Research Methods in Psychology: Definitions and Types, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 Applied Research DEFINITION 1 - Designed to investigate issues that have implications for every day life- Provide solutions for real-world problems TERM 2 Basic Research DEFINITION 2 Designed to answer fundamental questions rather than address specific real-world problem TERM 3 Behavioral Research DEFINITION 3 - Designed to study thoughts, feelings, behavior of human beings & animals TERM 4 Converging Operations DEFINITION 4 - Using more than 1 measurement or research approach to study given topic with hope all of the approaches will --> produce similar results TERM 5 Correlational Research DEFINITION 5 Involves:- Measurement 2 or more relevant variables- Assessment of relationship between or among those variables TERM 6 Data DEFINITION 6 Information collected through formal observation or measurement TERM 7 Descriptive Research DEFINITION 7 - Designed to answer questions about the current state of affairs TERM 8 Empirical DEFINITION 8 Based on systematic collection of data TERM 9 Experimental Research DEFINITION 9 Research that includes the manipulation of a given situation or experience for 2 or more groups of individuals who are initially created to be equivalent --> followed by measurement of the effect of the experiement TERM 10 Facts DEFINITION 10 Information that is objectively true TERM 21 Variable DEFINITION 21 Any attribute that can assume different vales- Ex. Among different people across different times or places TERM 22 Debriefing DEFINITION 22 Info. to participant immediately after experiment- Designed to both:* Explain purposes & procedures of the research* Remove any harmful aftereffects of participation TERM 23 Deception DEFINITION 23 - Practice of not completely & fully informing research participants about nature of research project before they participate- Sometimes used when research could not be conducted if participants knew what was really being studied TERM 24 Informed Consent DEFINITION 24 - Providing research participants with info about nature of research project before they make decision about whether or not to participate TERM 25 Institutional Review Board (IRB) DEFINITION 25 - Panel of at least 5 individuals- Including --> at least 1 whose primary interest is in nonscientific domains- Determines the ethics of proposed research TERM 26 Postexperimental Interview DEFINITION 26 Questions asked of participants following research- Purpose: Probe for the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation & suspicion TERM 27 Process Debriefing DEFINITION 27 - A debriefing that involves an active attempt by an experimenter to undo any changes that may haveoccurredto participant during the research TERM 28 Scientific Fraud DEFINITION 28 Intentional alteration or fabrication of scientific data TERM 29 Simulation Study DEFINITION 29 - Research in which participants are fully informed about nature of research and asked to behave "as if" they were in a social setting of interest TERM 30 Suspicion Check DEFINITION 30 - 1 or more questions asked of participants at end of research- Determine whether they believed the experimental manipulation or guessed the research hypothesis TERM 31 Acquiescent Responding (yeah-saying bias) DEFINITION 31 - Form of reactivity- People tend to agree with whatever questions they are asked TERM 32 'Yeah-saying Bias' DEFINITION 32 Acquiescent responding TERM 33 Behavioral Measures DEFINITION 33 Measured variables designed to directly measure an individual's actions TERM 34 Conceptual Variables DEFINITION 34 - Abstract ideas- Form basis of research designs- Measured by measured variables TERM 35 Fixed-format Self-Report Measures DEFINITION 35 - Measured variables --> respondent indicates his/her thoughts or feelings by answering a structured set of questions TERM 46 Operational Definition DEFINITION 46 Precise statement --> how conceptual variable is measured or manipulated TERM 47 Ordinal Scale DEFINITION 47 - Measured variables --> #s indicate whether there is more or less of a conceptual variable-->- DOES NOT indicate exact interval between the individuals on the conceptual variable TERM 48 Projective Measure DEFINITION 48 - Measure of personalities --> unstructured image (ex. inkblot) shown to participants- Asked to list what comes to mind as they view the image TERM 49 Psychophysiological Measures DEFINITION 49 Measure variables designed to assess physiological functioning of the nervous system or endocrine system TERM 50 Quantitative