EXAM 1, part 2 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning, Quizzes of Psychology

Download EXAM 1, part 2 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Learning DEFINITION 1 A relatively long lasting change in behavior, or behavioral repertoire, that occurs as a direct result of experience TERM 2 Behavior DEFINITION 2 any activity of an organism that can be directly or indirectly observed and somehow measured TERM 3 Empiricism DEFINITION 3 ARISTOTLETheory of knowledge that assumes that most of/all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. TERM 4 Aristotle's Laws of Association DEFINITION 4 Law of Similarity = similarLaw of Contrast = oppositesLaw of Contiguity = occur in close proximity to each other in time or spaceLaw of Frequency = more frequently 2 items occur together TERM 5 Mind-Body Dualism DEFINITION 5 DESCARTES-Body function like a machine (involuntary reflexes)-Mind has free will (voluntary behaviors) TERM 6 British Empiricistd DEFINITION 6 Stated that almost all knowledge is a function of experienceConscious mind is a finite set of basic elements TERM 7 3 components of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection DEFINITION 7 1. Traits vary (within and between species)2. Many traits are heritable3. Organism must compete for limited resources TERM 8 5 Schools of Behaviorism DEFINITION 8 1. Methodological Behaviorism (Watson)2. Neobehaviorism (Hull)3. Cognitive Behaviorism (Tolman)4. Social Learning Theory (Bandura)5. Radical Behaviorism (Skinner) TERM 9 Methodological Behaviorism DEFINITION 9 WATSONPsychologists should only study those behaviors that can be directly observed TERM 10 Neobehaviorism DEFINITION 10 HULLInternal events MEDIATE between environment and behavior TERM 21 Recording Methods DEFINITION 21 Rate: frequency with which a response occurs within a certain period of timeIntensity: force of magnitude of behaviorDuration: length of time individual behavesSpeed: how quick/slow behavior occursLatency: Length of time required for behavior to begin TERM 22 Interval Recording DEFINITION 22 If occurs in CONTINUOUS time period--every interval only if behavior happened (yes/no) TERM 23 Time Sample Recording DEFINITION 23 NOT continuousrandom intervals TERM 24 Research Designs DEFINITION 24 1) Descriptive Research = describing behavior and situation w/in it occurs - Naturalistic Observations (systematic observation and recording a behavior in its natural environment) - Case Studies (intensive systematic examination of 1+ people)2) Experimental Research - Control Group Designs (individuals are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or control group - Single- Subject Designs (require only one or few subjects to conduct an entire experiment TERM 25 Single-Subject Designs (4 types) DEFINITION 25 1) Simple Comparison (AB) Designs2) Reversal (ABA or ABAB) Designs3) Multiple Baseline Designs4) Changing - Criterion Designs TERM 26 Simple Comparison (AB) Designs DEFINITION 26 Behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in treatment conditionBaseline period = A phasetreatment period = B phase TERM 27 Reversal (ABA or ABAB) Designs DEFINITION 27 Involves repeated alternations between baseline period and treatment period TERM 28 Multiple Baseline Designs DEFINITION 28 a treatment is instituted a successive points in time for two+ persons, settings, or behavior TERM 29 Changing-Criterion Designs DEFINITION 29 the effect of treatment demonstrated by now closely behavior matches altered criterion TERM 30 Elicit/Elicited Behavior DEFINITION 30 Elicit - to draw out or bring forthElicit Behavior = automatically draw out by certain stimuli (predominately involuntary) TERM 31 Types of Elicited Behavior DEFINITION 31 Reflexes: a relatively simple, automatic response to a stimulus and the most basic form of an elicited behavior- reflex arc: neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuronFixed Action Pattern: a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus TERM 32 Habituation DEFINITION 32 a DECREASE in behavior following repeated presentationlow level stimulusstimulus specific TERM 33 Sensitization DEFINITION 33 an INCREASE in strength in behavior the effect disappears when stimulus is not presented for a period of timehigh intensity stimulitend to generalize the other stimuli rather easily TERM 34 Dishabituation vs. Disinhibition DEFINITION 34 Dishabituation: return of a response following presentationDisinhibition: sudden recovery of response that has become partially inhibited due to extinction TERM 35 Spontaneous Recovery DEFINITION 35 reappearance of conditioned response to a CS following rest period after extinction. Each recovery is weaker and extinguished more quickly. TERM 46 Stimulus Discrimination DEFINITION 46 tendency for a response to be elicited by more than one stimulus--the generalization of a CR to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS. TERM 47 3 procedures to specific stimuli only DEFINITION 47 1. overshadowing2. blocking3. latent inhibition TERM 48 Modifications to Basic Procedures DEFINITION 48 1. Temporal Conditioning2. Occasion Setting3. External Inhibition4. US Revaluation5. Pseudoconditioning TERM 49 Temporal Conditioning DEFINITION 49 Form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time TERM 50 Occasion Setting DEFINITION 50 A stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated TERM 51 Pseudoconditioning DEFINITION 51 When an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning TERM 52 S-S vs. S-R Learning Theories DEFINITION 52 S-S Stimulus Model occurs when the NS becomes directly associated with the US and, because of this association, comes to elicit a response that is related to the USS-R Model occurs when the NS becomes directly associated with the UR and therefore come to elicit the same response as the UR. The purpose of the US is simply to elicit the Ur so that it occurs in close proximity to the NS, thereby allowing a connection to be created between the NS and the UR. TERM 53 Preparatory-Response Theory DEFINITION 53 purpose of CR is to prepare organism for presentation of US TERM 54 Rescorla-Wagner Theory DEFINITION 54 proposes that a given US can only support so much conditioning, and that this amount of conditioning must be distributed among the various cues (CSs) associated with the US. TERM 55 Not all fear conditioning leads to _____ conditioning. DEFINITION 55 phobic TERM 56 Factors to Phobias DEFINITION 56 1. Observational Learning2. Temperament3. Preparedness4. History of Control5. Incubation6. US Revaluation 7. Selective Sensitization TERM 57 Observational Learning DEFINITION 57 Tendency to acquire conditioned fear reactions through observation may be inherited TERM 58 Temperament DEFINITION 58 An individuals base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation, which is to a large extent genetically determined TERM 59 Preparedness DEFINITION 59 Genetically based predisposition within a species to learn certain kinds of association more easily than others TERM 60 History of Control DEFINITION 60 History of being able to control important events seems to be a protective factor against phobic conditioning