Evolution of US Radio & TV Broadcasting: Marconi to Netflix, Quizzes of Communication

Download Evolution of US Radio & TV Broadcasting: Marconi to Netflix and more Quizzes Communication in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Common Carrier DEFINITION 1 Gov't doesn't have the right to regulate content but can regulate the means/manner in which it is communicated. TERM 2 Radio Act of 1912 DEFINITION 2 -ppl can apply to get license for transmission -provided no way for gov't to turn down an applicant for license -Says the Secretary of Commerce regulates TERM 3 WWI DEFINITION 3 Radio telegraphy transmitters were seized by gov't b/c communication needed to be secured to aid war efforts, but returned to public after the war -Marconi owned many of the transmitters- after war U.S. amended the Radio Act of 1912 to mean that only U.S. citizens can hold a license TERM 4 RCA DEFINITION 4 Radio Corporation of America formed and acquired many of the transmitters after the war - especially those previously owned by Marconi David Sarnoff-owner/CEO TERM 5 KDKA DEFINITION 5 The beginning of radio programming! Pittsburgh (1920) - Frank Conrad - Westinghouse owned KDKA - Conrad played hits on a phonograph and asked for requests via mail - he played popular songs This type of programming led to radios being sold - Westinghouse Radios TERM 6 After WWI...(early broadcasters) DEFINITION 6 Vets had enough knowledge of transmission that they were often the first broadcasters They also made their own "crystal set" radios TERM 7 Network vs. Station (know the difference) DEFINITION 7 Networks created - New broadcasters wanted to distribute their programming to other channels -First network is created: WEAF -Stations have transmitters and transmit programming TERM 8 WEAF DEFINITION 8 Creates a network - owned by AT&T Wanted to be the programming source for other stations Considered the flagship of programming - They don't have to own the other stations/ they are just considered to be affiliates, network can own them,however. TERM 9 "Toll" Broadcasting DEFINITION 9 1921: AT&T considered wire based (telephone/telegraph) - Set up way to have ppl pay for broadcast time - many ppl did so in New York -interest in "toll" broadcasting was very little TERM 10 WJZ DEFINITION 10 Co-owned by RCA In AT&T/WEAF's network, but want to be their own network - but AT&T had a monopoly on phone lines and wouldn't allow their programming access - put them on less equip lines -WJZ sues and AT&T gets out of broadcasting - leads to RCA owning both WJZ and WEAF -AT&T agrees to bow out as long as they can hold monopoly on lines the programming travel down TERM 21 Technical Expertise (as measured by the Radio Act of 1927) DEFINITION 21 -in order to obtain a license, one must prove that they know how to run the station properly or that they plan on employing someone who does TERM 22 Section 315 for Radio DEFINITION 22 "Equal Opportunity" - candidates for federal office cannot be denied access to airwaves TERM 23 Communications Act of 1934 DEFINITION 23 -Hoover is out and Roosevelt is in and he wants more democrats than republicans - so the FRC becomes the FCC and 7ppl oversee it instead of 5 - allowing him to appoint more dems. -Pretty much kept all the provisions of the Radio Act of 1927 - but added all wired communication - so telephone, telegraph, and other - Outlawed Network Duopoly (2 networks owned by one company) this affected NBC/RCA - they are sued... TERM 24 NBC v. U.S. DEFINITION 24 (1943) - U.S. Supreme Court says that it is constitutional for congress to outlaw the network duopoly saying that due to its "inherent...unique characteristics, unlike other modes of expression, it is subject to regulation." i.e. "interest of listening public" - not rights of broadcasters are the controlling considerations of regulation Result: NBC sells "NBC Blue" to Edwin Noble who forms ABC - (sidenote: Noble made lifesavers the candy) TERM 25 Golden Age of Radio DEFINITION 25 1930 - 1953 Sitcoms, soap operas, drama, melodrama, horror, musical, variety, etc. "Amos & Andy" - very popular sitcom - pretty racist - didn't survive transition to TV (like many shows) b/c once ppl saw how racist it was, they didn't want to watch TERM 26 "War of the Worlds" DEFINITION 26 The War of the Worlds (1898) is a science fiction novel by H. G. - Radio transmission aired on Halloween night in 1938 - it sounded real to ppl despite the announcements saying that is wasn't real Panic ensued - this was another basis for regulation of radio TERM 27 FM DEFINITION 27 (In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency. ) - web definition -Edwin Armstrong (1933) - worked for Sarnoff (RCA) - but Sarnoff wasn't a fan so he went towards tv and let Armstrong go -FM doesn't take off for decades, however. TERM 28 Post WWII - Regulation DEFINITION 28 We had more $$$ after war than other countries cuz war not fought on our soil plus war created jobs and manufacturing 1945 - tv was new - some FM frequencies are moved to make room for tv -technical standards are set for tv -Broadcasters really want the public interest defined - which leads to the "blue book"... TERM 29 "Blue Book" DEFINITION 29 Came out to define the "public interest" 1) Local programming (community interest) 2) Public Affairs Programming 3) Non-Advertising oriented (certain stations - lower frequencies) TERM 30 "Fairness Doctrine" DEFINITION 30 1949 -Must allow ppl who disagree to air - must present both sides -Must provide public affairs shows -Ended in 1987 (Broadcasters were not a fan) TERM 31 FM Stereo DEFINITION 31 1961 Many companies held FM & AM stations b/c several ppl didn't have FM capable radios so they would "simulcast" the