison to irregular stones. TERM 24 DEFINITION 24 50 Temple of Hera, Paestum, Italy, c. 550 BCE ARCHAIC PERIOD.Sturdy doric columns- shafts swell then diminish towards molding that forms capitol. TERM 25 DEFINITION 25 52 Parthenon, Iktinos and Kallikrates, Athens, Greece, 448 432 BCE CLASSICAL dedicated to Athena Polais, patron goddess of the city. marble from mount pentelikos(best marble) Column drums.Doric temple. 8 columns wide by 17 deep. ionic slender column proportions-frieze around exterior of cella wall, ionic 4 columns in back room (opisthodomos) that housed treasury, use of 8 columns.adjustments in horizontal and vertical lines enhance perception oforthogonalgeometry.stylobate-platform- convex upward- columns lean "in" corner ones are larger and closer together. oversized sculpture of athena. cella one af the largest interiors in classical G TERM 26 DEFINITION 26 53 Propylaea, Mnesikles, Athens, Greece, 437 BCE CLASSICALscaled entrance gateway. Highly original design, dignifiedsymmetricalentranceway amid asymmetries. Marks the transition from the profane world into the acropolis. Doric portico with projecting wings. Intercolumination- space between columns. (central bigger for procession-way) axial. two unsupported triglyphs over the central space. ionic columns like passageway because rising ground and scale. TERM 27 DEFINITION 27 55 Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, c. 420 410 BCE CLASSICALon site of contest between athena and poesidon for athens. P-spring. A- olive tree. King Kekrops chose olive tree(tomb commemorated here) Under temple is "sea of Erechtheus"- salt water spring.Ionic columns for uneven site. eastern portico lead to athena's sanctuary.porch facing parthenon supported by six caryatid maidens.example of ionic order. TERM 28 DEFINITION 28 71-72 Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, c. 250 BCE 250 CEBuddhist shrine. Cremated remains divided ten places. Mound of rubble (stupa) to mark these places. erected over relic. Columns used as markers not as structural members.Faced with brick or stone. protected by verdica (fence) crowned with marica. and chatra (3tierd umbrella form) 120 ft in diameter.54ft height. Two tiers- upper level for priests. groud for pilgrim use. 9' Verdica 4 carved gates-cardinal points. Staggered bent axis. TERM 29 DEFINITION 29 66 Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, India, 1025 1050 CENorthern Hindu tradition-competition b/t local kings. Dedicated to Shiva. Set off landscape by platform. 3 Mandapas (halls) precede main portion. Garbhagria- womb chamber, houses icons ofdeity.(similar rooms of importance in other cultures) shikhara- superstructure over chamber symbolic of heavenlymountain. Scupltural program images of gods and erotic scenes.refrence to axis mundi with cap figure on top of amalaka. TERM 30 DEFINITION 30 81 Brihadeshvara Temple, Tanjore, India, c. 1050 CESouthern Hindu Tradition. Largest Hindu temple in India. Dedicated to Shiva. Gopuram= monumental temple gatewayAxially arranged, 2 multicolumn halls precede the shrine (processional space) Mtn structure above womb chamber- deeper in -more intimate. Post and lintel. Sculpted exterior.200 ft tower over garbhagriha. 3 times the height of anything before. substantial base. 82' square plan. TERM 31 DEFINITION 31 83-84 Angkor Wat, Cambodia, c. 1120Spread of hinduism (religion and arch) largest hindu complex in world. Another manifestation of mandola (square module temples based off of) central tower representing mtn w/ 4 corner towers. enhance gates- cardinal directions & axes. Main axial approach via courtyard. moat surrounding temple defenses and religious symbol of the ocean.Not for public worship. Minimal interior space b/c corbled construction .construction covered in sculpture. TERM 32 DEFINITION 32 temple of rameses plan TERM 33 DEFINITION 33 palace atKnossosplan TERM 34 DEFINITION 34 palace of sargon plan TERM 35 DEFINITION 35 temple of hera plan