Exam 1, part 1 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Exam 1, part 1 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 The anatomy of a scientific paper DEFINITION 1 Introduction what is unknown? how and why methods results discussion conclusion TERM 2 Introduction DEFINITION 2 what is known? our understanding of the world TERM 3 How and why DEFINITION 3 how and why should we fill the gap? your rationale and purpose / hypothesis TERM 4 Methods DEFINITION 4 What did you do? TERM 5 Results DEFINITION 5 What results did you get? TERM 6 Discussion DEFINITION 6 How do the results fill that gap? TERM 7 Conclusion DEFINITION 7 What does this mean for us going forward? TERM 8 What is science? DEFINITION 8 a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed or inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation TERM 9 Confirmation bias DEFINITION 9 the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort contradicting evidence scientists need to design studies that may disprove their theories TERM 10 Belief preserverance DEFINITION 10 the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them TERM 21 Both basic and applied research DEFINITION 21 for both basic and applied research, scientific measurement and hypothesis testing require the operationalization of hypothetical constructs TERM 22 Hypothetical constructs DEFINITION 22 phenomena we strongly believe to exist that cannot be "seen" touched, or observed directly anything that you have a word for but could not point to in the real world inability to directly observe the construct doesn'tmean the construct doesn't"actually" exist observe how? - with what instrument, perspective? TERM 23 General examples of social constructs DEFINITION 23 weight time temperature TERM 24 Examples of constructs in psychology DEFINITION 24 motivation intelligence happiness TERM 25 Commonality DEFINITION 25 each inferred using some apparatus or instrument TERM 26 Conceptual definitions and operational definitions DEFINITION 26 measurement of a construct requires operational definitions TERM 27 Conceptual definition DEFINITION 27 qualitative descriptions of the construct and how the construct of interest relates to other constructs; like a standard dictionary definition TERM 28 Operational definition DEFINITION 28 a precisely defined method of quantitatively measuring some hypothetical construct; naturally constrained, you can have more than one of these for a given construct TERM 29 Conceptual definition for time DEFINITION 29 time is the continued progress of existence and events that occur apparently irreversiblesuccession from the past through the present to the future TERM 30 Operational definiton for time DEFINITION 30 time, here, is measured as the gradual transversing of the "second", "minute", and "hour" labeled dials on a cyclic gear counting device TERM 31 Conceptual definition of intelligence DEFINITION 31 intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills TERM 32 Operational definition of intelligence DEFINITION 32 intelligence, here, is measured as a college students GPA TERM 33 Different ways we can measure behavior DEFINITION 33 observational measures physiological measures self-report measures TERM 34 Observational measures DEFINITION 34 involve the direct observation of behavior can be used to measure anything an organism does that can be observed video and audio recording can be used TERM 35 Physiological measures DEFINITION 35 to study the relationship between biological processes and behavior involves the use of specialized equipment to measure heart rate, brain activity, hormonal changes, and other bodily responses TERM 46 Charles Darwin DEFINITION 46 evolution continuity among species comparative psychologists TERM 47 The rise of the conditioning experiment DEFINITION 47 Ivan P. Pavlov conditioning reflex and the classical conditioning paradigm conditioning experiment as a way to study the brain dogs salivating at the sound of a bell TERM 48 Reflexes, evolution, and early comparative psychology DEFINITION 48 comparative psychology evolution of mind George Romanes Morgan's Canon --> Law of Parsimony C. Lloyd Morgan TERM 49 The rise of the conditioning experiment DEFINITION 49 Edward L. Thorndike cat puzzle boxes and the law of effect "behavior changes because of its consequences" for this reason, he believed cats were basically unintelligent cats are put into a box and have to unlatch it by themselves. if they do successfully, they will be given food (a positive reinforcer) the cats took less and less time to get out of the box the more trials they had Thorndike believed if an animal receives an award, the action will be permanently stamped into the mind TERM 50 Morgan's Cannon, the law of parsimony DEFINITION 50 the law of effect unintelligent cats? instead of a complex learning process, Thorndike described successful escape as simple reinforcement learning TERM 51 Structuralism DEFINITION 51 the paradigm of the day investigating the "structure" of the mind TERM 52 John B. Watson --> behaviorism DEFINITION 52 "give me a dozen healthy infants..and