Neuroscience and Psychology: Statistics, Nervous System, Neurotransmitters, and Sleep, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Neuroscience and Psychology: Statistics, Nervous System, Neurotransmitters, and Sleep and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Theory DEFINITION 1 An integrated set of principles that organize and predict behaviors and events. TERM 2 Hypothesis DEFINITION 2 Testable predictions TERM 3 Operational Definitions DEFINITION 3 A specific definition used for research purposes TERM 4 Scientific Method DEFINITION 4 The Scientific Method4 Basic Steps:1. Choose a theory to be tested.(question to be answered . 2. Formulate a hypothesis or predic0on about the answer. . 3. Develop a method for tesing the hypothesis. . 4. Interpret the data yielded and draw a conclusion. TERM 5 Reliability DEFINITION 5 the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent Inter-rater reliability two or more raters independently agreeTest-retest reliability - two or more tests yield similar results TERM 6 validity DEFINITION 6 degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure TERM 7 Internal Validity DEFINITION 7 if the effects observed within the experiment can be attributed to the conditions intentionally manipulated.Are you testing what you think you are testing TERM 8 confound DEFINITION 8 An alternative explanation for a result such as practice effectsA factor that systematically varies with the independent variable. Thus it poses an alternative explanation for the results - one cannot be sure the results were caused by the IV because they are confounded with another factor TERM 9 Internal Valididty will be lost if DEFINITION 9 there is a confound or experimenter biasSolution Single Blind and Double blind experiments TERM 10 Experimenter Bias DEFINITION 10 The scientists beliefs influence the outcome of the experiment TERM 21 Random assignment DEFINITION 21 each child has equal likelihood of being in the different groups TERM 22 experimental control DEFINITION 22 all variables except the variable of interest are the same for different drops TERM 23 independent variable DEFINITION 23 the variable you are manipulation (i.e. presence or absence of drug) TERM 24 dependent variable DEFINITION 24 the variable you are measuring (how hyperactive the kids were afterwards TERM 25 operational definitions DEFINITION 25 how you define your dependent variables so you can quantitatively measue it (measure the number of times child gets up from seat) TERM 26 W. Wundt DEFINITION 26 First psychologist to open a lab exclusively devoted to psychological studies. He believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness.he adopted the approach structuralism TERM 27 Structuralism DEFINITION 27 the idea that the mind consists of basic elemental parts TERM 28 William James DEFINITION 28 Father of modern psychologyHis book principles of psychology still important book to dayFunctionalismThe modern history and development of psych starts with students and TERM 29 functionalism DEFINITION 29 examines how mental and behavioral processes function in adaptive ways to serve organisms TERM 30 counterbalancing DEFINITION 30 helps reduce confounds TERM 31 correlation coefficient DEFINITION 31 Statistic used to indicate strength and direction of the relationship (number between -1.00 and + 1.00 TERM 32 positive correlation DEFINITION 32 As one variable/score increases the other also increases TERM 33 negative correlation DEFINITION 33 As one variable/score increases the other decreases TERM 34 Experimental Design vs Correlational Design DEFINITION 34 Ethical issues often prevent uses of experimental designsEg You can't randomly assign one group of people to smoke or have an outgoing personalityInstead one can exploit natural variations in the world and compare groups who do or do not have certain experiences or behaviors TERM 35 Experimental Design Advantages/Disadvantages DEFINITION 35 AdvantageEnable you to infer cause and effectDisadvantageRandom assignment is not feasible with some topics of interest TERM 46 Threshold DEFINITION 46 the level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential TERM 47 synapse DEFINITION 47 the junction between two neurons TERM 48 neurotransmitters DEFINITION 48 chemical messengers that travel across the synapse and influence whether a neural impulse will be generated TERM 49 2 kinds of neurotransmitters DEFINITION 49 agonsits - excitatoryantagonists - inhibitory TERM 50 endorphins DEFINITION 50 natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to the control of pain and pleasurerelease in response to pain or pleasure TERM 51 Drugs effects on brain chemistry DEFINITION 51 1) mimic the effect of a neurotransmitter2) block a neurotransmitters reuptake TERM 52 Nervous system DEFINITION 52 Body's