Exam 1 | HST 140 - World History to 1500, Quizzes of World History

Download Exam 1 | HST 140 - World History to 1500 and more Quizzes World History in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 cueniform DEFINITION 1 "wedge shaped" declines from 400 BCE with spread of greek alphabet. Written language of the sumerians, probably the first written script in the world (3200 BCE) TERM 2 Gilgamesh DEFINITION 2 legendary king of the mesopotamian city state of uruk (3000 BCE); subject of the epic of Gilgamesh, worlds oldest complete epic literary masterpiece. TERM 3 Enkidu DEFINITION 3 counterpart of gilgamesh, created by the gods to battle gilgamesh, no one wins. Both end up having a great relationship until Enkidu's death. TERM 4 Hammurabi DEFINITION 4 Babylonian king (1792 BCE-1750), made a sophisticated law code that improved taxation, legislation with eye for an eye social class law system. TERM 5 Mesopotamia DEFINITION 5 term means "between the rivers"; Sumer and Akkad are the 2 earliest societies, cultural continuum of the "fertile Crescent" , 3000-2000 BCE, modern day iraq and iran. TERM 6 Tigris and Euphrates DEFINITION 6 rivers surrounding mesopotamia, allowed for new farming technologies to be developed, as new irrigation technologies were developed. TERM 7 Ziggurat DEFINITION 7 Mesopotamian temples, "home of the gods", in a polytheistic system TERM 8 Sumerian DEFINITION 8 Earliest mesopotamian society (appears 4000 BCE) TERM 9 City state DEFINITION 9 Urban areas that controlled surrounding agriculture regions and that were often loosely connected in a broader political structure with other city states TERM 10 Sargan of Akkhad DEFINITION 10 2370-2315 BCE destroyed Sumerian city states one by ine; created empire in Akkhad; empire unable to stand constant rebellions TERM 21 Egypt DEFINITION 21 Unified by Menes in 3100 BCE, ruled by pharaohs. Culturally, politically and economically influenced by the Nile TERM 22 Old Kingdom DEFINITION 22 2660-2160 BCE, pyramids built TERM 23 Middle Kingdom DEFINITION 23 2160-1640 BCE, Hyksos invasion TERM 24 Hyksos DEFINITION 24 Invaders who seized the Nile Delta and helped bring an end to the egyptian middle kingdom. TERM 25 New Kingdom DEFINITION 25 1550-1075 BCE; engaged in empire building to protect against foreign invasion; destroyed by assyrian invasion in the mid 6th c. BCE TERM 26 Nile River DEFINITION 26 Major cities of Nubia and egypt located along river, agriculture influenced by its seasonal flooding TERM 27 Menes DEFINITION 27 Unified Egypt in 3100BCE TERM 28 Memphis DEFINITION 28 Cultural and political center of ancient egypt, founded by Menes TERM 29 Pyramids DEFINITION 29 built during the time of the old kingdom, tallest buildings in the world until the 19th century, burial chambers for the pharaohs TERM 30 Harkhuf DEFINITION 30 old kingdom governor of egypt before 2300 BCE, explored Nubia for valuable items and political conditions TERM 31 Nubia DEFINITION 31 Area of South Egypt, Kingdom of Kush in Nubia, invaded and dominated egypt from 750-664 BCE TERM 32 Amon Re DEFINITION 32 Egyptian God, combination of the sun god re and the air god amon TERM 33 Cult of Osiris DEFINITION 33 ancient egyptian god represented forces of nature, afterlife for wealthy originally, osiris was a judge of morality TERM 34 Hatshepsut DEFINITION 34 queen of Egypt 1505 BCE who shared the throne with her nephew Tuthmosis III TERM 35 Hieroglyphics DEFINITION 35 ancient egyptian written language, sacred writings, appeared 3000BCE TERM 46 Indra DEFINITION 46 early indian god associated with the aryans; he was the king of the gods associated with warfare and thunderbolts TERM 47 Varna DEFINITION 47 Hindu word for caste, roots in aryan domination TERM 48 Kshatriyas DEFINITION 48 Hindu caste of warriors and aristocrats TERM 49 Vaishyas DEFINITION 49 Hindu caste of artisans, cultivators and merchants TERM 50 Shudras DEFINITION 50 Hindu caste of peasants and serfs TERM 51 Untouchables DEFINITION 51 Hindu caste below peasants and serfs (those who deal with dead bodies etc.) TERM 52 Jati DEFINITION 52 Indian word for a hindu subcaste, inheritance from the male line TERM 53 Law of Manu DEFINITION 53 law of india that was based around the idea of "rule of the father" TERM 54 Mahabarata DEFINITION 54 massive ancient indian epic that was developed orally for centuries, it tells of an epic civil war between two family branches TERM 55 Bhagavad Gita DEFINITION 55 "sacred song of God" composed in 200 BCE and incorporated into the Mahabarata, a sanskrit epic TERM 56 upanishads DEFINITION 56 Indian