Exam 1 | CSES 4214 - Soil Fertility and Management, Quizzes of Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Download Exam 1 | CSES 4214 - Soil Fertility and Management and more Quizzes Soil Mechanics and Foundations in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What is redox? DEFINITION 1 oxidation OIL (more +)reduction RIG (more -) TERM 2 Buffering DEFINITION 2 resistance of soil solution to change in compositionbuffering capacity: proportional to minerals present & amount of exchangeable cationshighly weathered means less well bufferedapplied to pH and anything dissolved in solution that can react with soil colloids TERM 3 pH & exchangeable cations DEFINITION 3 Ca+2 is dominant exchangeable cation for most soilsAcidic soils have significant exchangeable Al+3Significant exchangeable Na+ indicated poor soil structure TERM 4 CEC related to texture & weathering DEFINITION 4 low CEC in highly weathered soilsHigh CEC is younger, less weathered soilsclay types matter TERM 5 CEC DEFINITION 5 max amount of cations soil is capable of holding (at given pH) available for exchange in soil solutionexchangeable cations are measurable when attached to colloid surfaces TERM 6 isomorphic substitution DEFINITION 6 similarly sized cations substitute for Si in tetrahedral & Al in octahedral sheetscreates permanent chargecan create neutral or (-) charge TERM 7 pH dependent charge DEFINITION 7 H+ attach/detach from O on edge of claycan create (-) or (+) charge(-) at high pH (OH- ions in solution)(+) at low pH (H+ ions in solution) TERM 8 1:1 clays DEFINITION 8 little isomorphic substitutioncharge is pH dependentlow CEC TERM 9 2:1 clays DEFINITION 9 charge due to isomorphic substitutionlittle pH dependent chargehigh CECtetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral TERM 10 Humus DEFINITION 10 variably chargedhigh CECpH dependent charge TERM 21 rhizodeposition DEFINITION 21 sloughed off plant cells fed on by bacteriacarbohydrates, nucleic acids & enzymes form source of organic C TERM 22 casparian strip DEFINITION 22 barrier that blocks passive flow of water & solutes into stelewaxy coating on outside of endodermisrepels waterprotects stele from water loss TERM 23 root hairs DEFINITION 23 accounts for 2/3 of total root surface areafragile, short lived (die as root continues to grow)small enough to access micropores of water & soil solutionsingle cell extensions of epidermal cellssites of infection by pathogens, N-fixing bacteria & mycorrhizae TERM 24 rootcap DEFINITION 24 protects meristemsecrets mucigel, formed in Golgi bodies, which protects root capinitiates symbiotic relationships TERM 25 meristem DEFINITION 25 area of active stem division TERM 26 elongation zone DEFINITION 26 cells elongate & force root thru soil via turgor pressure TERM 27 maturation zone DEFINITION 27 has root hairswhere most of water & nutrients are absorbedcross section is cortex & stele TERM 28 epidermis DEFINITION 28 outermost cell layer of plant root TERM 29 endodermis DEFINITION 29 central innermost part of cortexboundary between cortex & stele TERM 30 cortex DEFINITION 30 'stuffing' of cellsdifferentiated parenchyma cellslayer between epidermis & endodermis TERM 31 xylem DEFINITION 31 water uptransports water & nutrients from roots to shoots TERM 32 phloem DEFINITION 32 transports sugars to sinks (thru plant) TERM 33 longitudinal root structure DEFINITION 33 root cap at end mostmeristematic zone comes next rapidelongation zone nutrientmaturation zone with root hairs uptakemature zone slower nutrient uptake TERM 34 what is equally important as plant yield? DEFINITION 34 qualityfor turf, fruit or malting barley TERM 35 law of the minimum DEFINITION 35 Liebigany factors not at optimum will limit the yieldyield proportional to most limiting factorwant to have inputs as close to optimum as economically feasibleapplying more of something not limiting won't do anything TERM 46 convert lb/ac to kg/ha DEFINITION 46 1 lb / ac = 1.12 kg / ha TERM 47 Malthusian theory DEFINITION 47 predicted food supply would grow linearly & population would grow exponentiallypopulation would surpass food supplyNOT the case because did not account for advances in technology such as: synthetic fertilizers, breeding & genetics, equipment...etc TERM 48 importance of fertilizers DEFINITION 48 allowed food production to grow at faster ratecrop yield increased 40% due to synthetic fertilizer while amount of farmed land remained constanthigher yield for same amount of land TERM 49 how were plant nutrients met before synthetic fertilizers? DEFINITION 49 fish & shells buried in fieldsmanurescrop rotation TERM 50 fertilizer DEFINITION 50 any natural or synthetic substance that can provide plant available nutrientssoluble saltsintended to supply essential nutrients needed that are not available in the soil TERM 51 large scale synthetic fertilizer use began DEFINITION 51 1950s after WWII TERM 52 nonmetal essential nutrients DEFINITION 52 C H O P N S Cl BChopin's club TERM 53 metal essential nutrients DEFINITION 53 K Mg Ca TERM 54 Transition Metals essential nutients DEFINITION 54 Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Mo TERM 55 C H O DEFINITION 55 structural plant components TERM 56 N DEFINITION 56 AMINO & NUCLEIC ACIDSPROTEINSCHLOROPHYLL TERM 57 P DEFINITION 57 ENERGY TRANSFER (ATP)PHOSHOLIPIDS TERM 58 K Cl DEFINITION 58 OSMOTIC REGULATION TERM 59 S DEFINITION 59 PROTEINS TERM 60 Ca DEFINITION 60 STRENGTHENS CELL WALLS