electro chemical information network TERM 53 nerves DEFINITION 53 bundled axons that form connections within the network TERM 54 3 varieties of nerves Sensory neurons DEFINITION 54 Sensory neurons - send info from body's tissues and sensory organs to CNS TERM 55 3 varieties of nerves Motor neurons DEFINITION 55 sends instructions from the CNS to the body's tissues (a few million) TERM 56 3 varieties of nerves interneurons DEFINITION 56 internally communicates info between sensory inputs and motor outputs (billions) TERM 57 Central Nervous System - 2 subsystems DEFINITION 57 Central Nervous System (CNS)The brain and spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System (PNS)Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of body TERM 58 Spinal Cord DEFINITION 58 Thick bundle of ascending and descending neural fibers, the spinal cord relays messages up to brain TERM 59 relexes DEFINITION 59 simple, automatic, inborn responses to a sensory stimulus TERM 60 Somatic nervous system DEFINITION 60 enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles (also called skeletal nervous system TERM 71 corronal MRI Scan DEFINITION 71 coronal means parallet to the coronal plane, which divides brain into front and back parts TERM 72 Sagittal MARI Scan DEFINITION 72 Means parallel to the median plane, which divides the brain into right and left halves TERM 73 Functional Magnetic Rsonance Imaging (fMRI) DEFINITION 73 Technique that uses multiple MRI scans to track the flow of blood in the brain. If we follow the blood, we can find which parts of the brain are working when we give it certan tasks. TERM 74 Brain structure DEFINITION 74 Rather than brain size provides clues to a pecies intelligence and capabilities. TERM 75 Cerebral Cortex DEFINITION 75 Control and information processing centerMost highly developed region on the human brain TERM 76 Brain Stem DEFINITION 76 Oldest part of human brain - consists ofMedulla - controls heartbeat and breathingReticular Formation - connects the spinal cord to the thalamus and helps to control arousal TERM 77 Brain Stem connect the spinal cord to the brain via the DEFINITION 77 Thalamus TERM 78 thalamus DEFINITION 78 The sensory switchboard of the brainRoutes sensory information to be processed n the appropriate part of the brain. TERM 79 cerebellum DEFINITION 79 called the "little brain"Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balance TERM 80 Limbic System DEFINITION 80 A dounut-shaped structure that is associated with emotions (eg fear) and drives (eg need for food/sex)3 parts of Limibic systemAmydalaHypothalamusHippocampus TERM 81 Amygdala DEFINITION 81 Part of Limbic SystemInsfluences fear, aggression and other emotions TERM 82 Hypothalamus DEFINITION 82 Part of Limbicf systemLinked to emotion, governs some of the body's mantenance activities (eating, drinking, body temP and helps gover the endocrine system via the pituitary gland TERM 83 Hippocampus DEFINITION 83 Part of Limibic SystemProcesses Memory TERM 84 Cerebral Cortex DEFINITION 84 The interconnected fabric of neural cells that covers the interior of the brain and ats as the body's information processing center4 parts frontal lobe parietal lobes occipital lobes temporal lobes TERM 85 frontal lobe DEFINITION 85 Part of Cerebral CortexControl speaking and muscles movements, as well as making plans and judgments TERM 96 Aphasia in Wernicke's Area DEFINITION 96 Bad comprehension good production.Says You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want beforeMeans - The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk TERM 97 Corpus Callosum DEFINITION 97 brain split into two Hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosumDamage to corpus callosum results in split brain TERM 98 Plasticity DEFINITION 98 Brain's ability to change and modify itself TERM 99 Biological rhythms DEFINITION 99 periodic physiological fluctuations (biological clocks)2 kindscircadian rhythmstages of sleep TERM 100 Circadian Rhythm DEFINITION 100 Regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycleeg temperature, wakefulness TERM 101 single most importan factor contributing to lenght of our sleep/wake cycles DEFINITION 101 light TERM 102 Sleep DEFINITION 102 Is - periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciounsnessIS NOTcoma, general anesthesia, hibernation TERM 103 Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Hallucinations DEFINITION 103 Stage 1 - we fall asleep and brainwaves lose some of their reularity, sometimes we experience hallucinations (false sensory expeeriences such as seeing something in the absence of stimuli) TERM 104 Stages of Sleep Stage 2 Sleep DEFINITION 104 Stage 2 Sleep - Brain activity is marked by sleep spindles - brief patches of rapid rhythmic brain activity.Deep relaxation occursYou can easily be