reflections and dialogues (800-400 BCE) that reflected basic hindu concepts TERM 57 Brahman DEFINITION 57 the universal soul, all divinity, truth TERM 58 Samsara DEFINITION 58 hindu term for the concept of transmigration, that is, the soul passing into a new incarnation TERM 59 Xia Dynasty DEFINITION 59 2200 BCE, organized through, village network, hereditary monarchy, last king a poor despot gives rise to the shang dynasty TERM 60 Yellow river DEFINITION 60 3000 miles: tibet to yellow sea, deposits fertile, light colored soil TERM 71 Blood letting DEFINITION 71 ritual to gods, men would cut their penis, women would offer blood as well TERM 72 teotihuacan DEFINITION 72 central american society (250 BCE-750 CE) its pyramid of the sun was the largest structure in mesoamerica TERM 73 Chavin cult DEFINITION 73 religion in south american Andes 900-300 BCE (peru), mysterious religion, intricate stone carvings TERM 74 Achamenids DEFINITION 74 first great persian empire (558-330 BCE), capitalized on weakening assyrian and babylonian empire. Peaked under Darius, capital city: persepolis TERM 75 Alexander of Macedon DEFINITION 75 Alex the Great, from macedonia, invaded persia in 331 BCE and destroyed the achamenid empire, as he declared himself the legitimate heir to the achaemenid throne TERM 76 Cyrus DEFINITION 76 King of persia and founder of the persian empire TERM 77 Darius DEFINITION 77 King of Persia (521-486 BCE) expanded empire into india. more of an administrator than conqueror as he had to deal with several ethnic groups TERM 78 Croesus DEFINITION 78 last king of lydia who died in 546 BCE TERM 79 Persepolis DEFINITION 79 ancient capital of the persian empire TERM 80 satraps DEFINITION 80 persian administrators, usually members of the royal family who governed a satrapy TERM 81 qanats DEFINITION 81 persian underground canals TERM 82 Persian Royal Road DEFINITION 82 1600 mile partially paved road, used for courrier service TERM 83 Persian wars DEFINITION 83 500-479 BCE alexander the great and the greeks invade Persia and the achaemenid empire and conquer persia TERM 84 Xerxes DEFINITION 84 Ruler of Achaemid empire 486-465 BCE; attempted to impose persian stamp on satrapies, increasing public discontent TERM 85 Darius III of Gaugemela DEFINITION 85 fell to alexander the great at Gaugemela as persian forces were defeated TERM 96 Magadha DEFINITION 96 most significant remaining kingdom after alexander's departure, central ganges plain, known for agriculture and trade TERM 97 Chandragupta Maurya DEFINITION 97 overthrew other magadha rulers, took advantage of power vacuum left by alexander, expanded kingdom to create first unified indian empire, the "mauryan dynasty" TERM 98 Mauryan dynasty DEFINITION 98 Indian dynasty (321-185 BCE) founded by chandragupta Maurya and reaching its peak under Ashoka TERM 99 Kalinga DEFINITION 99 important center of land and sea trade, brought under mauryan control by asoka in 260 BCE TERM 100 Bactria DEFINITION 100 regional kingdom, northwestern india ruled by greek speaking descendants of alexander TERM 101 kush DEFINITION 101 regional kingdom, northern india central asia, 1-300 BCE, maintained silk road network TERM 102 Gupta Dynasty DEFINITION 102 based in Magadha, founded by chandra gupta in 320 CE, slightly smaller than the mauryan empire, highly decentralized TERM 103 Chandra Gupta DEFINITION 103 founder of the Gupta dynasty 320 CE, highly decentralized leader TERM 104 Siddarth Gautama DEFINITION 104 Buddha, Indian Kshatriya who achieved enlightenment after 49 days of meditation and became known as the Buddha and the founder of buddhism TERM 105 Buddhism DEFINITION 105 religion based on the 4 noble truths, its goal is to eliminate distracting passion and reach nirvana TERM 106 4 noble truths DEFINITION 106 1. life is pain2.pain is caused by desire3. elimination of desire will bring an end to pain4. living a life based on the noble eightfold path will eliminate desire TERM 107 Boddhisattvaas DEFINITION 107 buddhist priests who have reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help others achieve enlightenment TERM 108 Hinayana DEFINITION 108 branch of buddhism known as the "lesser vehicle" beliefs include a strict, individual path to enlightenment, popular in south and southeast asia TERM 109 Mahayana DEFINITION 109 "greater vehicle" a more metaphysical and popular northern branch of buddhism TERM 110 Hinduism DEFINITION 110 combination of aryan and dravidian concepts; goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; important concepts include dharma, artha, karma