Exam 1 Study Guide - Introduction to Juvenile Justice | CJ 2001, Study notes of Criminal Justice

Download Exam 1 Study Guide - Introduction to Juvenile Justice | CJ 2001 and more Study notes Criminal Justice in PDF only on Docsity! Exam Review, Juvenile Justice (Exam 2/20). Bring a pencil and pen (closed book). Good Luck  Risk factors for Juvenile Delinquency Family a. Broken home (no parental role model) b. Parental, sibling drug use, gang affiliation c. Extreme poverty School a. Learning disabled, academic failure b. Discipline problems Community a. High crime, presence gangs & drugs b. Lack of social economic activities Peers a. Delinquent friends (lack positive peers) Individual a. Tendency toward aggressive behavior b. Alcohol, drug use c. Hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, focus d. Fatalistic, pessimistic viewpoint Juvenile Crime Data – Estimated 2.1 million arrested annually (just what we arrest - most juveniles aren't arrested though due to police discretion) 1. Majority commit property crime (25%+) 2. Amount violent crime (20%), distorted by Media (School Shootings) a. Jonesboro Massacre 3. Measure Crime- Official Statistics Juvenile Offending (should look @ all 3 combined) a. UCR (Uniform Crime Report) “official” report of crime in US. i. Data compiled by law enforcement, “reported” to FBI. 1. problem: not all crime is reported - "dark figure of crime" b. National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS) annual sample (CB) asking respondents (or potential victims) have you been a victim of a crime. i. problem : victims of domestic violence, for example, won't respond to this survey c. Self-Reporting Methods- (NYS) National Youth Survey, ask juveniles directly. i. problem : kids may lie and/or embellish stories Causation Juvenile Delinquency (Nature vs. Nurture) Why? 1. Classical (Choice) Theory a. free will to commit crime…voluntary, rational choice b. weigh outcomes (benefit of crime vs. cost) 2. Positivist Theories: a. delinquency caused by factors not w/in our control i. “born criminals”… b. mental illness, hormonal…(biology, psychology) 3. Social Disorganization Theory: a. environmental, urban density, low income, unemployment, poor schools, weak family structure = crime 4. Routine Activity Theory: a. 3 prong i. motivated offender ii. suitable target iii. absence of capable guardians 5. Social Learning Theory: a. explains behavior as a result of persons observing and imitating other persons (disengaged parents, anti-social peers) 6. Labeling Theory: a. negative labels (self-fulfilling prophecy) History and Development of Juvenile Court 1. First Juvenile Court established 1899, Chicago a. “informal system” b. emphasis treatment and care c. (1945 all states had separate system) i. before kids and adults were lumped together 2. Doctrines- justification state intervention (derived from Common Law): A. Parens Patriae (parent of the country- intervene juveniles care). B. * In loco parentis (in place of the parent-state act). 1. state is intervening and acting as the parent C. decisions “best interest of the child” 3. Terminology A. Taken into “custody” not arrested B. File “petition”, not a criminal indictment C. Adjudicated “delinquent” not convicted a criminal D. “Adjudication” hearing not trial E. “Disposition” not sentencing Distinctions Between Juvenile and Adult System- 1. Treatment rather punishment- 4. Complainant (present at the scene, desire to prosecute) 5. Location of offense (type of neighborhood, high crime) 6. Parents (attitude, present scene, concerned) 7. Officer (training, experience, views of justice and diversion, workload) 8. Police Department (enforcement policies, problem-solving, community policing) Juvenile Detention Centers (establish alternative sending youth to adult jails) A. Detention Centers Serve as a temporary holding facility for juveniles who need to be held for their own safety or the community safety 1. Judicial criteria (risk): a. risk to community (safety) b. not appear court (flight) c. protection 2. All states require (by statute) that a detention hearing be held within 24-48 hours (detained or release) 3. Trends since 1985 --42 percent increase youth detention (operating 34 percent overcapacity) -Property offenses largest percentage detained youth -Detain more males -16 older more likely be detained  five areas of change have emerged as States pass laws to crack down juvenile crime o transfer provisions  45 states made it easier to transfer juveniles o sentencing authority  31 states gave criminal and juvenile courts expanded sentencing options  used to be black or white - probation or institutionalized  now there is a grey-intermediate area o boot camp, house arrest, etc o confidentiality  47 states modified or removed confidentiality provisions, by making records and proceedings more open  expungement o victim's rights  22 states increased the role of victims in the juvenile justice process o correctional programming  juvenile correctional administrators developed new programs