awakenedSleep talking occus at this stage TERM 105 Stages 3 & 4 Sleep DEFINITION 105 Brain activity changes to Delta Wavesou are difficult to wakeSleep walking occurs at this stage as does bed wettingSleep walking 20% of population TERM 106 Delta waves DEFINITION 106 Large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep TERM 107 REM Sleep DEFINITION 107 Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occuralso called paradoxical sleep because brain very active while rest of body appears to be resting TERM 108 Insomnia DEFINITION 108 Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep TERM 109 Narcolepsy DEFINITION 109 Uncontrollable spleep attack where individuals lapse directly into REM sleep at inopportune times TERM 110 Sleep Apnea DEFINITION 110 temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated mementary awakenings TERM 121 addiction DEFINITION 121 Cumpulsive drug craving and use TERM 122 psychoactive drugs DEFINITION 122 chemical substances that alter perception and moodDepressantsStimulantsHallucinogens TERM 123 Depressants DEFINITION 123 Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functionsBarbiturates - drugs that depress the activity of CNS reduing anxiety but impariing memory and judgement(tranquillizers, nembutal, seconaOpiates - drugs that depress neural activity lessening pain and anxiety (Morphine, heorin) TERM 124 Stimulants DEFINITION 124 drugs that excite nerual ativity and speed up body funcitons TERM 125 amphetamines DEFINITION 125 drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body function and associted energy and mood changes(caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, exstasy) TERM 126 methamphetamine DEFINITION 126 Derivative of amphetamines that is very powerfully addictive and appears to reduce baselin dopamine levels (speed, meth) TERM 127 Hallucinogens DEFINITION 127 psychedelic drugs that distor pereptons and evoke sensory imagesLSD - powerful example of hallucinogenMarijuana is an example of a more miled hallucinogen withe the active ingredient THC TERM 128 Motivation DEFINITION 128 Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior TERM 129 Intinct Theory DEFINITION 129 Defining human behavior (and the motivation of those behaviors) in terms of a series on instincts TERM 130 Instinct DEFINITION 130 complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned TERM 131 Intinct theory collaspsed when 2 things became clear DEFINITION 131 1) Instinct theory applied well to simple organisms but fell apart for more complex animals2) Rather than explaining behaviors, instinct theory often simply described them TERM 132 Drive Reduction Theory DEFINITION 132 The idea that a phsiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need TERM 133 Goal of Drive Reduction DEFINITION 133 Homeostasis TERM 134 Homeostatsis DEFINITION 134 a tendencfy to maintain a balanced or constant internal state TERM 135 Incentive DEFINITION 135 positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior TERM 146 When is eating "disordered" DEFINITION 146 <15% of body weight TERM 147 What are eating disorders about DEFINITION 147 Body Image Contral TERM 148 Sexual Respnse Cycle by Masters and Johnson DEFINITION 148 Excitement - genital areas become acitivePlateau - excitement and physiological responses peakOrgasm - sperm is releasedResolution - couple enters a refectory period (period where a man cannot achieve another orgasm) TERM 149 estrogen DEFINITION 149 Sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by fremalesIn non human females, estrogen plays important role in ovulation and sexual receptivity TERM 150 Testosterone DEFINITION 150 Present in both males and females, but large concentrations of testosterone are responsible for growth of male sex organs and male sex characteristics during puberty TERM 151 Insustrial-Organization Psychology DEFINITION 151 The application of psychological concept and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplacesPersonnel PsychologyOrganizational Psychology TERM 152 Personnel Psychology DEFINITION 152 focuses on employee recruitment, selctiom, placement, training, appraisa and development TERM 153 organizaitonal psychology DEFINITION 153 examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.Concerned withEmployee satisfaction and engagementManagement techniquesThe bottom line TERM 154 task leadership DEFINITION 154 goal oriented leasdership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals TERM 155 social leadership DEFINITION 155 group oriented leadership that builds temawork, mediates conflict and offers support. TERM 156 Ultimate goal of organizational psychologists is to encourage DEFINITION 156 Achievement MotivationA desire for significan accomplishment; for mastery of things, people or ideas for attaining a high standard.