programming on both the FM and AM stations Simulcasts banned in 1963 - leads to specialized formats (ex. WSB on AM750 and 95.5FM) TERM 32 Radio in the 1950s DEFINITION 32 Playing music on the air leads to ppl purchasing records - disc jockeys are key, leads to little reliance on network programming FM Stereo- high fidelity TERM 33 "Payola" DEFINITION 33 labels paid the DJs with $$ or drugs for airplay - huge scandals 1958-1959: DJs had to testify whether or not they had accepted bribes Congress passes a law making it illegal to influence programming decisions TERM 34 Radio in 1979 DEFINITION 34 FM Audience is bigger than AM for first time and remains true AM develops a loyal audience, however Syndication begins to take off TERM 35 Satellite Radio DEFINITION 35 begins 1st time national broadcast (XM/Sirus) -not very many subscribers TERM 46 Quiz Show Scandal DEFINITION 46 The American quiz show scandals of the 1950s were a series of revelations that contestants of several popular television quiz shows were secretly given assistance by the show's producers to arrange the outcome of a supposedly fair competition. One contestant doesn't want to chest so sends time-stamped letters to expose the cheating. DA in New York tried leads to "plugola" TERM 47 Plugola DEFINITION 47 -Any advertiser influence must be disclosed - this is often done in the credits i.e. wardrobe provided by... TERM 48 Segment Sponsorship DEFINITION 48 Begins as a result of shows not wanting advertisers to completely control programming - so rather than the "Pepsi Football Game" - it's the "Pepsi Halftime Show" TERM 49 Cable TV Regulation DEFINITION 49 1966 - microwave import of "foreign" tv signals banned in top 100 markets Broadcasters were against this and go to the FCC about it - CATV was sending microwave transmissions of other stations to other cities - Networks oppose this TERM 50 "Must Carry" Rule DEFINITION 50 In cable television, governments apply a must-carry regulation stating that locally-licensed television stations must be carried on a cable provider's system. TERM 51 U.S. v Southwestern Cable Co. DEFINITION 51 (1968) - Supreme Court rules in favor of FCC - cable regulations legal b/c "reasonably ancillary" - or similar to broadcast TV TERM 52 Fairness Doctrine and Equal Opportunity for TV DEFINITION 52 In 1969 applied to cable (Sec. 315) 1) Local Community Interests must be aired/programmed 2) Opposing views must be programmed -Candidates for office must be allowed access to cable system -So cable tv at this point is not producing content but taking to from one place to another - these regulations say they must have programming -This led to many systems folding - some stayed and charged subscribers to be able to produce content TERM 53 1970 TV (ban on what?) DEFINITION 53 Pay cable/Premium channels banned from outbidding broadcasters for sports and movies - so sports and movies must be on broadcast tv TERM 54 "Bicycle" DEFINITION 54 One cable system gets programming (HBO movies for ex.) and then they box up the reels and send to another system/station TERM 55 U.S. v. Midwest Video Corp. DEFINITION 55 1972 - Supreme Court upholds 1969 cable regulations TERM 56 1972 TV DEFINITION 56 PEGL channels are mandated: public access, education, government, leased ("leezed" - anyone with $$$ could buy time even if not from community) TERM 57 "Open Skies" Policy DEFINITION 57 Communication satellites were going to be considered common carrier so no bans or requirements This leads to end of bicycling and HBO uses satellite distribution of programming TERM 58 1976 - Turner DEFINITION 58 Turner launches a "superstation" free to cable systems via satellite TERM 59 FCC v. Midwest Video Corp. DEFINITION 59 1977- Supreme Court rules mandate of access channels unconstitutional TERM 60 HBO v. FCC DEFINITION 60 1977 - Federal Appeals Court rules ban on pay cable bidding for sports and movies unconstitutional TERM 71 1969 - Computers (beginnings) DEFINITION 71 1st Computer network between Stanford and UCLA NCP: network control program - forerunner of today's TCP: Transmission control protocol ARPANET: early version of the internet TERM 72 1972 - Computers (email) DEFINITION 72 1st email program - Ray Tomlinson of BBN came up with it and used the @ symbol to differentiate addresses TERM 73 1976 - Computers (bringing comp. networking to the masses) DEFINITION 73 TCP/IP developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn: "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol" USENET 1st bulletin board: created by Steve Bellovin: a system that enabled groups of computer users to send messages between the UNC campus at Chapel Hill and nearby Duke in Durham - it operated like a bullitin board TERM 74 1984 - Computers (PCs) DEFINITION 74 Apple pioneers personal computing using GUI - "graphical user interface" Machintosh is introduced TERM 75 1985 - Computers (information superhighway) DEFINITION 75 NSFNET links supercomputers - highspeed backbone that linked supercomputer centers at Cornell, San Diego, Illinois and Pittsburgh - goes from the previous 56kps to carrying messages at 1.5Mbps TERM 76 1991 - Computers (WWW) DEFINITION 76 Birth of the World Wide Web - created by Berners-Lee Begins with URL - uses a system of hyperlinks - or packets of computer commands, within texts - URL - uniform resource locator - an address that gets the information and sends in back to the computer that requested it TERM 77 1993 - Computers (search engines) DEFINITION 77 NSCA realsed Mosaic, the forerunner of Netscape Navigator - becomes Netscape in 1994 TERM 78 1994 - Computers (ISPs) DEFINITION 78 Internet Service Providers begin - providing consumers with access to the internet