Crossbreeding and Cattle Breeding Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Animal Biology

Download Crossbreeding and Cattle Breeding Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Animal Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 ___ occurs when you cross different breeds, and the calves perform above the average of the parents DEFINITION 1 hybrid vigor/heterosis TERM 2 List some advantages to crossbreeding cattle: DEFINITION 2 increased weaning weight, heterosis, calving rates, hybrid vigor TERM 3 Inbreeding results in an increase in _____ DEFINITION 3 homozygosity TERM 4 Inbreeding should NOT be done in this type of operation? DEFINITION 4 crossbreeding operations TERM 5 Do these traits have high or low heritability? heterosis? repro, production, carcass DEFINITION 5 repro: low heritability, high heterosisproduction: med. heritability, med heterosiscarcass: high heritability, low heterosis TERM 6 What 3 things should you consider for crossbreeding systems? DEFINITION 6 1. heterosis2. breed complementarity3. market for crossbred animals TERM 7 Describe a 2 breed rotational system: DEFINITION 7 67% max heterosis, need more than 50 cows TERM 8 Describe a 3 breed rotational system: DEFINITION 8 87% max heterosis, need more than 100 cows TERM 9 Describe a terminal cross system: DEFINITION 9 buy crossbred heifers, breed, sell calves;max heterosis TERM 10 Composite breeding is a cross of ___ breeds DEFINITION 10 2+ TERM 21 Describe the stages of parturition: DEFINITION 21 Stage 1: uterine contractions begin and occur every 15 min; should last 2-6 hoursStage 2: cervix is fully dilated and the second water sac and fetal parts enter the birth canal; at this stage pay attention to position, presentation, posture of calfStage 3: placenta and fetal membranes are expelled within 8-12 hours after parturition TERM 22 During calving, you should check heifers and cow how often? DEFINITION 22 heifers: every 1-2 hourscows: 2 times per day TERM 23 What might make you intervene in a calving? DEFINITION 23 if a cow is in stage 1 for more than 8 hours; if the cow stops pushing, signs of fatigue in cow or calf; abnormal presentation/position/posture, if water sac is visible for more than 2 hours TERM 24 What is the main cause of dystocia? DEFINITION 24 size problems 90% TERM 25 At what weight do heifers typically weigh at weaning? DEFINITION 25 400-600 lbs TERM 26 T/F: Scrotal circumference of males affects the age of puberty of his daughters DEFINITION 26 true; larger scrotal circumference = earlier maturing TERM 27 T/F: It is acceptable to use growth implants on suckling calves, replacement heifers, and steers. DEFINITION 27 FALSE; can be used on terminal animals and suckling calves, but should not be used on replacement heifers TERM 28 Heifers may need to gain ___ lbs per day from weaning to breeding DEFINITION 28 1-1.5 lbs TERM 29 ___ is used in cattle but will kill a horse if ingested DEFINITION 29 ionophores TERM 30 List 2 examples of ionophores: DEFINITION 30 rumensin and bovatec TERM 31 Ionophores are used to: DEFINITION 31 decrease age of puberty and decrease the interval to postpartum estrus TERM 32 Breed animals at __% of mature weight DEFINITION 32 65% TERM 33 Breed first calf heifers ____ earlier than mature cows DEFINITION 33 3-4 weeks TERM 34 Calving difficulty is often tied to what characteristic of the cow? DEFINITION 34 BCS TERM 35 What is the purpose of beef grading? DEFINITION 35 to put animals into value groups TERM 46 Yield grade is based on 4 things: DEFINITION 46 hot carcass weight, back fat, ribeye area, kidney/pelvic/heart fat TERM 47 Where is back fat measured? DEFINITION 47 between the 12th and 13th ribs TERM 48 Quality is most affected by ___ while management is more affected by ____ DEFINITION 48 genetics, management TERM 49 Describe the 4 stages of production: DEFINITION 49 Stage 1: calving --> peak lactationStage 2: pregnant and lactatingStage 3: post-weaning periodStage 4: 60-90 days prior to calving TERM 50 How to animals prioritize nutrient intake? DEFINITION 50 1. maintenance2. growth3. lactation4. reproduction TERM 51 Define the thermoneutral zone: DEFINITION 51 the zone where temperatures are neither too cold or too hot; animals perform well at this zone TERM 52 When adjusting rations for weather, what do you alter? DEFINITION 52 increase maintenance energy; no other protein, mineral, or vitamin requirements change TERM 53 When the temp goes below __ degrees, there is a __% increase in energy in feed for each degree below DEFINITION 53 30 degrees1% TERM 54 What is the formula for metabolic weight? DEFINITION 54 BW raised to the 0.75 power TERM 55 Nutritional requirements depend on what 7 things: DEFINITION 55 stage of production, age of animal, weight, BCS, lactation, weather, physical activity TERM 56 ____ supplementation can make cows eat more forages DEFINITION 56 protein TERM 57 Give an example of degradable intake protein and undegradable intake protein: DEFINITION 57 DIP: oil seed byproductsUIP: animal sources TERM 58 Non-protein nitrogen sources can only be utilized with adequate ___ and ___ supplied in the diet DEFINITION 58 energy and carbon skeletons TERM 59 UIP are also known as ____ ____ DEFINITION 59 bypass proteins TERM 60 What are the 3 major minerals that must be supplied in a diet? DEFINITION 60 Ca, P, salt TERM 71 What are hay losses from feeding? hay rings? wagon? DEFINITION 71 50%, 6%, 11% TERM 72 ___ is the most common cool season perennial in north GA. DEFINITION 72 fescue TERM 73 Fescue grass makes poor grains bc it is infected with ___ DEFINITION 73 ergot TERM 74 ___ is the most common type of warm season perennial in north GA DEFINITION 74 bermuda TERM 75 A common warm season perennial in south GA is ___ DEFINITION 75 crab grass TERM 76 Cool season annual grasses that are grazed in spring and winter. List 3 DEFINITION 76 rye, wheat, oats TERM 77 When using chicken litter as a fertilizer, be weary of ____ poison DEFINITION 77 urea/nitrate TERM 78 Milk fever results from blood ____ levels getting low DEFINITION 78 calcium TERM 79 Shallow/quick breathing and muscle spasms are symptoms of ____ DEFINITION 79 nitrate poisoning TERM 80 What hormone is involved in the initiation of parturition? DEFINITION 80 fetal cortisol TERM 81 Fat is added to rations to increase ___ DEFINITION 81 energy TERM 82 What is the maximum fat content for a ration? DEFINITION 82 7% TERM 83 Molasses is often added to: DEFINITION 83 increase palatability and provide dust control TERM 84 Molasses should be added at no more than __% of a total ration DEFINITION 84 7.5% bc any more and it would not flow through augers well TERM 85 Wheat is often limited in diets because: DEFINITION 85 it has a highly soluble starch and protein structure that can lead to acidosis problems TERM 96 Why is rye grain not often fed to cattle? DEFINITION 96 it is not very palatable TERM 97 A heifer should reach puberty at ___ months of age DEFINITION 97 12 months TERM 98 After a cow comes into heat, she will stay in heat for __-__ hours DEFINITION 98 12-18 hrs TERM 99 A cow's estrous cycle lasts __ days DEFINITION 99 21 days TERM 100 Gestation in cattle lasts ___ days DEFINITION 100 283 days TERM 101 The typical replacement rate for a commercial operation is: DEFINITION 101 15% TERM 102 Cows should be a BCS of __ - __ at breeding DEFINITION 102 5-6