Variable DEFINITION 50 Variable used to indicate extent to which a person possesses a characteristic TERM 51 Ratio Scales DEFINITION 51 Interval scales --> ZERO POINT known to represent complete lack of conceptual variable TERM 52 Reactivity DEFINITION 52 Changes in responding that occur as a result of measurement TERM 53 Scales DEFINITION 53 Fixed-format self-report measures that contain more than 1 item (ex. intelligence test or measure of self-esteem) TERM 54 Scaling DEFINITION 54 Specificationbetween #s on the measured variable & values of the conceptual variable TERM 55 Self-promotion DEFINITION 55 - Type of reactivity --> participants respond in a way that they think will make them look intelligent, knowledgeable, caring, healthy, & non-prejudiced TERM 56 Self-report Measures DEFINITION 56 Measures in which person asked to respond to ?s posed by an interviewer or on a questionnaire TERM 57 Semantic Differential DEFINITION 57 - Fixed-format self-report scale- Topic being evaluated presented once at top of page- Items consist of pairs of adjectives located at the two endpoints of a standard response format TERM 58 Social Desirability DEFINITION 58 Type of reactivity --> participants present themselves in a positive or socially acceptable way to the researcher TERM 59 Think-aloud Protocol DEFINITION 59 Free-response measure --> asked to verbalize the thoughts they are having as they complete a task TERM 60 Criterion Validity DEFINITION 60 - Assessment of validity --> calculated through correlation of a self-report measure with a behavioral measured (criterion) variable TERM 71 Systematic error DEFINITION 71 Influence on a measured variable of other conceptual variables not part of conceptual variable of interest TERM 72 Traits DEFINITION 72 Personality variables --> not expected to vary (or vary very slowly) within people over time TERM 73 Test-retest Reliability DEFINITION 73 Extent to which scores on the same measured variable correlate with each other on 2 different measurements given at 2 different times TERM 74 Equivalent-Forms Reliability DEFINITION 74 - Form of test-retest reliability- 2 different but equivalent versions of the same measure given at different times -->- Correlation between the scores on the 2 versions are assessed TERM 75 Face Validity DEFINITION 75 Extent to which measured variable --> appears to be an adequate measure of the conceptual variable TERM 76 Interrater Reliability DEFINITION 76 The internal consistency of the ratings made by a group of judges TERM 77 Kappa (k) DEFINITION 77 Statistic used to measure interrater reliability TERM 78 Nomological Net DEFINITION 78 Pattern of correlations among a group a measured variables that --> provides evidence for the convergent & discriminant validity of the measures TERM 79 Pilot Test DEFINITION 79 Initial practice test of a research procedure to see if it is working as expected TERM 80 Predictive Validity DEFINITION 80 Form of criterion validity --> a self-report measure is used to predict future behavior TERM 81 Reliability DEFINITION 81 Extent to which measured variable is free from random error TERM 82 Retesting Effects DEFINITION 82 - Reactivity occurring when responses on the 2nd administration are influenced by respondents having been given the same or similar measures before TERM 83 Split-half Reliability DEFINITION 83 Measure of internal consistency --> correlating respondents' scores on 1/2 of items with their scores on other half of items TERM 84 States DEFINITION 84 Personality variables --> expected to change within the same person over a short period of time TERM 85 Type I Error DEFINITION 85 - Rejection of null hypothesis (when it is really true)- Type I error occurs with probability = alpha TERM 96 Power DEFINITION 96 Probability that the researcher will (on basis of the observed data) be able to reject the null hypothesis given that the null hypothesis is actually false and thus should be rejected* Power = 1 x B TERM 97 Proportion of Explained Variability DEFINITION 97 Amount of the dependent (or outcome) variable accounted for by the independent (or predictor) variable TERM 98 Sampling Distribution DEFINITION 98 The distribution of all the possible values of a statistic TERM 99 Significance Level DEFINITION 99 Probability of making a Type I error (a, alpha) TERM 100 Statistically Nonsignificant DEFINITION 100 Conclusion to not reject the null hypothesis- Made when p- value > than alpha (p>.05) TERM 101 Statistically Significant DEFINITION 101 Conclusion to reject null hypothesis- Made when p-value, alpha (p<.05)