I'll guarantee to take any one and random and train him to become any type of specialist." little Albert would present fire to children to see if they were afraid, animals to see if they were scared of them Watson would put a stuffed animal up to hisface and make a hissing noise to see if they were afraid of them he learned fears could be conditioning in rabbits in the beginning, little Albert enjoyed the rabbit, but Watson would make a loud noise behind the child whenever he touched the rabbit, so he became terrified at just the sight of the rabbit TERM 53 B.F. Skinner DEFINITION 53 radical behaviorism skinner box operant experiment what is a reinforcer? put a pigeon in a box and have them peck at a circle in the box and then reward them with food Skinner followed Thorndike's lead; believed the goal of psychology should be practical, and looked solelyat environmental causes of behavior TERM 54 Operant experiment DEFINITION 54 operant / respondent distinction respondent --> elicited by antecedent stimuli "ante" means before operant --> lever press controlled by consequences emitted --> operates on environment voluntary example - big bang theory TERM 55 Clark L. Hull DEFINITION 55 drive and habit sough to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior TERM 56 Classical conditioning DEFINITION 56 adaption association stimulus learning s-o TERM 57 Operant / instrumental conditioning DEFINITION 57 controlled by consequences response learning r-o TERM 58 Human and animal learning traditions DEFINITION 58 shared ideas and terms, for example: memory attention different approaches learningtradition - complex behavior and cognition can emerge from simpler associations Morgan's canon perseveres learning about significant events TERM 59 Examples DEFINITION 59 crow foraging overeating play drug use TERM 60 Study design DEFINITION 60 research designs variables measurement measurement of behavior TERM 71 Experimental study example DEFINITION 71 fMRI study where all subjects were shown images of objects of different sizes. neural correlates of object physical sizes are linearly mapped along the occipto- temporal cortex of the brain TERM 72 Quasi-experimental DEFINITION 72 healthy brain abused brain TERM 73 Experiments DEFINITION 73 experiments are conducted because they allow us to explicitly test whether one variable (IV) causes or influences another variable (DV) TERM 74 Experimentation DEFINITION 74 experimentation is the only methodologicalprocedure we have that can help us infer casualty between our variables of interest TERM 75 Variables DEFINITION 75 variables: any characteristics, traits, or attributes whose measurement can be observed or recorded ex: aircraft velocity, weight, political affiliation, height, whether it rained (yes/no) variables can be considered quantitative or categorical TERM 76 Quantitative variables DEFINITION 76 variables that are inherently numerical TERM 77 Categorical variables DEFINITION 77 variables used to represent non-numeric differences of objects by some qualitative feature or features (categories) TERM 78 Quantitative vs categorical DEFINITION 78 quantitative: height weight scores on exams income number of friends you have categorical hair color eye color race ice-cream flavor TERM 79 Quantitative variables DEFINITION 79 meaningful mathematical operations can be immediately applied to values obtained for these kinds of variables TERM 80 Categorical values DEFINITION 80 meaningful mathematical operations cannot immediately be applied to values obtained for these kinds of variables TERM 81 Confounding variables DEFINITION 81 confounds variables that have an effect on the dependent variable, but are unrelated to the independent variable this is very problematic, as this makes it to where the effects of the independent variable cant be released away from the confounding variable thus, confounds are detrimental to experiments, as they're presence effectively invalidates the results of a study TERM 82 Measurement DEFINITION 82 the structured observation of variables in a manner that is constrained to some known meaningful dimension (scale) "assessments" "tests" and "evaluations" are all different terms describing activities of measurement measurements of variables yield data the goal of measurement is to obtain data that can be used to describe, predict, or explain some construct or constructs of interest TERM 83 Conceptual definition DEFINITION 83 qualitative descriptions of the construct, and, how the construct of interest relates to other constructs like a standard dictionary definition TERM 84 Operational definition DEFINITION 84 a precisely defined method of quantitatively measuring some hypothetical construct; naturally constrained, you can have more than one of these for a given construct operational definitions determine how you're going to measure, test, or evaluate some construct of interest the quality of your measure is heavily dependent on the type of data you obtain with it quantitative, categorical TERM 85 Types of measurement in behavioral research DEFINITION 85 self-report physiological behavioral